Geastrum fornicatum: Difference between revisions

*Geastrum fornicatum*
Mycological characteristics
Geastrum fornicatum Mycological characteristics
	Glebal hymenium
	No distinct cap
	Hymenium attachment is not applicable
	Lacks a stipe
	Spore print is brown
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is inedible

Geastrum fornicatum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Geastrales
Family:	Geastraceae
Genus:	Geastrum
Species:	G. fornicatum
Binomial name
	Geastrum fornicatum; (Huds.) Hook. (1821)
Synonyms
	Geastrum multifidum Pers. (1794); Lycoperdon fornicatum Huds. (1821); Geastrum fornicatum var. multifidum (Pers.) Fr. (1829); Plecostoma fornicatum (Huds.) Corda (1842);

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Geastrum fornicatum, commonly known as the acrobatic earthstar or the arched earthstar, is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Geastraceae. Like other earthstar mushrooms, the thick outer skin splits open at maturity, exposing the spore sac to the elements. It is found in the southwest United States.

Taxonomy

When first described in the late 17th century, the species was called Fungus anthropomorphus due to its resemblance to the human figure.^[1] In 1799, English naturalist James Sowerby wrote:

So strange a vegetable has surprised many; and in the year 1695 it was published under the name of Fungus Anthropomorphus, and figured with human faces on the head. It is at first roundish; in ripening the head bursts through the two coats or wrappers; the inner wrapper, detaching itself from the outer, becomes inverted, connected only by the edges; the coats most constantly split into four parts.^[2]

The specific epithet fornicatum (Latin for 'arched' or 'vaulted')^[3] refers to the arched shape of the rays which extend downwards to rest on the mycelial sac and elevate the spore sac.

Description

The immature fruit body is roughly spherical in shape, typically 1–4 centimetres (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 inches) in diameter, and dark brown in color.^[4] At maturity, the exoperidium (outer layer) splits into four to five rays which curve backwards so as to elevate the fruit body and raise the spore sac for optimal spore dispersal; the tips of the rays remain attached to a basal cup.^[5] The spore sac contains an ostiole, a small opening near the apex. The mature fruiting body may be up to 6 cm (2+1⁄4 in) in diameter and 8 cm (3+1⁄4 in) tall. The exoperidium is attached to the soil by rhizomorphs. The spores are spherical, warted, thick-walled, nonamyloid and 5–6 μm;^[6] when young, they are white and firm, but produce a dark-brown color spore print in maturity.^[7]

Growing under an oak in California

Similar species

Similar species include Geastrum minimum and Geastrum quadrifidum.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

The uncommon fungus can be found singly or in small groups in the southwest United States between October and March. It usually grows under bushes and trees in deciduous woods, but not in too deeply wooded areas.^[7]^[8]

Uses

Methanol extracts of G. fornicatum have been shown to have antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of various bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as the fungi Candida albicans, Rhodotorula rubra, and Kluyveromyces fragilis.^[9]

It is inedible.^[10]

References

^ "waynesword.palomar.edu". Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
^ Sowerby, James (1799). Coloured Figures of English Fungi Or Mushrooms. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
^ "Latin Word Definition and Information for: fornicatus, fornicata, fornicatum -- LATdict Latin Dictionary & Resources". Retrieved 2009-01-10.
^ ^a ^b Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 369–371. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
^ Miller HR, Miller OK. (1988). Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. ISBN 0-916422-74-7.
^ Miller HR, Miller OK. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 446. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
^ ^a ^b Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
^ Ellis JB, Ellis MB. (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 228. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.
^ Dulger B. (2005). "Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae". Fitoterapia. 76 (3–4): 352–354. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.004. PMID 15890468.
^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.

External links

[1] "waynesword.palomar.edu". Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-01-02.

[2] Sowerby, James (1799). Coloured Figures of English Fungi Or Mushrooms. Retrieved 2009-01-02.

[3] "Latin Word Definition and Information for: fornicatus, fornicata, fornicatum -- LATdict Latin Dictionary & Resources". Retrieved 2009-01-10.

[:0-4] Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 369–371. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.

[5] Miller HR, Miller OK. (1988). Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. ISBN 0-916422-74-7.

[6] Miller HR, Miller OK. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 446. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5. Retrieved 2009-12-20.

[:02-7] Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.

[8] Ellis JB, Ellis MB. (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 228. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.

[9] Dulger B. (2005). "Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae". Fitoterapia. 76 (3–4): 352–354. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.004. PMID 15890468.

[10] Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Speciesbox
-{{Taxobox
 | image = Pair of Geastrum fornicatum.jpg
-| image_width = 200px
 | image_caption =
+| genus = Geastrum
-| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
+| species = fornicatum
-| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
+| authority = ([[William Hudson (botanist)|Huds.]]) [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] (1821)
-| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
+| synonyms =
-| subclassis = [[Phallomycetidae]]
+*''Geastrum multifidum'' <small>Pers. (1794)</small>
-| ordo = [[Geastrales]]
+*''Lycoperdon fornicatum'' <small>Huds. (1821)</small>
-| familia = [[Geastraceae]]
+*''Geastrum fornicatum'' var. ''multifidum'' <small>(Pers.) [[Elias Fries|Fr.]] (1829)</small>
-| genus = ''[[Geastrum]]''
+*''Plecostoma fornicatum'' <small> (Huds.) Corda (1842)</small>
-| species = '''''G. fornicatum'''''
-| binomial = ''Geastrum fornicatum''
-| binomial_authority = ([[William Hudson (botanist)|Huds.]]) [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] (1821)
-| synonyms = ''G. fenestratum'' <small>(Batsch) [[Curtis Gates Lloyd|Lloyd]]</small><br>
-''Lycoperdon fornicatum'' <small>Huds.</small>
 }}
 {{ mycomorphbox
-| name            = Geastrum fornicatum
+| name            = ''Geastrum fornicatum''
 | hymeniumType    = gleba
 | capShape        = no
@@ Line 23: / Line 18: @@
 | stipeCharacter  = NA
 | sporePrintColor = brown
+| ecologicalType = saprotrophic
 | howEdible       = inedible
 }}
-'''''Geastrum fornicatum''''', [[common name|commonly]] known as the '''acrobatic earthstar''' or the '''arched earthstar''', is an inedible species of mushroom in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Geastraceae]]. Like other earthstar mushrooms, the thick outer skin splits open at maturity to expose the spore sac to the elements; the [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''fornicatum'' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for 'arched' or 'vaulted'<ref name="urlLatin Word Definition and Information for: fornicatus, fornicata, fornicatum -- LATdict Latin Dictionary & Resources">{{cite web |url=http://www.latdict.com/info/word/20922.html |title=Latin Word Definition and Information for: ''fornicatus'', ''fornicata'', ''fornicatum'' -- LATdict Latin Dictionary & Resources |work= |accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>) refers to the arched shape of the rays which extend downwards to rest on the mycelial sac and elevate the spore sac.
+'''''Geastrum fornicatum''''', commonly known as the '''acrobatic earthstar''' or the '''arched earthstar''', is an inedible species of mushroom in the family ''[[Geastraceae]]''. Like other earthstar mushrooms, the thick outer skin splits open at maturity, exposing the spore sac to the elements. It is found in the southwest United States.
-==History==
-When first described in the late 17th century, the species was called ''Fungus anthropomorphus'' due to its resemblance to the human figure.<ref name="urlwaynesword.palomar.edu">{{cite web |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm#Herb |title=waynesword.palomar.edu |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-02}}</ref> In his 1799 treatise ''Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms'', English naturalist [[James Sowerby]] wrote:<blockquote>So strange a vegetable has surprised many; and in the year 1695 it was published under the name of Fungus Anthropomorphus, and figured with human faces on the head. It is at first roundish; in ripening the head bursts through the two coats or wrappers; the inner wrapper, detaching itself from the outer, becomes inverted, connected only by the edges; the coats most constantly split into four parts.<ref name="urlColoured Figures of English Fungi Or ... — Google Book Search">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=mikWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT178&lpg=PT178&dq=%22Fungus+anthropomorphus%22&source=bl&ots=w1Z6_Nl_xz&sig=ev_v1T_VW3G4HMgDdbr2KKDMzmo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPT179,M1 |title=Coloured Figures of English Fungi Or ... &mdash; Google Book Search |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-02}}</ref></blockquote>
+==Taxonomy==
+When first described in the late 17th century, the species was called ''Fungus anthropomorphus'' due to its resemblance to the human figure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm#Herb |title=waynesword.palomar.edu |access-date=2009-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224141105/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm#Herb |archive-date=2008-12-24 }}</ref> In 1799, English naturalist [[James Sowerby]] wrote:<blockquote>So strange a vegetable has surprised many; and in the year 1695 it was published under the name of Fungus Anthropomorphus, and figured with human faces on the head. It is at first roundish; in ripening the head bursts through the two coats or wrappers; the inner wrapper, detaching itself from the outer, becomes inverted, connected only by the edges; the coats most constantly split into four parts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sowerby |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mikWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Fungus+anthropomorphus%22&pg=PT178 |title=Coloured Figures of English Fungi Or Mushrooms |year=1799 |access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref></blockquote>
+The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''fornicatum'' ([[Latin]] for 'arched' or 'vaulted')<ref>{{cite web |title=Latin Word Definition and Information for: ''fornicatus'', ''fornicata'', ''fornicatum'' -- LATdict Latin Dictionary & Resources |url=http://www.latdict.com/info/word/20922.html |access-date=2009-01-10}}</ref> refers to the arched shape of the rays which extend downwards to rest on the mycelial sac and elevate the spore sac.
 ==Description==
-[[image:Geastrum fornicatum.jpg|thumb|left|Found in [[Los Angeles]], USA]]
-The immature [[basidiocarp|fruit body]] is roughly spherical in shape, typically {{convert|1.5|–|2.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter, and dark brown in color. At maturity, the exoperidium (outer layer) splits into four to five rays which curve backwards so as to elevate the fruit body and raise the spore sac for optimal spore dispersal; the tips of the rays remain attached to a basal cup.<ref name="isbn0-916422-74-7">{{cite book |author=Miller HR, Miller OK. |title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, Calif |year=1988 |pages= |isbn=0-916422-74-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> The spore sac contains an ostiole, a small opening near the apex. The mature fruiting body may be up to {{convert|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{convert|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} tall. The exoperidium is attached to the soil by [[mycelial cord|rhizomorph]]s. [[Basidiospores|Spores]] are spherical, warted, thick-walled, non[[amyloid]] and 5–6&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]].<ref name="isbn0-7627-3109-5">{{cite book |author=Miller HR, Miller OK. |title=North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi |publisher=Falcon Guide |location=Guilford, Conn |year=2006 |page=446 |isbn=0-7627-3109-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zjvXkLpqsEgC&lpg=PA444&dq=geastrum%20fornicatum&pg=PA446#v=onepage&q=geastrum%20fornicatum&f=false |accessdate=2009-12-20}}</ref> [[Spore print|In mass]], the spores have a dark-brown color.
+The immature [[basidiocarp|fruit body]] is roughly spherical in shape, typically {{convert|1|–|4|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} in diameter, and dark brown in color.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=R. Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=369-371|oclc=797915861}}</ref> At maturity, the exoperidium (outer layer) splits into four to five rays which curve backwards so as to elevate the fruit body and raise the spore sac for optimal spore dispersal; the tips of the rays remain attached to a basal cup.<ref>{{cite book |author=Miller HR, Miller OK. |title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, California |year=1988 |isbn=0-916422-74-7}}</ref> The spore sac contains an ostiole, a small opening near the apex. The mature fruiting body may be up to {{convert|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on|frac=4}} in diameter and {{convert|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on|frac=4}} tall. The exoperidium is attached to the soil by [[mycelial cord|rhizomorph]]s. The [[Basidiospore|spores]] are spherical, warted, thick-walled, [[nonamyloid]] and 5–6&nbsp;[[μm]];<ref>{{cite book |author=Miller HR, Miller OK. |title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi |publisher=Falcon Guide |location=Guilford, Connecticut |year=2006 |page=446 |isbn=0-7627-3109-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjvXkLpqsEgC&q=geastrum+fornicatum&pg=PA446 |access-date=2009-12-20}}</ref> when young, they are white and firm, but produce a dark-brown color [[spore print]] in maturity.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=[[Audubon]] |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7 |pages=112}}</ref>
-This species is found singly or in small groups under bushes and in [[deciduous]] woods.<ref name="isbn0-412-36970-2">{{cite book |author=Ellis JB, Ellis MB. |title=Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |year=1990 |page=228 |isbn=0-412-36970-2 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=vowdIZ7GqD4C&lpg=PA228&dq=geastrum%20fornicatum&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q=geastrum%20fornicatum&f=false |accessdate=2009-12-20}}</ref>
+{{gallery|mode=packed
-==Antimicrobial activity==
+|Geastrum fornicatum.jpg|Growing under an oak in California
+}}
+=== Similar species ===
-[[Methanol]] [[extract]]s of ''G.&nbsp;fornicatum'' were shown to be inhibitory to the growth of various [[bacteria]] that are [[pathogen]]ic to humans, including ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'', and ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'', as well as the fungi ''[[Candida albicans]]'', ''[[Rhodotorula rubra]]'', and ''[[Kluyveromyces fragilis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.004 |author=Dulger B.|title=Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=76 |issue=3–4 |pages=352–54 |year=2005 |pmid=15890468}}</ref>
+Similar species include ''[[Geastrum minimum]]'' and ''[[Geastrum quadrifidum]]''.<ref name=":0" />
+==Distribution and habitat==
-==References==
+The uncommon fungus can be found singly or in small groups in the southwest United States between October and March. It usually grows under bushes and trees in [[deciduous]] woods, but not in too deeply wooded areas.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Ellis JB, Ellis MB. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vowdIZ7GqD4C&q=geastrum+fornicatum&pg=PA228 |title=Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1990 |isbn=0-412-36970-2 |location=London |page=228}}</ref>
+==Uses==
-{{reflist}}
+[[Methanol]] extracts of ''G.&nbsp;fornicatum'' have been shown to have [[antimicrobial]] properties, inhibiting the growth of various bacteria that are [[pathogen]]ic to humans, including ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'', and ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'', as well as the fungi ''[[Candida albicans]]'', ''[[Rhodotorula rubra]]'', and ''[[Kluyveromyces fragilis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.004 |author=Dulger B. |title=Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=76 |issue=3–4 |pages=352–354 |year=2005 |pmid=15890468}}</ref>
+It is inedible.<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |publisher=Firefly Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-55407-651-2 |location=Buffalo, NY |page=336}}</ref>
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
-*''[http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=119002 Geastrum fornicatum]'' at [[Index Fungorum]]
 *[http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Geastrum_fornicatum.html California Fungi]
-*[http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5948~gid~~source~gallerydefault.asp Roger's Mushrooms]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105230620/http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5948~gid~~source~gallerydefault.asp Roger's Mushrooms]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q5236601}}
 [[Category:Geastrum|fornicatum]]
+[[Category:Fungi described in 1778]]
 [[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
+[[Category:Inedible fungi]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by William Hudson (botanist)]]
+[[Category:Fungus species]]

Taxon identifiers
Geastrum fornicatum	Wikidata: Q5236601 APNI: 177153 AusFungi: 60030549 BioLib: 125612 CoL: 3FG8R EoL: 133480 GBIF: 2554359 iNaturalist: 179257 IndexFungorum: 119002 IRMNG: 10645249 MycoBank: 119002 NatureServe: 2.1072511 NBN: NHMSYS0001482827 NCBI: 355754 NZOR: 35eca3c4-6da1-455e-bfc5-dcb077ca7392 Observation.org: 14386 Open Tree of Life: 615030 SpeciesFungorum: 119002
Lycoperdon fornicatum	Wikidata: Q59511704 AusFungi: 60030552 CoL: 3WLGH GBIF: 5249467 IndexFungorum: 227694 IRMNG: 10388086 MycoBank: 227694 NZOR: 4a9d9157-3c68-4218-b6cd-e17d722d4a3e SpeciesFungorum: 227694