Pinus densiflora: Difference between revisions

Pinus densiflora
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Gymnospermae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Pinus
Subgenus:	P. subg. Pinus
Section:	P. sect. Pinus
Subsection:	P. subsect. Pinus
Species:	P. densiflora
Binomial name
	Pinus densiflora; Siebold & Zucc.
Synonyms
	Pinus funebris Kom.; Pinus japonica Forbes nom. illeg.; Pinus scopifera Miq.;

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Pinus densiflora, also called the Japanese red pine,^[3] the Japanese pine,^[4] or Korean red pine,^[5] is a species of pine tree native to East Asia and Siberia. In China, the plant is known as 赤松 (pinyin: chì sōng, literally "red pine").

Distribution and habitat

P. densiflora has a home range that includes Japan, the Korean Peninsula, northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong and northeastern Jiangsu) and the extreme southeast of Russia (in Siberia, southern Primorsky Krai).

Description

The leaves are needle-like, 8–12 centimetres (3–4+1⁄2 inches) long, with two per fascicle. The short leaves are 5–6 cm. There are stomatal lines on both sides of the leaf, two vascular bundles, about three to nine resin canals, and fine serrations on the edge of the leaf. Branchlets with more or less white powder. Male cones are light reddish yellow, clustered in the lower part of new branches, female cones are light reddish purple, solitary or clustered in two to three clusters. The cones are dark brown yellow or light brown yellow when mature, they dehiscent at maturity, seed scales usually thin, seed winged. The bark is orange-red, cracked into irregular scale-like pieces. Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood light reddish yellow. The height of the tree is 20–35 metres (66–115 feet). The crown can reach 30 metres (98 feet).^[6]^[7]^[8]

"The distribution of P. densiflora in China has the following pattern of variation: the more northward it is distributed, the needles are relatively shorter, the white powder on the branchlets is sometimes less obvious or partly obvious, and the color of the cones is lighter. It is light brown yellow".^[6]

The cones are 4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) long. It is closely related to Scots pine, differing in the longer, slenderer leaves which are mid-green without the glaucous-blue tone of Scots pine. This pine has become a popular ornamental and has several cultivars, but in the winter it becomes yellowish. The plant prefers full sun on well-drained, slightly acidic soil.

Uses

Strong wind resistance, P. densiflora is an excellent tree species for afforestation in stony mountains, barren soil and sandy land. The timber can be used for construction, electric poles, sleepers, ore pillars, furniture, and wood fiber industrial raw materials. The trunk is rich in resin, from which rosin and turpentine can be extracted. Essential oil can be extracted from the leaves. In northeast China, matsutake relies on P. densiflora for growth. "Jilin Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve/Jilin Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve" takes Matsutake, P. densiflora and ecosystem as the main protection objects. P. densiflora wood has natural anti-corrosion and anti-mildew properties, and natural preservatives and natural wood anti-mold agents can be extracted. P. densiflora has non-stinging needles and soft branches, making it easy to shape as a penjing.^[6]^[8]

Gallery

Planted in a Japanese park
Cultivated Japanese Red Pine 'Pendula' in Huntington Library's Japanese Garden
Planted in Japanese garden
Var. "Umbraculifera'
"Tanyosho pine"
Planted in New York Botanical Garden
Pinus densiflora range map

References

^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus densiflora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42355A2974820. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42355A2974820.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 15 December 2015
^ NRCS. "Pinus densiflora". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 575. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
^ ^a ^b ^c "赤松(chì sōng) Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc" (in Chinese). www.iplant.cn. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
^ "Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
^ ^a ^b 刘玉波 (2022-12-12). "赤松赤胆忠心松茸共生共荣" (in Chinese). www.forestry.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-02-08.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | image = Pinus syluestriformis (Takenouchi)T.Wang ex Cheng.JPG
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name=iucn_status>{{Cite journal | author = Farjon, A. | title = ''Pinus densiflora'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2013 | page = e.T42355A2974820 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2013 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42355/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42355A2974820.en | access-date = 13 December 2017}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus densiflora'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T42355A2974820 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42355A2974820.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
 | genus = Pinus
 | display_parents = 3
@@ Line 14: / Line 15: @@
 *''Pinus japonica'' <small>Forbes</small> nom. illeg.
 *''Pinus scopifera'' <small>Miq.</small>
-    }}
+}}
 | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation
 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2561880
 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
-|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>
+|access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref>
 }}
-'''''Pinus densiflora''''', also called, '''Japanese red pine'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PIDE5|taxon=Pinus densiflora|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref> the '''Japanese pine'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web|title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023044910/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=23 October 2014 |accessdate=17 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> or '''Korean red pine''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=575|access-date=8 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017|df=}}</ref> has a home range that includes [[Japan]], the [[Korean Peninsula]], northeastern [[China]] ([[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]], [[Shandong]]) and the extreme southeast of [[Russia]] (southern [[Primorsky Krai]]). This [[pine]] has become a popular ornamental and has several cultivars, but in the winter it becomes yellowish. The height of this [[tree]] is 20–35 m. The Japanese red pine prefers full sun on well-drained, slightly acidic soil.
+'''''Pinus densiflora''''', also called the '''Japanese red pine''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PIDE5|taxon=Pinus densiflora|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> the '''Japanese pine''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=17 October 2015 |df-dmy-all}}</ref> or '''Korean red pine''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=575|access-date=8 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> is a species of pine tree native to [[East Asia]] and [[Siberia]]. In China, the plant is known as 赤松 ([[pinyin]]: chì sōng, literally "red pine").
+==Distribution and habitat==
-The [[leaf|leaves]] are needle-like, 8–12&nbsp;cm long, with two per fascicle. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are 4–7&nbsp;cm long. It is closely related to [[Scots pine]], differing in the longer, slenderer leaves which are mid green without the glaucous-blue tone of Scots pine.
+''P. densiflora'' has a home range that includes [[Japan]], the [[Korean Peninsula]], northeastern [[China]] ([[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]], [[Shandong]] and northeastern [[Jiangsu]]) and the extreme southeast of [[Russia]] (in [[Siberia]], southern [[Primorsky Krai]]).
+==Description==
-In Japan it is known as {{nihongo||[[wikt:赤松|赤松]]|akamatsu|extra=literally "red pine"}} and {{nihongo||雌松|mematsu}}. It is widely cultivated in Japan both for [[timber]] production and as an [[ornamental tree]], and plays an important part in the classic [[Japanese garden]]. Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected, including the [[variegation|variegated]] semi-dwarf Oculus Draconis, the pendulous, often contorted Pendula and the multi-trunked 'Umbraculifera' (Japanese 多形松 ''tagyoushou'', sometimes spelled as ''tanyosho'').
+The [[leaves]] are needle-like, {{Convert|8–12|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, with two per fascicle. The short leaves are 5–6 cm. There are [[stoma]]tal lines on both sides of the leaf, two [[vascular bundle]]s, about three to nine [[resin canal]]s, and fine serrations on the edge of the leaf. Branchlets with more or less white powder. Male cones are light reddish yellow, clustered in the lower part of new branches, female cones are light reddish purple, solitary or clustered in two to three clusters. The cones are dark brown yellow or light brown yellow when mature, they dehiscent at maturity, seed scales usually thin, seed winged. The bark is orange-red, cracked into irregular scale-like pieces. Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood light reddish yellow. The height of the tree is {{Convert|20–35|m|abbr=off}}. The crown can reach {{Convert|30|m|abbr=off}}.<ref name=赤松>{{ Cite web |url = https://www.iplant.cn/info/Pinus%20densiflora?t=z |title = 赤松(chì sōng) Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. |publisher = www.iplant.cn |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{ Cite web |url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005331 |title =  Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini |publisher = www.efloras.org |language = en |accessdate = 2023-02-08}}</ref><ref name=赤松赤胆>{{ Cite web |url = http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/5534/20221212/093147043964052.html |title = 赤松赤胆忠心松茸共生共荣 |author = 刘玉波 |date = 2022-12-12 |publisher = www.forestry.gov.cn |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-02-08}}</ref>
+"The distribution of ''P. densiflora'' in China has the following pattern of variation: the more northward it is distributed, the needles are relatively shorter, the white powder on the branchlets is sometimes less obvious or partly obvious, and the color of the cones is lighter. It is light brown yellow".<ref name=赤松>{{ Cite web |url = https://www.iplant.cn/info/Pinus%20densiflora?t=z |title = 赤松(chì sōng) Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. |publisher = www.iplant.cn |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-02-08}}</ref>
-In Korea, simply called ''sonamu'' (소나무, literally "pine tree"), it takes special status. Historically, Korean dynasties looked after it for timber and resin production banning laypeople from logging them. Korean aristocrats, or ''[[Yangban]]'', loved it because they thought this evergreen tree represented virtues of [[Confucianism]], "fidelity" and "fortitude". In this strongly confucian society, it became the national symbol. For the Korean people, even today, it is considered to represent Korean spirit and mentioned in the South Korean national anthem, [[Aegukga]]. Since it was introduced to the West by Japanese scholars, it was named the "Japanese red pine" in English. In Korea the KFS (Korea Forest Service) has changed the English name in Korea to 'Korean red pine'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/08/116_184631.html|title=Korea's native plants to find new names|date=2015-08-11|website=koreatimes|access-date=2016-05-07}}</ref>
+The [[conifer cone|cones]] are {{Convert|4–7|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} long. It is closely related to [[Scots pine]], differing in the longer, slenderer leaves which are mid-green without the glaucous-blue tone of Scots pine. This pine has become a popular ornamental and has several cultivars, but in the winter it becomes yellowish. The plant prefers full sun on well-drained, slightly [[acidic soil]].
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-==Further reading==
+==Uses==
+Strong wind resistance, ''P. densiflora''  is an excellent tree species for afforestation in stony mountains, barren soil and sandy land. The timber can be used for construction, electric poles, sleepers, ore pillars, furniture, and wood fiber industrial raw materials. The trunk is rich in [[resin]], from which [[rosin]] and [[turpentine]] can be extracted. [[Essential oil]] can be extracted from the leaves. In northeast China, [[matsutake]] relies on ''P. densiflora'' for growth. "[[Jilin]] Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve/Jilin Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve" takes ''Matsutake'', ''P. densiflora'' and [[ecosystem]] as the main protection objects. ''P. densiflora'' wood has natural anti-corrosion and anti-mildew properties, and natural preservatives and natural wood anti-mold agents can be extracted. ''P. densiflora'' has non-stinging needles and soft branches, making it easy to shape as a [[penjing]].<ref name=赤松>{{ Cite web |url = https://www.iplant.cn/info/Pinus%20densiflora?t=z |title = 赤松(chì sōng) Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. |publisher = www.iplant.cn |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-02-08}}</ref><ref name=赤松赤胆>{{ Cite web |url = http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/5534/20221212/093147043964052.html |title = 赤松赤胆忠心松茸共生共荣 |author = 刘玉波 |date = 2022-12-12 |publisher = www.forestry.gov.cn |language = zh |accessdate = 2023-02-08}}</ref>
-{{Commons|Pinus densiflora}}
-*{{Cite journal|url= http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19500600225.html;jsessionid=77671949CB72F05459224D89A6D0984E|last= J. E.|first= Aughanbaugh|year= 1950 |title=Japanese Red Pine_cabdirect|journal=Pennsylvania Forests and Waters| volume=2 | issue=1| pages=10–11, 18}}
+==Gallery==
 <gallery>
 Image:Matsu01.jpg|Planted in a Japanese park
+Image:Cultivated Aleppo Pine in Huntington.jpg|Cultivated Japanese Red Pine 'Pendula' in [[Huntington Library]]'s Japanese Garden
 Image:Japanese Red Pine (Japanese garden).JPG|Planted in [[Japanese garden]]
-Image:Cultivated_Aleppo_Pine_in_Huntington.jpg|cultivar 'Pendula'
 Image:Pinus densiflora Umbraculifera.jpg|Var. "Umbraculifera'<br>"Tanyosho pine"
 Image:Tanyosho pines NYBG jeh.jpg|Planted in [[New York Botanical Garden]]
 Image:CL-33 Pinus densiflora range map.png|Pinus densiflora range map
 </gallery>
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+{{Commons|Pinus densiflora}}
+*{{Cite journal|url= http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19500600225.html;jsessionid=77671949CB72F05459224D89A6D0984E|last= J. E.|first= Aughanbaugh|year= 1950 |title=Japanese Red Pine_cabdirect|journal=Pennsylvania Forests and Waters| volume=2 | issue=1| pages=10–11, 18}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q1044186}}
@@ Line 49: / Line 58: @@
 [[Category:Pinus|densiflora]]
+[[Category:Plants described in 1842]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Philipp Franz von Siebold]]
 [[Category:Trees of China]]
 [[Category:Trees of Japan]]
 [[Category:Trees of Korea]]
 [[Category:Trees of Russia]]
-[[Category:Plants described in 1842]]