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{{Short description|Protein and coding gene in humans}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{PBB|geneid=1901}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
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'''Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1''' (S1P receptor 1 or S1P1), also known as '''endothelial differentiation gene 1''' (EDG1) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the S1PR1 [[gene]]. S1PR1 is a [[G-protein-coupled receptor]] which binds the bioactive signaling molecule [[sphingosine 1-phosphate]] (S1P). S1PR1 belongs to a [[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor]] subfamily comprising five members (S1PR1-5).<ref name="Hanson_2012"/> S1PR1 was originally identified as an abundant transcript in endothelial cells<ref name="Hla_1990">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hla T, Maciag T | title = An abundant transcript induced in differentiating human endothelial cells encodes a polypeptide with structural similarities to G-protein-coupled receptors | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 265 | issue = 16 | pages = 9308–13 | date = June 1990 | pmid = 2160972 | doi = }}</ref> and it has an important role in regulating endothelial cell cytoskeletal structure, migration, capillary-like network formation and vascular maturation.<ref name="Lee_1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee MJ, Van Brocklyn JR, Thangada S, Liu CH, Hand AR, Menzeleev R, Spiegel S, Hla T | title = Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor EDG-1 | journal = Science | volume = 279 | issue = 5356 | pages = 1552–5 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9488656 | doi = 10.1126/science.279.5356.1552 }}</ref><ref name="Liu_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu CH, Thangada S, Lee MJ, Van Brocklyn JR, Spiegel S, Hla T | title = Ligand-induced trafficking of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor EDG-1 | journal = Mol. Biol. Cell | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 1179–90 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10198065 | pmc = 25247 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.10.4.1179 }}</ref> In addition, S1PR1 signaling is important in the regulation of [[lymphocyte]] maturation, migration and trafficking.<ref name="Allende_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Allende ML, Dreier JL, Mandala S, Proia RL | title = Expression of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, S1P1, on T-cells controls thymic emigration | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 279 | issue = 15 | pages = 15396–401 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 14732704 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M314291200 }}</ref><ref name="Matloubian_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matloubian M, Lo CG, Cinamon G, Lesneski MJ, Xu Y, Brinkmann V, Allende ML, Proia RL, Cyster JG | title = Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1 | journal = Nature | volume = 427 | issue = 6972 | pages = 355–60 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14737169 | doi = 10.1038/nature02284 }}</ref>
{{Infobox_gene}}
⚫
'''Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1''' (S1P receptor 1 or S1PR1), also known as '''endothelial differentiation gene 1''' (EDG1) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''S1PR1'' [[gene]]. S1PR1 is a [[G-protein-coupled receptor]] which binds the bioactive signaling molecule [[sphingosine 1-phosphate]] (S1P). S1PR1 belongs to a [[sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor]] subfamily comprising five members (S1PR1-5).<ref name="Hanson_2012"/> S1PR1 was originally identified as an abundant transcript in endothelial cells<ref name="Hla_1990">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hla T, Maciag T | title = An abundant transcript induced in differentiating human endothelial cells encodes a polypeptide with structural similarities to G-protein-coupled receptors | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 265 | issue = 16 | pages = 9308–9313 | date = June 1990 | pmid = 2160972 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38849-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and it has an important role in regulating endothelial cell [[Cytoskeleton|cytoskeletal]] structure, migration, capillary-like network formation and vascular maturation.<ref name="Lee_1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee MJ, Van Brocklyn JR, Thangada S, Liu CH, Hand AR, Menzeleev R, Spiegel S, Hla T | title = Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor EDG-1 | journal = Science | volume = 279 | issue = 5356 | pages = 1552–1555 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9488656 | doi = 10.1126/science.279.5356.1552 | bibcode = 1998Sci...279.1552L }}</ref><ref name="Liu_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu CH, Thangada S, Lee MJ, Van Brocklyn JR, Spiegel S, Hla T | title = Ligand-induced trafficking of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor EDG-1 | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 1179–1190 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10198065 | pmc = 25247 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.10.4.1179 }}</ref> In addition, S1PR1 signaling is important in the regulation of [[lymphocyte]] maturation, migration and trafficking.<ref name="Allende_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Allende ML, Dreier JL, Mandala S, Proia RL | title = Expression of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, S1P1, on T-cells controls thymic emigration | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 15 | pages = 15396–15401 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 14732704 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M314291200 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Matloubian_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matloubian M, Lo CG, Cinamon G, Lesneski MJ, Xu Y, Brinkmann V, Allende ML, Proia RL, Cyster JG | title = Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1 | journal = Nature | volume = 427 | issue = 6972 | pages = 355–360 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14737169 | doi = 10.1038/nature02284 | s2cid = 4371877 | bibcode = 2004Natur.427..355M }}</ref>


== Structure ==
== Structure ==


S1PR1 like the other members of the [[GPCR]] family is composed of seven-transmembrane [[alpha helix|helices]] arranged in a structurally conserved bundle.<ref name="Hanson_2012"/> As well as the other GPCRs, in the extracellular region S1PR1 is composed of three loops: ECL1 between helices II and III, ECL2 between helices IV and V and ECL3 between helices VI and VII. Compared to the other members of the family, S1PR1 has some specific features. The [[N-terminal]] of the protein folds as a helical cap above the top of the receptor and therefore it limits the access of the ligands to the [[amphiphile|amphipathic]] binding pocket. This marked amphipathicity is indeed in agreement with the [[zwitterion]]ic nature of S1P. In addition, helices ECL1 and ECL2 pack tightly against the N-terminal helix, further occluding the access of the ligand from the extracellular space. S1P or S1P analogs are likely to reach the binding pocket from within the cell membrane and not from the extracellular space, may be through an opening between helices I and VII. Compared to the other GPCRs, this region is more open due to a different positioning of helices I and II toward helix III.<ref name="Hanson_2012"/> This occlusion of the ligand access space from the extracellular space could also explain the slow saturation of receptor binding in the presence of excess of ligand.<ref name="pmid19231986">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosen H, Gonzalez-Cabrera PJ, Sanna MG, Brown S | title = Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signaling | journal = Annu. Rev. Biochem. | volume = 78 | issue = | pages = 743–68 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19231986 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.103733 }}</ref>
S1PR1 like the other members of the [[GPCR]] family is composed of seven-transmembrane [[alpha helix|helices]] arranged in a structurally conserved bundle.<ref name="Hanson_2012"/> Like other GPCRs, in the extracellular region S1PR1 is composed of three loops: ECL1 between helices II and III, ECL2 between helices IV and V and ECL3 between helices VI and VII. Compared to the other members of the family, S1PR1 has some specific features. The [[N terminus]] of the protein folds as a helical cap above the top of the receptor and therefore it limits the access of the ligands to the [[amphiphile|amphipathic]] binding pocket. This marked amphipathicity is indeed in agreement with the [[zwitterion]]ic nature of S1P. In addition, helices ECL1 and ECL2 pack tightly against the N-terminal helix, further occluding the access of the ligand from the extracellular space. S1P or S1P analogs are likely to reach the binding pocket from within the cell membrane and not from the extracellular space, may be through an opening between helices I and VII. Compared to the other GPCRs, this region is more open due to a different positioning of helices I and II toward helix III.<ref name="Hanson_2012"/> This occlusion of the ligand access space from the extracellular space could also explain the slow saturation of receptor binding in the presence of excess ligand.<ref name="pmid19231986">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosen H, Gonzalez-Cabrera PJ, Sanna MG, Brown S | title = Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signaling | journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 78 | pages = 743–768 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19231986 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.103733 }}</ref>


== Function ==
== Function ==


Like the other members of the GPCR family, S1PR1 senses its [[ligand (biochemistry)|ligand]] from outside the cell and activates intracellular signal pathways that at last lead to cellular responses. The signal is [[signal transduction|transduced]] through the association of the receptor with different G proteins, which recruits a series of systems for downstream amplification of the signal.<ref name="Rosen_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosen H | title = Chemical approaches to the lysophospholipid receptors | journal = Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. | volume = 77 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 179–84 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16099402 | doi = 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.09.011 }}</ref>
Like the other members of the GPCR family, S1PR1 senses its [[ligand (biochemistry)|ligand]] from outside the cell and activates intracellular signal pathways that at last lead to cellular responses. The signal is [[signal transduction|transduced]] through the association of the receptor with different [[G protein|G proteins]], which recruits a series of systems for downstream amplification of the signal.<ref name="Rosen_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosen H | title = Chemical approaches to the lysophospholipid receptors | journal = Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators | volume = 77 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 179–184 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16099402 | doi = 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.09.011 }}</ref>


=== Immune system ===
=== Immune system ===


==== Immune cell trafficking ====
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S1PR1 activation is heavily involved in [[white blood cell|immune cell]] regulation and development. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 is also involved in immune-modulation and directly involved in suppression of innate immune responses from T cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharma N, Akhade AS, Qadri A | title = Sphingosine-1-phosphate suppresses TLR-induced CXCL8 secretion from human T cells. | journal = J Leukoc Biol | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 521–528 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23345392 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.0712328 }}</ref> Depending on the G protein coupled with the S1PR1, diverse cellular effects are achieved: [[Gi alpha subunit|G<sub>αi</sub>]] and G<sub>αo</sub> modulate cellular survival, [[cell proliferation|proliferation]] and [[cell motility|motility]]; G<sub>α12</sub> and G<sub>α13</sub> modulate [[cytoskeletal]] remodeling and cell-shape changes and [[Gq alpha subunit|G<sub>αq</sub>]] modulates several cellular effector functions.<ref name="Rosen_2005"/> All the intracellular functions occur via the interaction with Gαi and Gαo: these two proteins recruit other proteins for downstream amplification of the signal.<ref name="Rosen_2005"/> The main functions of S1P-S1PR1 system are as follows:
S1P and its receptors play a key role in regulating immune cell trafficking by forming gradients that guide immune cells between tissues and vascular compartments. S1PR1 is pivotal in promoting T-cell egress from [[lymphoid organs]], while changes in S1P levels can influence immune cell migration and positioning in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues during inflammation or immune surveillance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garris CS, Blaho VA, Hla T, Han MH | title = Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 signalling in T cells: trafficking and beyond | journal = Immunology | volume = 142 | issue = 3 | pages = 347–353 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24597601 | pmc = 4080950 | doi = 10.1111/imm.12272 }}</ref>
⚫
# The [[phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase]] (PI3K) and the lipid dependent [[protein kinase B]] (PBK) signaling pathway increases the survival of [[lymphocyte]]s and other immune cells by inhibiting [[apoptosis]].

S1PR1, primarily located on the cell membrane of most lymphocytes, binds to the abundant ligand S1P in the bloodstream to promote lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, allowing them to travel to affected tissues. S1PR1 is responsive to the S1P gradient between the lymphoid tissues (low S1P) and the [[lymph]] (high S1P), facilitating T cell movement through the endothelial barrier.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chi H | title = Sphingosine-1-phosphate and immune regulation: trafficking and beyond | journal = Trends in Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–24 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21159389 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.002 | pmc = 3017656 }}</ref> However, upon T cell activation in lymphoid organs via cytokine and [[T-cell receptor]] signaling, the protein Cluster of Differentiation 69 ([[CD69]]) is expressed and forms a complex with S1PR1. This interaction, involving CD69 transmembrane domain and the helix-4 of S1PR1, leads to S1PR1 internalization and degradation, preventing S1P binding and downstream signaling.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cibrián D, Sánchez-Madrid F | title = CD69: from activation marker to metabolic gatekeeper | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 47 | issue = 6 | pages = 946–953 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28475283 | doi = 10.1002/eji.201646837 | pmc = 6485631 }}</ref> This mechanism results in the temporary retention of lymphocytes within the lymph organs, enhancing the chances of successful lymphocyte activation, especially if the initial activation signal was weak. Upon antigen encounter or [[Interferon type I|type I interferon]] stimulation in lymphoid organs, S1PR1 expression is decreased through CD69 interaction and downregulation of the transcription factor [[Kruppel-like factors|Kruppel‑like factor]] 2.<ref name=jr>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivera J, Proia RL, Olivera A | title = The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity | journal = Nature Reviews. Immunology | volume = 8 | issue = 10 | pages = 753–763 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18787560 | doi = 10.1038/nri2400 | pmc = 2600775 }}</ref> Effector T cells eventually re-express S1PR1 to exit the lymph node and enter peripheral tissues. However, increased S1P levels in lymphoid tissues, due to inhibition of S1P lyase, inflammation, or synthetic S1PR1 ligands like [[Fingolimod|FTY720]], can block T cell egress by dissipating the S1P gradient, inducing S1PR1 internalization, and enhancing [[Endothelial junctional molecule|endothelial junctional contacts]] to close egress ports.<ref name=jr/>

==== Immune cell regulation ====
⚫
S1PR1 activation is heavily involved in [[white blood cell|immune cell]] regulation and development. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 is also involved in immune-modulation and directly involved in suppression of innate immune responses from T cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharma N, Akhade AS, Qadri A | title = Sphingosine-1-phosphate suppresses TLR-induced CXCL8 secretion from human T cells | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 521–528 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23345392 | doi = 10.1189/jlb.0712328 | s2cid = 21897008 | doi-access = }}</ref> Depending on the G protein coupled with the S1PR1, diverse cellular effects are achieved: [[Gi alpha subunit|G<sub>αi</sub>]] and G<sub>αo</sub> modulate cellular survival, [[cell proliferation|proliferation]] and [[cell motility|motility]]; G<sub>α12</sub> and G<sub>α13</sub> modulate [[cytoskeletal]] remodeling and cell-shape changes and [[Gq alpha subunit|G<sub>αq</sub>]] modulates several cellular effector functions.<ref name="Rosen_2005" /> All the intracellular functions occur via the interaction with Gαi and Gαo: these two proteins recruit other proteins for downstream amplification of the signal.<ref name="Rosen_2005" /> The main downstream effector functions of S1P-S1PR1 system are as follows:
⚫
# The [[phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase]] (PI3K) and the lipid dependent [[protein kinase B]] (PKB) signaling pathway increases the survival of [[lymphocyte]]s and other immune cells by inhibiting [[apoptosis]].
# [[Phosphoinositide 3-kinase]] (PI3K) and the [[GTPase]] [[Rac (GTPase)|RAC]] are responsible of the lymphocytes migration and their interactions with other cells or with connective-tissue surfaces.<ref name="Rosen_2005"/> S1PR1-deficient thymocytes do not emigrate from the thymus, resulting in an increased numbers of mature thymocytes in the thymus and in medullary hyperplasia, and few S1PR1-deficient T cells can be detected in the blood, [[lymph node]]s, [[spleen]] or non-lymphoid organs in these mouse models.<ref name="Allende_2004"/><ref name="Matloubian_2004"/> The proliferation of immune cells is due to S1P-mediated signals via the GTPase RAS and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK). IV) The Phospholipase C (PLC)-induced increases in intracellular calcium levels allow the secretion of cytokines and other immune mediators.<ref name="Rosen_2005"/>
# [[Phosphoinositide 3-kinase]] (PI3K) and the [[GTPase]] [[Rac (GTPase)|RAC]] are responsible of the lymphocytes migration and their interactions with other cells or with connective-tissue surfaces.<ref name="Rosen_2005"/> S1PR1-deficient thymocytes do not emigrate from the thymus, resulting in an increased numbers of mature thymocytes in the thymus and in medullary hyperplasia, and few S1PR1-deficient T cells can be detected in the blood, [[lymph node]]s, [[spleen]] or non-lymphoid organs in these mouse models.<ref name="Allende_2004"/><ref name="Matloubian_2004"/> The proliferation of immune cells is due to S1P-mediated signals via the GTPase RAS and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK). IV) The Phospholipase C (PLC)-induced increases in intracellular calcium levels allow the secretion of cytokines and other immune mediators.<ref name="Rosen_2005"/>


=== Vasculogenesis ===
=== Vasculogenesis ===


S1PR1 is one of the main responsible of [[vascular]] growth and development, at least during [[embryogenesis]].<ref name="Chae_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chae SS, Paik JH, Allende ML, Proia RL, Hla T | title = Regulation of limb development by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor S1p1/EDG-1 occurs via the hypoxia/VEGF axis | journal = Dev. Biol. | volume = 268 | issue = 2 | pages = 441–7 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15063179 | doi = 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.01.001 }}</ref> In vascular endothelial cells the binding of S1P to S1PR1 induces migration, proliferation, cell survival and morphogenesis into capillary-like structures.<ref name="pmid10555146">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee MJ, Thangada S, Claffey KP, Ancellin N, Liu CH, Kluk M, Volpi M, Sha'afi RI, Hla T | title = Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate | journal = Cell | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–12 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10555146 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81661-X }}</ref> Moreover, the binding of S1P to S1PR1 is implicated in the formation of cell-cell [[adherens junction]]s, therefore inhibiting [[paracellular transport|paracellular permeability]] of [[solution|solutes]] and [[macromolecule]]s.<ref name="Sanchez_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, Venkataraman K, Brinkmann V, Claffey K, Hla T | title = Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 47 | pages = 47281–90 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 12954648 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M306896200 }}</ref><ref name="Garcia_2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia JG, Liu F, Verin AD, Birukova A, Dechert MA, Gerthoffer WT, Bamberg JR, English D | title = Sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes endothelial cell barrier integrity by Edg-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 108 | issue = 5 | pages = 689–701 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11544274 | pmc = 209379 | doi = 10.1172/JCI12450 }}</ref> It was also shown in vivo that S1P synergizes with [[angiogenic]] factors such as [[basic fibroblast growth factor|FGF-2]] and [[vascular endothelial growth factor|VEGF]] in inducing angiogenesis and vascular maturation through S1PR1.<ref name="Garcia_2001" /><ref name="pmid11032855">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Y, Wada R, Yamashita T, Mi Y, Deng CX, Hobson JP, Rosenfeldt HM, Nava VE, Chae SS, Lee MJ, Liu CH, Hla T, Spiegel S, Proia RL | title = Edg-1, the G protein-coupled receptor for sphingosine-1-phosphate, is essential for vascular maturation | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 106 | issue = 8 | pages = 951–61 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11032855 | pmc = 314347 | doi = 10.1172/JCI10905 }}</ref> showed that S1PR1-[[knockout mouse|KO mice]] died during development due to a defect in vascular stabilization, suggesting that this receptor is essential for vascular development. In conclusion, several evidences confirm that S1P via S1PR1 is a potent regulator of vascular growth and development, at least during embryogenesis.<ref name="Chae_2004"/>
S1PR1 is one of the main receptors responsible for [[vascular]] growth and development, at least during [[embryogenesis]].<ref name="Chae_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chae SS, Paik JH, Allende ML, Proia RL, Hla T | title = Regulation of limb development by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor S1p1/EDG-1 occurs via the hypoxia/VEGF axis | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 268 | issue = 2 | pages = 441–447 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15063179 | doi = 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.01.001 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In vascular endothelial cells the binding of S1P to S1PR1 induces migration, proliferation, cell survival and morphogenesis into capillary-like structures.<ref name="pmid10555146">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee MJ, Thangada S, Claffey KP, Ancellin N, Liu CH, Kluk M, Volpi M, Sha'afi RI, Hla T | title = Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate | journal = Cell | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–312 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10555146 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81661-X | s2cid = 1126846 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Moreover, the binding of S1P to S1PR1 is implicated in the formation of cell-cell [[adherens junction]]s, therefore inhibiting [[paracellular transport|paracellular permeability]] of [[solutes]] and [[macromolecule]]s.<ref name="Sanchez_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, Venkataraman K, Brinkmann V, Claffey K, Hla T | title = Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 47 | pages = 47281–47290 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 12954648 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M306896200 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Garcia_2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia JG, Liu F, Verin AD, Birukova A, Dechert MA, Gerthoffer WT, Bamberg JR, English D | title = Sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes endothelial cell barrier integrity by Edg-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 108 | issue = 5 | pages = 689–701 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11544274 | pmc = 209379 | doi = 10.1172/JCI12450 }}</ref> It was also shown in vivo that S1P synergizes with [[angiogenic]] factors such as [[basic fibroblast growth factor|FGF-2]] and [[vascular endothelial growth factor|VEGF]] in inducing angiogenesis and vascular maturation through S1PR1.<ref name="Garcia_2001" /><ref name="pmid11032855">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Y, Wada R, Yamashita T, Mi Y, Deng CX, Hobson JP, Rosenfeldt HM, Nava VE, Chae SS, Lee MJ, Liu CH, Hla T, Spiegel S, Proia RL | title = Edg-1, the G protein-coupled receptor for sphingosine-1-phosphate, is essential for vascular maturation | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 106 | issue = 8 | pages = 951–961 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11032855 | pmc = 314347 | doi = 10.1172/JCI10905 }}</ref> showed that S1PR1-[[knockout mouse|KO mice]] died during development due to a defect in vascular stabilization, suggesting that this receptor is essential for vascular development. In conclusion, several evidences confirm that S1P via S1PR1 is a potent regulator of vascular growth and development, at least during embryogenesis.<ref name="Chae_2004"/>


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==
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=== Cancer ===
=== Cancer ===


S1PR1 is involved in the motility of cancer cells upon stimulation by S1P. The signal pathway involves RAC-CDC42 and correlates with [[ERK1]] and [[ERK2]] activation. The RAC-CDC42 pathway leads to cell migration, whereas the [[MAPK/ERK pathway|ERK pathway]] leads to proliferation and neovascularization<ref name="Pyne_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pyne NJ, Pyne S | title = Sphingosine 1-phosphate and cancer | journal = Nat. Rev. Cancer | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 489–503 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20555359 | doi = 10.1038/nrc2875 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15489955">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chae SS, Paik JH, Furneaux H, Hla T | title = Requirement for sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 in tumor angiogenesis demonstrated by in vivo RNA interference | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 114 | issue = 8 | pages = 1082–9 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15489955 | pmc = 522258 | doi = 10.1172/JCI22716 }}</ref> demonstrated that S1PR1 is strongly induced in [[endothelial]] cells during tumor angiogenesis and a [[siRNA]] against S1PR1 was able to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth. S1PR1 is also involved in other types of cancer: [[fibrosarcoma]] cells migrate upon activation of S1PR1 by S1P via RAC1–CDC42 dependent pathway)<ref name="Fisher_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fisher KE, Pop A, Koh W, Anthis NJ, Saunders WB, Davis GE | title = Tumor cell invasion of collagen matrices requires coordinate lipid agonist-induced G-protein and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1-dependent signaling | journal = Mol. Cancer | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 69 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17156449 | pmc = 1762019 | doi = 10.1186/1476-4598-5-69 }}</ref><ref name="Nyalendo_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nyalendo C, Michaud M, Beaulieu E, Roghi C, Murphy G, Gingras D, Béliveau R | title = Src-dependent phosphorylation of [[MMP1|membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase]] on cytoplasmic tyrosine 573: role in endothelial and tumor cell migration | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 282 | issue = 21 | pages = 15690–9 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17389600 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M608045200 }}</ref> and ovarian cancer cell invasion involves S1PR1 or S1PR3 and calcium mobilization.<ref name="Park_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Park KS, Kim MK, Lee HY, Kim SD, Lee SY, Kim JM, Ryu SH, Bae YS | title = S1P stimulates chemotactic migration and invasion in OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 356 | issue = 1 | pages = 239–44 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17349972 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.112 }}</ref>
S1PR1 is involved in the motility of cancer cells upon stimulation by S1P. The signal pathway involves RAC-CDC42 and correlates with [[ERK1]] and [[ERK2]] activation. The RAC-CDC42 pathway leads to cell migration, whereas the [[MAPK/ERK pathway|ERK pathway]] leads to proliferation and neovascularization<ref name="Pyne_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pyne NJ, Pyne S | title = Sphingosine 1-phosphate and cancer | journal = Nature Reviews. Cancer | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 489–503 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20555359 | doi = 10.1038/nrc2875 | s2cid = 32955497 | url = https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/61848/1/Pyne_etal_ABR_2017_Sphingosine_1_phosphate_and_cancer.pdf }}</ref><ref name="pmid15489955">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chae SS, Paik JH, Furneaux H, Hla T | title = Requirement for sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 in tumor angiogenesis demonstrated by in vivo RNA interference | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 114 | issue = 8 | pages = 1082–1089 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15489955 | pmc = 522258 | doi = 10.1172/JCI22716 }}</ref> demonstrated that S1PR1 is strongly induced in [[endothelial]] cells during tumor angiogenesis and a [[siRNA]] against S1PR1 was able to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth. S1PR1 is also involved in other types of cancer: [[fibrosarcoma]] cells migrate upon activation of S1PR1 by S1P via RAC1–CDC42 dependent pathway)<ref name="Fisher_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fisher KE, Pop A, Koh W, Anthis NJ, Saunders WB, Davis GE | title = Tumor cell invasion of collagen matrices requires coordinate lipid agonist-induced G-protein and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1-dependent signaling | journal = Molecular Cancer | volume = 5 | pages = 69 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17156449 | pmc = 1762019 | doi = 10.1186/1476-4598-5-69 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Nyalendo_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nyalendo C, Michaud M, Beaulieu E, Roghi C, Murphy G, Gingras D, Béliveau R | title = Src-dependent phosphorylation of membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase on cytoplasmic tyrosine 573: role in endothelial and tumor cell migration | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 282 | issue = 21 | pages = 15690–15699 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17389600 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M608045200 | title-link = MMP1 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and ovarian cancer cell invasion involves S1PR1 or S1PR3 and calcium mobilization.<ref name="Park_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Park KS, Kim MK, Lee HY, Kim SD, Lee SY, Kim JM, Ryu SH, Bae YS | title = S1P stimulates chemotactic migration and invasion in OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 356 | issue = 1 | pages = 239–244 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17349972 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.112 }}</ref>


=== Multiple sclerosis ===
=== Multiple sclerosis ===


S1PR1 is involved also in [[multiple sclerosis]]. Van Doorn et al. (2010)<ref name="pmid20648639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Doorn R, Van Horssen J, Verzijl D, Witte M, Ronken E, Van Het Hof B, Lakeman K, Dijkstra CD, Van Der Valk P, Reijerkerk A, Alewijnse AE, Peters SL, De Vries HE | title = Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 and 3 are upregulated in multiple sclerosis lesions | journal = Glia | volume = 58 | issue = 12 | pages = 1465–76 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20648639 | doi = 10.1002/glia.21021 }}</ref> observed a strong increase in S1PR1 (and S1PR3) expression in [[hypertrophic]] [[astrocyte]]s both in the active and inactive MS lesions from MS patients compared to the unaffected patients.
S1PR1 is involved in [[multiple sclerosis]]. [[Fingolimod]], a drug which internalizes the receptor, is approved as a disease modifying agent in Multiple sclerosis. There are other [[Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator]]s.
Van Doorn et al. (2010)<ref name="pmid20648639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Doorn R, Van Horssen J, Verzijl D, Witte M, Ronken E, Van Het Hof B, Lakeman K, Dijkstra CD, Van Der Valk P, Reijerkerk A, Alewijnse AE, Peters SL, De Vries HE | title = Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 and 3 are upregulated in multiple sclerosis lesions | journal = Glia | volume = 58 | issue = 12 | pages = 1465–1476 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20648639 | doi = 10.1002/glia.21021 | s2cid = 26000783 }}</ref> observed a strong increase in S1PR1 (and S1PR3) expression in [[hypertrophic]] [[astrocyte]]s both in the active and inactive Multiple sclerosis lesions from patients compared to the unaffected patients.

== Evolution ==

=== [[Sequence homology|Paralogues]] for S1PR1 [[Gene]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeneCards®: The Human Gene Database |url=https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=S1PR1&keywords=S1PR1#paralogs}}</ref> ===

* [[S1PR3]]
* [[S1PR5]]
* [[S1PR2]]
* [[S1PR4]]
* [[LPAR1]]
* [[LPAR2]]
* [[LPAR3]]
* [[Cannabinoid receptor 1|CNR1]]
* [[GPR6]]
* [[GPR12]]
* [[Melanocortin 4 receptor|MC4R]]
* [[Melanocortin 5 receptor|MC5R]]
* [[Cannabinoid receptor 2|CNR2]]
* [[Melanocortin 3 receptor|MC3R]]
* [[GPR3]]
* [[ACTH receptor|MC2R]]
* [[Melanocortin 1 receptor|MC1R]]
* [[GPR119]]


== Interactions ==
== Interactions ==


S1PR1 has been shown to [[Protein–protein interaction|interact]] with [[5-HT1A receptor]],<ref name="pmid11854302">{{cite journal | vauthors = Salim K, Fenton T, Bacha J, Urien-Rodriguez H, Bonnert T, Skynner HA, Watts E, Kerby J, Heald A, Beer M, McAllister G, Guest PC | title = Oligomerization of G-protein-coupled receptors shown by selective co-immunoprecipitation | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 18 | pages = 15482–5 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11854302 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M201539200 }}</ref> [[GNAI1]],<ref name="pmid8626678">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee MJ, Evans M, Hla T | title = The inducible G protein-coupled receptor edg-1 signals via the G(i)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 271 | issue = 19 | pages = 11272–9 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8626678 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.19.11272 }}</ref> and [[GNAI3]].<ref name=pmid8626678/>
S1PR1 has been shown to [[Protein–protein interaction|interact]] with [[5-HT1A receptor]],<ref name="pmid11854302">{{cite journal | vauthors = Salim K, Fenton T, Bacha J, Urien-Rodriguez H, Bonnert T, Skynner HA, Watts E, Kerby J, Heald A, Beer M, McAllister G, Guest PC | title = Oligomerization of G-protein-coupled receptors shown by selective co-immunoprecipitation | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 18 | pages = 15482–15485 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11854302 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M201539200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[GNAI1]],<ref name="pmid8626678">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee MJ, Evans M, Hla T | title = The inducible G protein-coupled receptor edg-1 signals via the G(i)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 19 | pages = 11272–11279 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8626678 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.19.11272 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and [[GNAI3]].<ref name=pmid8626678/>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 39: Line 71:


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Hanson_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanson MA, Roth CB, Jo E, Griffith MT, Scott FL, Reinhart G, Desale H, Clemons B, Cahalan SM, Schuerer SC, Sanna MG, Han GW, Kuhn P, Rosen H, Stevens RC | title = Crystal structure of a lipid G protein-coupled receptor | journal = Science | volume = 335 | issue = 6070 | pages = 851–855 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22344443 | pmc = 3338336 | doi = 10.1126/science.1215904 | bibcode = 2012Sci...335..851H }}</ref>

}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{cite web | url = http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2993 | title = Lysophospholipid Receptors: S<sub>1</sub>P<sub>1</sub> | accessdate = | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | format = | work = IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels | publisher = International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology | pages = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2993 | title = Lysophospholipid Receptors: S<sub>1</sub>P<sub>1</sub> | work = IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels | publisher = International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology | access-date = 5 December 2008 | archive-date = 7 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150107132007/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2993 | url-status = dead }}
* {{MeshName|Lysophospholipid+receptors}}
* {{MeshName|Lysophospholipid+receptors}}


Line 48: Line 84:
{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}


[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
[[Category:G protein-coupled receptors]]
[[Category:Immune system]]
[[Category:Immune system]]

Latest revision as of 19:21, 2 June 2024

S1PR1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesS1PR1, CD363, CHEDG1, D1S3362, ECGF1, EDG-1, EDG1, S1P1, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1
External IDsOMIM: 601974; MGI: 1096355; HomoloGene: 1071; GeneCards: S1PR1; OMA:S1PR1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1901

13609

Ensembl

ENSG00000170989

ENSMUSG00000045092

UniProt

P21453

O08530

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001400
NM_001320730

NM_007901

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001307659
NP_001391

NP_031927

Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 101.24 – 101.24 MbChr 3: 115.5 – 115.51 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P receptor 1 or S1PR1), also known as endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S1PR1 gene. S1PR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1PR1 belongs to a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subfamily comprising five members (S1PR1-5).[5] S1PR1 was originally identified as an abundant transcript in endothelial cells[6] and it has an important role in regulating endothelial cell cytoskeletal structure, migration, capillary-like network formation and vascular maturation.[7][8] In addition, S1PR1 signaling is important in the regulation of lymphocyte maturation, migration and trafficking.[9][10]

Structure

[edit]

S1PR1 like the other members of the GPCR family is composed of seven-transmembrane helices arranged in a structurally conserved bundle.[5] Like other GPCRs, in the extracellular region S1PR1 is composed of three loops: ECL1 between helices II and III, ECL2 between helices IV and V and ECL3 between helices VI and VII. Compared to the other members of the family, S1PR1 has some specific features. The N terminus of the protein folds as a helical cap above the top of the receptor and therefore it limits the access of the ligands to the amphipathic binding pocket. This marked amphipathicity is indeed in agreement with the zwitterionic nature of S1P. In addition, helices ECL1 and ECL2 pack tightly against the N-terminal helix, further occluding the access of the ligand from the extracellular space. S1P or S1P analogs are likely to reach the binding pocket from within the cell membrane and not from the extracellular space, may be through an opening between helices I and VII. Compared to the other GPCRs, this region is more open due to a different positioning of helices I and II toward helix III.[5] This occlusion of the ligand access space from the extracellular space could also explain the slow saturation of receptor binding in the presence of excess ligand.[11]

Function

[edit]

Like the other members of the GPCR family, S1PR1 senses its ligand from outside the cell and activates intracellular signal pathways that at last lead to cellular responses. The signal is transduced through the association of the receptor with different G proteins, which recruits a series of systems for downstream amplification of the signal.[12]

Immune system

[edit]

Immune cell trafficking

[edit]

S1P and its receptors play a key role in regulating immune cell trafficking by forming gradients that guide immune cells between tissues and vascular compartments. S1PR1 is pivotal in promoting T-cell egress from lymphoid organs, while changes in S1P levels can influence immune cell migration and positioning in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues during inflammation or immune surveillance.[13]

S1PR1, primarily located on the cell membrane of most lymphocytes, binds to the abundant ligand S1P in the bloodstream to promote lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, allowing them to travel to affected tissues. S1PR1 is responsive to the S1P gradient between the lymphoid tissues (low S1P) and the lymph (high S1P), facilitating T cell movement through the endothelial barrier.[14] However, upon T cell activation in lymphoid organs via cytokine and T-cell receptor signaling, the protein Cluster of Differentiation 69 (CD69) is expressed and forms a complex with S1PR1. This interaction, involving CD69 transmembrane domain and the helix-4 of S1PR1, leads to S1PR1 internalization and degradation, preventing S1P binding and downstream signaling.[15] This mechanism results in the temporary retention of lymphocytes within the lymph organs, enhancing the chances of successful lymphocyte activation, especially if the initial activation signal was weak. Upon antigen encounter or type I interferon stimulation in lymphoid organs, S1PR1 expression is decreased through CD69 interaction and downregulation of the transcription factor Kruppel‑like factor 2.[16] Effector T cells eventually re-express S1PR1 to exit the lymph node and enter peripheral tissues. However, increased S1P levels in lymphoid tissues, due to inhibition of S1P lyase, inflammation, or synthetic S1PR1 ligands like FTY720, can block T cell egress by dissipating the S1P gradient, inducing S1PR1 internalization, and enhancing endothelial junctional contacts to close egress ports.[16]

Immune cell regulation

[edit]

S1PR1 activation is heavily involved in immune cell regulation and development. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 is also involved in immune-modulation and directly involved in suppression of innate immune responses from T cells.[17] Depending on the G protein coupled with the S1PR1, diverse cellular effects are achieved: Gαi and Gαo modulate cellular survival, proliferation and motility; Gα12 and Gα13 modulate cytoskeletal remodeling and cell-shape changes and Gαq modulates several cellular effector functions.[12] All the intracellular functions occur via the interaction with Gαi and Gαo: these two proteins recruit other proteins for downstream amplification of the signal.[12] The main downstream effector functions of S1P-S1PR1 system are as follows:

  1. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the lipid dependent protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathway increases the survival of lymphocytes and other immune cells by inhibiting apoptosis.
  2. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the GTPase RAC are responsible of the lymphocytes migration and their interactions with other cells or with connective-tissue surfaces.[12] S1PR1-deficient thymocytes do not emigrate from the thymus, resulting in an increased numbers of mature thymocytes in the thymus and in medullary hyperplasia, and few S1PR1-deficient T cells can be detected in the blood, lymph nodes, spleen or non-lymphoid organs in these mouse models.[9][10] The proliferation of immune cells is due to S1P-mediated signals via the GTPase RAS and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK). IV) The Phospholipase C (PLC)-induced increases in intracellular calcium levels allow the secretion of cytokines and other immune mediators.[12]

Vasculogenesis

[edit]

S1PR1 is one of the main receptors responsible for vascular growth and development, at least during embryogenesis.[18] In vascular endothelial cells the binding of S1P to S1PR1 induces migration, proliferation, cell survival and morphogenesis into capillary-like structures.[19] Moreover, the binding of S1P to S1PR1 is implicated in the formation of cell-cell adherens junctions, therefore inhibiting paracellular permeability of solutes and macromolecules.[20][21] It was also shown in vivo that S1P synergizes with angiogenic factors such as FGF-2 and VEGF in inducing angiogenesis and vascular maturation through S1PR1.[21][22] showed that S1PR1-KO mice died during development due to a defect in vascular stabilization, suggesting that this receptor is essential for vascular development. In conclusion, several evidences confirm that S1P via S1PR1 is a potent regulator of vascular growth and development, at least during embryogenesis.[18]

Clinical significance

[edit]

Cancer

[edit]

S1PR1 is involved in the motility of cancer cells upon stimulation by S1P. The signal pathway involves RAC-CDC42 and correlates with ERK1 and ERK2 activation. The RAC-CDC42 pathway leads to cell migration, whereas the ERK pathway leads to proliferation and neovascularization[23][24] demonstrated that S1PR1 is strongly induced in endothelial cells during tumor angiogenesis and a siRNA against S1PR1 was able to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth. S1PR1 is also involved in other types of cancer: fibrosarcoma cells migrate upon activation of S1PR1 by S1P via RAC1–CDC42 dependent pathway)[25][26] and ovarian cancer cell invasion involves S1PR1 or S1PR3 and calcium mobilization.[27]

Multiple sclerosis

[edit]

S1PR1 is involved in multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod, a drug which internalizes the receptor, is approved as a disease modifying agent in Multiple sclerosis. There are other Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators. Van Doorn et al. (2010)[28] observed a strong increase in S1PR1 (and S1PR3) expression in hypertrophic astrocytes both in the active and inactive Multiple sclerosis lesions from patients compared to the unaffected patients.

Evolution

[edit]

Paralogues for S1PR1 Gene[29]

[edit]

Interactions

[edit]

S1PR1 has been shown to interact with 5-HT1A receptor,[30] GNAI1,[31] and GNAI3.[31]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000170989 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045092 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b c Hanson MA, Roth CB, Jo E, Griffith MT, Scott FL, Reinhart G, et al. (February 2012). "Crystal structure of a lipid G protein-coupled receptor". Science. 335 (6070): 851–855. Bibcode:2012Sci...335..851H. doi:10.1126/science.1215904. PMC 3338336. PMID 22344443.
  6. ^ Hla T, Maciag T (June 1990). "An abundant transcript induced in differentiating human endothelial cells encodes a polypeptide with structural similarities to G-protein-coupled receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (16): 9308–9313. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38849-0. PMID 2160972.
  7. ^ Lee MJ, Van Brocklyn JR, Thangada S, Liu CH, Hand AR, Menzeleev R, et al. (March 1998). "Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor EDG-1". Science. 279 (5356): 1552–1555. Bibcode:1998Sci...279.1552L. doi:10.1126/science.279.5356.1552. PMID 9488656.
  8. ^ Liu CH, Thangada S, Lee MJ, Van Brocklyn JR, Spiegel S, Hla T (April 1999). "Ligand-induced trafficking of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor EDG-1". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 10 (4): 1179–1190. doi:10.1091/mbc.10.4.1179. PMC 25247. PMID 10198065.
  9. ^ a b Allende ML, Dreier JL, Mandala S, Proia RL (April 2004). "Expression of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, S1P1, on T-cells controls thymic emigration". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (15): 15396–15401. doi:10.1074/jbc.M314291200. PMID 14732704.
  10. ^ a b Matloubian M, Lo CG, Cinamon G, Lesneski MJ, Xu Y, Brinkmann V, et al. (January 2004). "Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1". Nature. 427 (6972): 355–360. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..355M. doi:10.1038/nature02284. PMID 14737169. S2CID 4371877.
  11. ^ Rosen H, Gonzalez-Cabrera PJ, Sanna MG, Brown S (2009). "Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signaling". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 78: 743–768. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.103733. PMID 19231986.
  12. ^ a b c d e Rosen H (September 2005). "Chemical approaches to the lysophospholipid receptors". Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 77 (1–4): 179–184. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.09.011. PMID 16099402.
  13. ^ Garris CS, Blaho VA, Hla T, Han MH (July 2014). "Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 signalling in T cells: trafficking and beyond". Immunology. 142 (3): 347–353. doi:10.1111/imm.12272. PMC 4080950. PMID 24597601.
  14. ^ Chi H (January 2011). "Sphingosine-1-phosphate and immune regulation: trafficking and beyond". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 32 (1): 16–24. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.002. PMC 3017656. PMID 21159389.
  15. ^ Cibrián D, Sánchez-Madrid F (June 2017). "CD69: from activation marker to metabolic gatekeeper". European Journal of Immunology. 47 (6): 946–953. doi:10.1002/eji.201646837. PMC 6485631. PMID 28475283.
  16. ^ a b Rivera J, Proia RL, Olivera A (October 2008). "The alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in immunity". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 8 (10): 753–763. doi:10.1038/nri2400. PMC 2600775. PMID 18787560.
  17. ^ Sharma N, Akhade AS, Qadri A (April 2013). "Sphingosine-1-phosphate suppresses TLR-induced CXCL8 secretion from human T cells". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 93 (4): 521–528. doi:10.1189/jlb.0712328. PMID 23345392. S2CID 21897008.
  18. ^ a b Chae SS, Paik JH, Allende ML, Proia RL, Hla T (April 2004). "Regulation of limb development by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor S1p1/EDG-1 occurs via the hypoxia/VEGF axis". Developmental Biology. 268 (2): 441–447. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.01.001. PMID 15063179.
  19. ^ Lee MJ, Thangada S, Claffey KP, Ancellin N, Liu CH, Kluk M, et al. (October 1999). "Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate". Cell. 99 (3): 301–312. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81661-X. PMID 10555146. S2CID 1126846.
  20. ^ Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, Venkataraman K, Brinkmann V, et al. (November 2003). "Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (47): 47281–47290. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306896200. PMID 12954648.
  21. ^ a b Garcia JG, Liu F, Verin AD, Birukova A, Dechert MA, Gerthoffer WT, et al. (September 2001). "Sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes endothelial cell barrier integrity by Edg-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (5): 689–701. doi:10.1172/JCI12450. PMC 209379. PMID 11544274.
  22. ^ Liu Y, Wada R, Yamashita T, Mi Y, Deng CX, Hobson JP, et al. (October 2000). "Edg-1, the G protein-coupled receptor for sphingosine-1-phosphate, is essential for vascular maturation". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 106 (8): 951–961. doi:10.1172/JCI10905. PMC 314347. PMID 11032855.
  23. ^ Pyne NJ, Pyne S (July 2010). "Sphingosine 1-phosphate and cancer" (PDF). Nature Reviews. Cancer. 10 (7): 489–503. doi:10.1038/nrc2875. PMID 20555359. S2CID 32955497.
  24. ^ Chae SS, Paik JH, Furneaux H, Hla T (October 2004). "Requirement for sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 in tumor angiogenesis demonstrated by in vivo RNA interference". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 114 (8): 1082–1089. doi:10.1172/JCI22716. PMC 522258. PMID 15489955.
  25. ^ Fisher KE, Pop A, Koh W, Anthis NJ, Saunders WB, Davis GE (December 2006). "Tumor cell invasion of collagen matrices requires coordinate lipid agonist-induced G-protein and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1-dependent signaling". Molecular Cancer. 5: 69. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-5-69. PMC 1762019. PMID 17156449.
  26. ^ Nyalendo C, Michaud M, Beaulieu E, Roghi C, Murphy G, Gingras D, et al. (May 2007). "Src-dependent phosphorylation of membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase on cytoplasmic tyrosine 573: role in endothelial and tumor cell migration". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (21): 15690–15699. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608045200. PMID 17389600.
  27. ^ Park KS, Kim MK, Lee HY, Kim SD, Lee SY, Kim JM, et al. (April 2007). "S1P stimulates chemotactic migration and invasion in OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 356 (1): 239–244. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.112. PMID 17349972.
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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