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{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
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{{Expert-subject|Physics|date=November 2008}}
'''Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity''' is any of various physical theories that attempt to generalise to higher dimensions various results of the well established theory of standard (four-dimensional) Einstein gravity, that is, [[general relativity]]. This attempt at generalisation has been strongly influenced in recent decades by [[string theory]].
'''Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity''' is any of various physical theories that attempt to generalise to higher dimensions various results of the well established theory of standard (four-dimensional) [[Albert Einstein]]'s gravitational theory, that is, [[general relativity]]. This attempt at generalisation has been strongly influenced in recent decades by [[string theory]].


At present, this work can probably be most fairly described as extended theoretical speculation. Currently, it has no ''direct'' observational and experimental support, in contrast to four-dimensional general relativity. However, this theoretical work has led to the possibility of proving the existence of extra dimensions. This is best demonstrated by the proof of [[Harvey Reall]] and [[Roberto Emparan]] that there is a 'black ring' solution in 5 dimensions. If such a 'black ring' could be produced in a particle accelerator such as the [[Large Hadron Collider]], this would provide the evidence that higher dimensions exist.
At present, this work can probably be most fairly described as extended theoretical speculation. Currently, it has no ''direct'' observational and experimental support, in contrast to four-dimensional general relativity. However, this theoretical work has led to the possibility of proving the existence of extra dimensions. This is best demonstrated by the proof of [[Harvey Reall]] and [[Roberto Emparan]] that there is a 'black ring' solution in 5 dimensions. If such a 'black ring' could be produced in a particle accelerator such as the [[Large Hadron Collider]], this would provide the evidence that higher dimensions exist.


==Exact solutions==
==Exact solutions==
{{jargon|date=February 2024}}
⚫
The higher-dimensional generalization of the [[Kerr metric]] was discovered by [[Robert Myers (physicist)|Myers]] and [[Malcolm Perry (physicist)|Perry]]. Like the Kerr metric, the Myers-Perry metric has spherical horizon topology. The construction involves making a [[Kerr-Schild spacetime|Kerr-Schild]] [[ansatz]]; by a similar method, the solution has been generalized to include a [[cosmological constant]]. The '''[[black ring]]''' is a solution of five-dimensional general relativity. It inherits its name from the fact that its event horizon is topologically S<sup>1</sup> &times; S<sup>2</sup>. This is in contrast to other known black hole solutions in five dimensions which have horizon topology S<sup>3</sup>.
The higher-dimensional generalization of the [[Kerr metric]] was discovered by [[Robert Myers (physicist)|Robert Myers]] and [[Malcolm Perry (physicist)|Malcolm Perry]].<ref>
{{cite journal
| title = Black Holes in Higher Dimensional Space-Times
| author = Robert C. Myers, M.J. Perry
| journal = Annals of Physics
| volume = 172
| pages = 304–347
| year = 1986
| issue = 2
| doi = 10.1016/0003-4916(86)90186-7
⚫
|bibcode = 1986AnPhy.172..304M }}</ref> Like the Kerr metric, the Myers–Perry metric has spherical horizon topology. The construction involves making a [[Kerr–Schild spacetime|Kerr–Schild]] [[ansatz]]; by a similar method, the solution has been generalized to include a [[cosmological constant]]. The '''black ring''' is a solution of five-dimensional general relativity. It inherits its name from the fact that its event horizon is topologically S<sup>1</sup> × S<sup>2</sup>. This is in contrast to other known black hole solutions in five dimensions which have horizon topology S<sup>3</sup>.

In 2014, Hari Kunduri and James Lucietti proved the existence of a black hole with [[Lens space]] topology of the ''L''(2, 1) type in five dimensions,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kunduri |first1=Hari K. |last2=Lucietti |first2=James |date=2014-11-17 |title=Supersymmetric Black Holes with Lens-Space Topology |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=113 |issue=21 |pages=211101 |arxiv=1408.6083 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.211101|pmid=25479484 |bibcode=2014PhRvL.113u1101K |s2cid=119060757 }}</ref> this was next extended to all ''L''(p, 1) with positive integers p by Shinya Tomizawa and Masato Nozawa in 2016<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomizawa |first1=Shinya |last2=Nozawa |first2=Masato |date=2016-08-22 |title=Supersymmetric black lenses in five dimensions |journal=Physical Review D |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=044037 |arxiv=1606.06643 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.94.044037|bibcode=2016PhRvD..94d4037T |s2cid=118524018 }}</ref> and finally in a preprint to all ''L''(p, q) and any dimension by Marcus Khuri and Jordan Rainone in 2022,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khuri |first1=Marcus A. |last2=Rainone |first2=Jordan F. |date=2023 |title=Black Lenses in Kaluza-Klein Matter |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=131 |issue=4 |page=041402 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.041402 |pmid=37566867 |arxiv=2212.06762|bibcode=2023PhRvL.131d1402K |s2cid=254591339 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadis |first=Steve |date=2023-01-24 |title=Mathematicians Find an Infinity of Possible Black Hole Shapes |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/mathematicians-find-an-infinity-of-possible-black-hole-shapes-20230124/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Quanta Magazine |language=en}}</ref> a '''black lens''' doesn't necessarily need to rotate as a black ring but all examples so far need a matter field coming from the extra dimensions to remain stable.


==Black hole uniqueness==
==Black hole uniqueness==
In four dimensions, [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking]] proved that the topology of the [[event horizon]] of a [[black hole]] must be spherical. Because the proof uses the [[Gauss-Bonnet theorem]], it does not generalize to higher dimensions. The discovery of black ring solutions in five dimensions shows that other topologies are allowed in higher dimensions, but it is unclear precisely which topologies are allowed. It has been shown that the horizon must be of positive Yamabe type, meaning that it must admit a metric of positive [[scalar curvature]].
In four dimensions, [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking]] proved that the topology of the [[event horizon]] of a non-rotating [[black hole]] must be spherical.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hawking |first=S. W. |date=1972 |title=Black holes in general relativity |url=https://projecteuclid.org/journals/communications-in-mathematical-physics/volume-25/issue-2/Black-holes-in-general-relativity/cmp/1103857884.full |journal=Communications in Mathematical Physics |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=152–166 |doi=10.1007/BF01877517 |bibcode=1972CMaPh..25..152H |s2cid=121527613 |issn=0010-3616}}</ref> Because the proof uses the [[Gauss–Bonnet theorem]], it does not generalize to higher dimensions. The discovery of black ring solutions in five dimensions<ref>{{cite journal
| last1=Emparan | first1=Roberto
| last2=Reall | first2=Harvey S.
| title = A Rotating Black Ring Solution in Five Dimensions
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.
| volume = 88 | issue= 10
| pages = 101101–101104
| date = 21 February 2002
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.101101| pmid=11909335
| arxiv=hep-th/0110260
| bibcode=2002PhRvL..88j1101E
| hdl=2445/13248
| s2cid=6923777
| hdl-access=free}}</ref> shows that other topologies are allowed in higher dimensions, but it is unclear precisely which topologies are allowed. It has been shown that the horizon must be of positive Yamabe type, meaning that it must admit a metric of positive [[scalar curvature]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Galloway |first1=Gregory J. |last2=Schoen |first2=Richard |date=2006-09-01 |title=A Generalization of Hawking's Black Hole Topology Theorem to Higher Dimensions |journal=Communications in Mathematical Physics |language=en |volume=266 |issue=2 |pages=571–576 |arxiv=gr-qc/0509107 |doi=10.1007/s00220-006-0019-z |bibcode=2006CMaPh.266..571G |s2cid=5439828 |issn=1432-0916}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Gauss–Bonnet gravity]]
* [[General relativity]]
* [[General relativity]]
* [[Kaluza-Klein theory]]
* [[Kaluza–Klein theory]]
* [[Graviton]]


==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Theories of gravitation}}
{{Theories of gravitation}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Higher-Dimensional Einstein Gravity}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Higher-Dimensional Einstein Gravity}}
[[Category:Theories of gravitation]]
[[Category:Theories of gravity]]
[[Category:Albert Einstein]]

[[Category:Exact solutions in general relativity]]

{{Relativity-stub}}

[[ru:Общая теория относительности в многомерном пространстве]]

Latest revision as of 17:09, 5 June 2024

Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity is any of various physical theories that attempt to generalise to higher dimensions various results of the well established theory of standard (four-dimensional) Albert Einstein's gravitational theory, that is, general relativity. This attempt at generalisation has been strongly influenced in recent decades by string theory.

At present, this work can probably be most fairly described as extended theoretical speculation. Currently, it has no direct observational and experimental support, in contrast to four-dimensional general relativity. However, this theoretical work has led to the possibility of proving the existence of extra dimensions. This is best demonstrated by the proof of Harvey Reall and Roberto Emparan that there is a 'black ring' solution in 5 dimensions. If such a 'black ring' could be produced in a particle accelerator such as the Large Hadron Collider, this would provide the evidence that higher dimensions exist.

Exact solutions

[edit]

The higher-dimensional generalization of the Kerr metric was discovered by Robert Myers and Malcolm Perry.[1] Like the Kerr metric, the Myers–Perry metric has spherical horizon topology. The construction involves making a Kerr–Schild ansatz; by a similar method, the solution has been generalized to include a cosmological constant. The black ring is a solution of five-dimensional general relativity. It inherits its name from the fact that its event horizon is topologically S1 × S2. This is in contrast to other known black hole solutions in five dimensions which have horizon topology S3.

In 2014, Hari Kunduri and James Lucietti proved the existence of a black hole with Lens space topology of the L(2, 1) type in five dimensions,[2] this was next extended to all L(p, 1) with positive integers p by Shinya Tomizawa and Masato Nozawa in 2016[3] and finally in a preprint to all L(p, q) and any dimension by Marcus Khuri and Jordan Rainone in 2022,[4][5] a black lens doesn't necessarily need to rotate as a black ring but all examples so far need a matter field coming from the extra dimensions to remain stable.

Black hole uniqueness

[edit]

In four dimensions, Hawking proved that the topology of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole must be spherical.[6] Because the proof uses the Gauss–Bonnet theorem, it does not generalize to higher dimensions. The discovery of black ring solutions in five dimensions[7] shows that other topologies are allowed in higher dimensions, but it is unclear precisely which topologies are allowed. It has been shown that the horizon must be of positive Yamabe type, meaning that it must admit a metric of positive scalar curvature.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Robert C. Myers, M.J. Perry (1986). "Black Holes in Higher Dimensional Space-Times". Annals of Physics. 172 (2): 304–347. Bibcode:1986AnPhy.172..304M. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(86)90186-7.
  2. ^ Kunduri, Hari K.; Lucietti, James (2014-11-17). "Supersymmetric Black Holes with Lens-Space Topology". Physical Review Letters. 113 (21): 211101. arXiv:1408.6083. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113u1101K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.211101. PMID 25479484. S2CID 119060757.
  3. ^ Tomizawa, Shinya; Nozawa, Masato (2016-08-22). "Supersymmetric black lenses in five dimensions". Physical Review D. 94 (4): 044037. arXiv:1606.06643. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..94d4037T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.94.044037. S2CID 118524018.
  4. ^ Khuri, Marcus A.; Rainone, Jordan F. (2023). "Black Lenses in Kaluza-Klein Matter". Physical Review Letters. 131 (4): 041402. arXiv:2212.06762. Bibcode:2023PhRvL.131d1402K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.041402. PMID 37566867. S2CID 254591339.
  5. ^ Nadis, Steve (2023-01-24). "Mathematicians Find an Infinity of Possible Black Hole Shapes". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  6. ^ Hawking, S. W. (1972). "Black holes in general relativity". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 25 (2): 152–166. Bibcode:1972CMaPh..25..152H. doi:10.1007/BF01877517. ISSN 0010-3616. S2CID 121527613.
  7. ^ Emparan, Roberto; Reall, Harvey S. (21 February 2002). "A Rotating Black Ring Solution in Five Dimensions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (10): 101101–101104. arXiv:hep-th/0110260. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88j1101E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.101101. hdl:2445/13248. PMID 11909335. S2CID 6923777.
  8. ^ Galloway, Gregory J.; Schoen, Richard (2006-09-01). "A Generalization of Hawking's Black Hole Topology Theorem to Higher Dimensions". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 266 (2): 571–576. arXiv:gr-qc/0509107. Bibcode:2006CMaPh.266..571G. doi:10.1007/s00220-006-0019-z. ISSN 1432-0916. S2CID 5439828.
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