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{{short description|Annual grass}}
{{short description|Annual grass}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|name = Japanese stiltgrass
| name = Japanese stiltgrass
|image = Microstegium viminium specimen.jpg
| image = Microstegium viminium specimen.jpg
⚫
| genus = Microstegium
|image_caption = Single specimen of Japanese stiltgrass (''Microstegium vimineum''), a non-native invasive plant in the [[United States]]
⚫
| species = vimineum
⚫
|genus = Microstegium
⚫
| authority = ([[Carl Bernhard von Trinius|Trin.]]) [[Aimée Antoinette Camus|A. Camus]]
⚫
|species = vimineum
⚫
|authority = ([[Carl Bernhard von Trinius|Trin.]]) [[Aimée Antoinette Camus|A. Camus]]
}}
}}


'''''Microstegium vimineum''''', commonly known as '''Japanese stiltgrass''', '''packing grass''', or '''Nepalese browntop''', is an [[annual plant|annual]] grass that is common in a wide variety of habitats and is well adapted to low light levels.
'''''Microstegium vimineum''''', commonly known as '''Japanese stiltgrass''', '''packing grass''', or '''Nepalese browntop''', is an [[annual plant|annual]] grass that is common in a wide variety of habitats and is well adapted to low light levels. It has become an invasive species throughout parts of the world, most notably North America.
Despite being non-native in the United States, it serves as a host plant for some native satyr butterflies, such as the Carolina satyr ''[[Hermeuptychia sosybius]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=Butterflies of North Carolina | url=http://www.dpr.ncparks.gov/nbnc/a/accounts.php?acctID=95|publisher=NC Parks Service|access-date = 2017-12-06 }}</ref> and the endangered Mitchell's satyr ''[[Neonympha mitchellii]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Host and Nectar Plants | url=http://alabama.butterflyatlas.usf.edu/host-and-nectar-plants|publisher=USF Water Institute|access-date = 2017-12-06 }}</ref> Owing to its invasive potential, the plant has been put on the European list of invasive alien species.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2021|title=Union list of invasive alien species|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm}}</ref> This means the plant can no longer be imported into or traded in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=European IAS Regulation|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/NL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
''Microstegium viminium'' is native to [[East Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], and [[South Asia]]. Specificially, its native range includes the following countries: [[Bhutan]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[North Korea]], the [[Philippines]], the [[Russian Far East]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]].<ref name=flora/><ref name=china/>
''Microstegium viminium'' is native to many parts of [[Asia]] from [[Turkey]] in the west to [[Japan]] in the east. In East Asia, it is found in [[China]], [[Japan]], the [[Russian Far East]], [[North Korea]], [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]]. In [[Southeast Asia]], its native range includes [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], and [[Vietnam]]. In South Asia, it occurs in [[Bhutan]], [[India]], and [[Nepal]]. In [[West Asia]], particularly in the [[Caucasus]] and the [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]] coasts, it can be found in [[Turkey]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Iran]], and in [[Sochi]] in [[Russia]].<ref name=flora/><ref name=china/>


The species has also been introduced extensively beyond its native range. In North America it is established throughout the [[Midwestern United States]], the [[Southeastern United States]], the [[West South Central United States]], the [[Northeastern United States]], and southern [[Ontario]] in [[Canada]]. It has also been introduced to the [[Caucasus]] and areas along the [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]], including in [[Turkey]], [[Georgia (country)]], [[Iran]], and in [[Sochi]] in [[Russia]].<ref name=flora/><ref name=china/>
The species has also been introduced extensively beyond its native range. In North America, it is established throughout the [[Midwestern United States]], the [[Southeastern United States]], the [[West South Central United States]], the [[Northeastern United States]], and southern [[Ontario]] in [[Canada]].<ref name=flora/><ref name=china/>


==Description==
==Description==
It typically grows to heights between {{convert|40|and|100|cm|ft|abbr=on}} and is capable of rooting at each [[Node (botany)|node]]. The plant flowers in late summer and produces its seeds in the form of a [[caryopsis]] shortly thereafter.<ref name=flora/><ref name=china>{{Citation
It typically grows to heights between {{convert|40|and|100|cm|ft|abbr=on}} and is capable of rooting at each [[Node (botany)|node]]. The plant flowers in late summer and produces its seeds in the form of a [[caryopsis]] shortly thereafter.<ref name=flora/><ref name=china>{{Citation
| last =Chen
| last =Chen
| first =Shou-liang ; Phillips, Sylvia M.
| first =Shou-liang |author2=Phillips, Sylvia M.
| contribution =Microstegium vimineum
| contribution =Microstegium vimineum
| year =2007
| year =2007
| title =Flora of China
| title =Flora of China
| editor-last =Wu
| editor-last =Wu
| editor-first =Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y.
| editor-first =Z. Y. |editor2=Raven, P.H. |editor3=Hong, D.Y.
| volume =22
| volume =22
| pages =593
| page =593
| place=Beijing
| place=Beijing
| publisher =Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press
| publisher =Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press
| contribution-url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200025707
| contribution-url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200025707
| access-date =2007-07-14}}</ref> It is quite similar to and often grows along with the North American grass ''[[Leersia virginica]]'', but ''[[Leersia virginica|L. virginica]]'' lacks the distinctive silver stripe on the center of the leaf that is present on Japanese stiltgrass and also flowers one to two months earlier.<ref name="flora">{{Citation |last=Thieret |first=John W. |title=Flora of North America |volume=25 |year=2006 |contribution=Mictrostegium |contribution-url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Microstegium |place=New York & Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="invasive">{{cite web |last=Swearingen |first=Jil M. |author2=Adams, Sheherezade |year=2006 |title=Japanese Stiltgrass |url=http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/mivi1.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2007-06-27 |work=Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group |publisher=National Park Service |archive-date=2007-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703134855/http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/mivi1.htm }}</ref>
| access-date =2007-07-14}}</ref>
It is quite similar to and often grows along with the North American grass ''[[Leersia virginica]]'', but ''[[Leersia virginica|L. virginica]]'' lacks the distinctive silver stripe on the center of the leaf that is present on Japanese stiltgrass and also flowers one to two months earlier.<ref name=flora>{{Citation
| last =Thieret
| first =John W.
| contribution =Mictrostegium
| year =2006
| title =Flora of North America
| editor-last =Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+
| volume =25
| contribution-url =http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Microstegium.htm
| place=New York & Oxford
| publisher =Oxford University Press
}}</ref><ref name=invasive>{{cite web| last =Swearingen| first =Jil M. |author2=Adams, Sheherezade| title =Japanese Stiltgrass| work =Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group| publisher =National Park Service| year =2006| url =http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/mivi1.htm| access-date =2007-06-27}}</ref>


==Invasiveness==
The plant is known to be a common habitat for ticks such as the [[Amblyomma americanum|lone star tick]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Browsing deer often transport these ticks into other areas where they can expand.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
⚫
The plant was accidentally introduced into the U.S. state of Tennessee around 1919 as a result of being used as a packing material in shipments of porcelain from China. It has spread throughout the Southeastern U.S. and is now found in 26 states.<ref>USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 19 August 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> ''Microstegium vimineum'' most commonly invades along roads, floodplain and other disturbed areas, but will also invade undisturbed habitats.<ref>Redman, D.E. 1995. Distribution and habitat types for Nepal ''Microstegium'' (''Microstegium vimineum'') in Maryland and the District of Columbia. Castanea, 60:270-275</ref><ref>Cole, P.G. and J.G. Weltzin. 2005. Environmental correlates of the distribution and abundance of ''Microstegium vimineum'' in east Tennessee. Southeastern Naturalis, 3:545-563.</ref><ref>Moretensen, D.A., E.S.J. Rauschert, A.N Nord and B.P. Jones. 2009. Forest roads facilitate the spread of invasive plants. Invasive Plant Science and Management. 2:191-199</ref> [[White-tailed deer]], which do not browse the grass, may facilitate spread by browsing on native species and thereby reducing competition for the exotic plant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=T.M. |last2=Dunn |first2=J.L. |last3=Smith |first3=L.A. |last4=Davis |first4=J. |last5=Kalisz |first5=S. |date=April 2009 |title=Deer Facilitate Invasive Plant Success in a Pennsylvania Forest Understory |journal=Natural Areas Journal |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=110–116 |doi=10.3375/043.029.0202 |issn=0885-8608}}</ref> Invasion of ''Microstegium'' can reduce growth and flowering of native species,<ref>Bauer, J.T. and Flory, S.L. 2011. Suppression of the woodland herb ''Senna hebecarpa'' by the invasive grass ''Microstegium vimineum''. American Midland Naturalist. 165:105-115.</ref> suppress native plant communities,<ref>Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2010. Non-native grass invasion alters native plant composition in experimental communities. Biological Invasions 12:1285-1294</ref> alter and suppress insect communities,<ref>Simao, M.C., S.L. Flory, and J.A. Rudgers. 2010. Experimental plant invasion reduces arthropod abundance and richness across multiple trophic levels. Oikos 119:1553-1562.</ref> slow plant succession<ref>Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2010. Non-native grass invasion suppresses forest succession. Oecologia 164:1029-1038.</ref> and alter [[nutrient cycling]].<ref>Ehrenfeld, J.G. 2003 Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6:503–523</ref><ref>Lee, M., S.L. Flory, and R. Phillips. 2012. Positive feedbacks to growth of an invasive grass through alteration of nitrogen cycling. Oecologia. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2309-9</ref> Removal of ''Microstegium'' can lead to recovery of native plant communities.<ref>Flory, S.L. 2010. Management of ''Microstegium vimineum'' invasions and recovery of resident plant communities. Restoration Ecology. 18:103-112</ref><ref>Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2009. Invasive plant removal method determines native plant community responses. Journal of Applied Ecology. 4:434-442.</ref><ref>DeMeeste, J.E., Richter, D.D. 2010. Restoring restoration: removal of the invasive plant ''Microstegium vimineum'' from a North Carolina wetland. Biological Invasions 12:781–793</ref>[[File:Microstegium vimineum - Greenbelt MD.JPG|thumb|Infestation spreading for acres in partially closed-canopy, [[mesic forest]], [[:en:Greenbelt, Maryland|Greenbelt]]|left]]


⚫
As this grass is an annual, in order to control it, mowing must be performed before the plants go to seed.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kleczewski |first1=N. |last2=Flory |first2=S.L. |last3=Nice |first3=G. |year=2011 |title=An Introduction to ''Microstegium vimineum'' (Japanese stiltgrass/Nepalese browntop) an Emerging Invasive Grass in the Eastern United States |url=http://www.btny.purdue.edu/weedscience/2011/Microstegium-01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309021310/https://www.btny.purdue.edu/WeedScience/2011/Microstegium-01.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-09 |publisher=Indiana University Department of Biology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nitzsche |first=Peter |title=Japanese Stiltgrass Control in the Home Lawn and Landscape |url=https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1237/ |access-date=July 22, 2021 |publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station}}</ref>

This plant has been put on the European list of invasive alien species,<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2021 |title=Union list of invasive alien species |url=https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/invasive-alien-species_en}}</ref> meaning that it cannot be imported into or traded in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European IAS Regulation |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/NL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN}}</ref>

== Ecology ==
Despite its invasive status in the United States, there are some benefits to stiltgrass. It can serve as a [[Host (biology)|host plant]] for some native satyr butterflies, such as the Carolina satyr ''[[Hermeuptychia sosybius]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Butterflies of North Carolina |url=http://www.dpr.ncparks.gov/nbnc/a/accounts.php?acctID=95 |access-date=2017-12-06 |publisher=NC Parks Service}}</ref> and the endangered Mitchell's satyr ''[[Neonympha mitchellii]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Host and Nectar Plants |url=http://alabama.butterflyatlas.usf.edu/host-and-nectar-plants |access-date=2017-12-06 |publisher=USF Water Institute}}</ref> In the absence of other habitat, stiltgrass is more preferable to have than nothing, providing cover for native amphibians such as [[wood frog]]s and [[Anaxyrus|toads]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagy |display-authors=etal |date=July 2011 |title=Japanese stilt grass (Microstegium vimineum), a nonnative invasive grass, provides alternative habitat for native frogs in a suburban forest |url=https://www.urbanhabitats.org/v06n01/japanesestiltgrass_full.html |journal=URBANhabitats }}</ref> Stiltgrass is also unfavorable habitat for ticks due to higher temperature and lower humidity, leading to increased mortality for them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Citivello |display-authors=etal |date=September 2008 |title=Exotic grass invasion reduces survival of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) |journal=J Med Entomol |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=867–72 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[867:egirso]2.0.co;2 |pmid=18826028 |s2cid=17434766 }}</ref> The dead fallen stems of stiltgrass can provide shelter for rodents to the point where aerial predators (owls and hawks) cannot catch them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I Hate Japanese Stiltgrass: Reasons 1-1000 |url=https://piedmontgardener.com/2012/01/13/why-i-hate-japanese-stiltgrass-reasons-1-1000/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=Piedmont Gardener |date=13 January 2012}}</ref>

[[White-tailed deer]] do not eat stiltgrass and help its dominance by eating competing plants. However, stiltgrass can be outcompeted by other aggressive species such as [[annual ryegrass]], [[Leersia virginica|Virginia cutgrass]], and [[Impatiens|jewelweed]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2019 |title=Japanese Stiltgrass |url=https://nyis.info/invasive_species/japanese-stiltgrass/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=New York Invasive Species Information}}</ref> Stiltgrass can also be controlled by regular fires, thick leaf litter, and succession of taller herbs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2019 |title=IN DEFENSE OF STILTGRASS |url=https://www.nomadseed.com/2019/03/in-defense-of-stiltgrass/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=Nomad Seed Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flory |display-authors=etal |date=20 October 2017 |title=Effects of a non-native grass invasion decline over time |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=1475–1484 |doi=10.1111/1365-2745.12850 |s2cid=52841363 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017JEcol.105.1475F }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Microstegium vimineum NPS-1.jpg|At Congaree National Park, [[South Carolina]], United States
Image:Microstegium vimineum NPS-1.jpg|At Congaree National Park, [[South Carolina]], United States
Line 55: Line 51:
Image:Microstegium nimineum seeds.jpg|Seeds ([[caryopses]])
Image:Microstegium nimineum seeds.jpg|Seeds ([[caryopses]])
</gallery>
</gallery>

==Invasive species ecology==
[[File:Microstegium vimineum - Greenbelt MD.JPG|thumb|Infestation spreading for acres in partially closed-canopy, [[mesic forest]], [[:en:Greenbelt, Maryland|Greenbelt]]]]

⚫
The plant was accidentally introduced into the U.S. state of Tennessee around 1919 as a result of being used as a packing material in shipments of porcelain from China. It has spread throughout the Southeastern U.S. and is now found in 26 states.<ref>USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 19 August 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> ''Microstegium vimineum'' most commonly invades along roads, floodplain and other disturbed areas, but will also invade undisturbed habitats.<ref>Redman, D.E. 1005. Distribution and habitat types for Nepal ''Microstegium'' (''Microstegium vimineum'') in Maryland and the District of Columbia. Castenea, 60:270-275</ref><ref>Cole, P.G. and J.G. Weltzin. 2005. Environmental correlates of the distribution and abundance of ''Microstegium vimineum'' in east Tennessee. Southeastern Naturalis, 3:545-563.</ref><ref>Moretensen, D.A., E.S.J. Rauschert, A.N Nord and B.P. Jones. 2009. Forest roads facilitate the spread of invasive plants. Invasive Plant Science and Management. 2:191-199</ref> [[Whitetail deer]], which do not browse the grass, may facilitate spread by browsing on native species and thereby reducing competition for the exotic plant.<ref>Knight TM, Dunn JL, Smith LA, Davis J, Kalisz S (2009) Deer facilitate invasive plant success in a Pennsylvania forest understory. Nat Areas J 29:110–116</ref> Invasion of ''Microstegium'' can reduce growth and flowering of native species,<ref>Bauer, J.T. and Flory, S.L. 2011. Suppression of the woodland herb ''Senna hebecarpa'' by the invasive grass ''Microstegium vimineum''. American Midland Naturalist. 165:105-115.</ref> suppress native plant communities,<ref>Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2010. Non-native grass invasion alters native plant composition in experimental communities. Biological Invasions 12:1285-1294</ref> alter and suppress insect communities,<ref>Simao, M.C., S.L. Flory, and J.A. Rudgers. 2010. Experimental plant invasion reduces arthropod abundance and richness across multiple trophic levels. Oikos 119:1553-1562.</ref> slow plant succession<ref>Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2010. Non-native grass invasion suppresses forest succession. Oecologia 164:1029-1038.</ref> and alter nutrient cycling.<ref>Ehrenfeld, J.G. 2003 Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6:503–523</ref><ref>Lee, M., S.L. Flory, and R. Phillips. 2012. Positive feedbacks to growth of an invasive grass through alteration of nitrogen cycling. Oecologia. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2309-9</ref> However, removal of ''Microstegium'' can lead to recovery of native plant communities.<ref>Flory, S.L. 2010. Management of ''Microstegium vimineum'' invasions and recovery of resident plant communities. Restoration Ecology. 18:103-112</ref><ref>Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2009. Invasive plant removal method determines native plant community responses. Journal of Applied Ecology. 4:434-442.</ref><ref>DeMeeste, J.E., Richter, D.D. 2010. Restoring restoration: removal of the invasive plant ''Microstegium vimineum'' from a North Carolina wetland. Biological Invasions 12:781–793</ref>

Stiltgrass is currently an invasive foreign species in the United States, and if not eradicated, will quickly spread and take over lawns and woodland floors. The seed can remain viable in the ground for several years. It can be managed best before it sets seed. In the mid western states, this is usually at the beginning of September.{{CN|date=September 2023}}

==Control==
⚫
As this grass is an annual, in order to be effective, mowing must be performed before the plants go to seed.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kleczewski|first1=N.|last2=Flory|first2=S.L.|last3=Nice|first3=G.|year=2011|archive-date=2017-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309021310/https://www.btny.purdue.edu/WeedScience/2011/Microstegium-01.pdf|title=An Introduction to ''Microstegium vimineum'' (Japanese stiltgrass/Nepalese browntop) an Emerging Invasive Grass in the Eastern United States|publisher=Indiana University Department of Biology|url=http://www.btny.purdue.edu/weedscience/2011/Microstegium-01.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nitzsche |first=Peter |title=Japanese Stiltgrass Control in the Home Lawn and Landscape |url=https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1237/ |publisher=New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station |access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 72: Line 58:
{{commonscat}}
{{commonscat}}
*[https://www.invasive.org/eastern/midatlantic/mivi.html NPS Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas: Japanese Stilt Grass]
*[https://www.invasive.org/eastern/midatlantic/mivi.html NPS Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas: Japanese Stilt Grass]
*[https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/2529e/ Maine Invasive Plants: Japanese Stilt Grass], University of Maine
*[https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/2529e/ Maine Invasive Plants: Japanese Stilt Grass] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821170722/https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/2529e/ |date=2019-08-21 }}, University of Maine
*[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/japanese-stiltgrass Species Profile of ''Microstegium vimineum'' (Japanese Stilt Grass)]—[[United States National Agricultural Library]], National Invasive Species Information Center. Lists general information and resources for Japanese stilt grass
*[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/plants/japanese-stiltgrass Species Profile of ''Microstegium vimineum'' (Japanese Stilt Grass)]—[[United States National Agricultural Library]], National Invasive Species Information Center. Lists general information and resources for Japanese stilt grass
*[https://keyapa.com/grass/microstegium_vimineum.htm ''Microstegium vimineum'' in Guide to Invasive and Hegemonic Grasses]
*[https://keyapa.com/grass/microstegium_vimineum.htm ''Microstegium vimineum'' in Guide to Invasive and Hegemonic Grasses]
*[http://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Invasives/fact/JapaneseStiltGrass.html Japanese stilt grass {{pipe}} Wisconsin DNR]
*[https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Invasives/fact/JapaneseStiltGrass Japanese stilt grass {{pipe}} Wisconsin DNR]
*[http://ipaw.org/portfolio/japanese-stiltgrass/ Japanese stiltgrass - Invasive Plants Association of Wisconsin]
*[https://ipaw.org/portfolio/japanese-stiltgrass/ Japanese stiltgrass - Invasive Plants Association of Wisconsin]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q5699638}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5699638}}

Latest revision as of 12:46, 6 June 2024

Japanese stiltgrass
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Microstegium
Species:
M. vimineum
Binomial name
Microstegium vimineum

Microstegium vimineum, commonly known as Japanese stiltgrass, packing grass, or Nepalese browntop, is an annual grass that is common in a wide variety of habitats and is well adapted to low light levels. It has become an invasive species throughout parts of the world, most notably North America.

Distribution

[edit]

Microstegium viminium is native to many parts of Asia from Turkey in the west to Japan in the east. In East Asia, it is found in China, Japan, the Russian Far East, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. In Southeast Asia, its native range includes Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. In South Asia, it occurs in Bhutan, India, and Nepal. In West Asia, particularly in the Caucasus and the Black Sea and Caspian Sea coasts, it can be found in Turkey, Georgia, Iran, and in Sochi in Russia.[1][2]

The species has also been introduced extensively beyond its native range. In North America, it is established throughout the Midwestern United States, the Southeastern United States, the West South Central United States, the Northeastern United States, and southern Ontario in Canada.[1][2]

Description

[edit]

It typically grows to heights between 40 and 100 cm (1.3 and 3.3 ft) and is capable of rooting at each node. The plant flowers in late summer and produces its seeds in the form of a caryopsis shortly thereafter.[1][2] It is quite similar to and often grows along with the North American grass Leersia virginica, but L. virginica lacks the distinctive silver stripe on the center of the leaf that is present on Japanese stiltgrass and also flowers one to two months earlier.[1][3]

Invasiveness

[edit]

The plant was accidentally introduced into the U.S. state of Tennessee around 1919 as a result of being used as a packing material in shipments of porcelain from China. It has spread throughout the Southeastern U.S. and is now found in 26 states.[4] Microstegium vimineum most commonly invades along roads, floodplain and other disturbed areas, but will also invade undisturbed habitats.[5][6][7] White-tailed deer, which do not browse the grass, may facilitate spread by browsing on native species and thereby reducing competition for the exotic plant.[8] Invasion of Microstegium can reduce growth and flowering of native species,[9] suppress native plant communities,[10] alter and suppress insect communities,[11] slow plant succession[12] and alter nutrient cycling.[13][14] Removal of Microstegium can lead to recovery of native plant communities.[15][16][17]

Infestation spreading for acres in partially closed-canopy, mesic forest, Greenbelt

As this grass is an annual, in order to control it, mowing must be performed before the plants go to seed.[18][19]

This plant has been put on the European list of invasive alien species,[20] meaning that it cannot be imported into or traded in the European Union.[21]

Ecology

[edit]

Despite its invasive status in the United States, there are some benefits to stiltgrass. It can serve as a host plant for some native satyr butterflies, such as the Carolina satyr Hermeuptychia sosybius[22] and the endangered Mitchell's satyr Neonympha mitchellii.[23] In the absence of other habitat, stiltgrass is more preferable to have than nothing, providing cover for native amphibians such as wood frogs and toads.[24] Stiltgrass is also unfavorable habitat for ticks due to higher temperature and lower humidity, leading to increased mortality for them.[25] The dead fallen stems of stiltgrass can provide shelter for rodents to the point where aerial predators (owls and hawks) cannot catch them.[26]

White-tailed deer do not eat stiltgrass and help its dominance by eating competing plants. However, stiltgrass can be outcompeted by other aggressive species such as annual ryegrass, Virginia cutgrass, and jewelweed.[27] Stiltgrass can also be controlled by regular fires, thick leaf litter, and succession of taller herbs.[28][29]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Thieret, John W. (2006), "Mictrostegium", Flora of North America, vol. 25, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ a b c Chen, Shou-liang; Phillips, Sylvia M. (2007), "Microstegium vimineum", in Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (eds.), Flora of China, vol. 22, Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, p. 593, retrieved 2007-07-14
  3. ^ Swearingen, Jil M.; Adams, Sheherezade (2006). "Japanese Stiltgrass". Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
  4. ^ USDA, NRCS. 2012. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 19 August 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
  5. ^ Redman, D.E. 1995. Distribution and habitat types for Nepal Microstegium (Microstegium vimineum) in Maryland and the District of Columbia. Castanea, 60:270-275
  6. ^ Cole, P.G. and J.G. Weltzin. 2005. Environmental correlates of the distribution and abundance of Microstegium vimineum in east Tennessee. Southeastern Naturalis, 3:545-563.
  7. ^ Moretensen, D.A., E.S.J. Rauschert, A.N Nord and B.P. Jones. 2009. Forest roads facilitate the spread of invasive plants. Invasive Plant Science and Management. 2:191-199
  8. ^ Knight, T.M.; Dunn, J.L.; Smith, L.A.; Davis, J.; Kalisz, S. (April 2009). "Deer Facilitate Invasive Plant Success in a Pennsylvania Forest Understory". Natural Areas Journal. 29 (2): 110–116. doi:10.3375/043.029.0202. ISSN 0885-8608.
  9. ^ Bauer, J.T. and Flory, S.L. 2011. Suppression of the woodland herb Senna hebecarpa by the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum. American Midland Naturalist. 165:105-115.
  10. ^ Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2010. Non-native grass invasion alters native plant composition in experimental communities. Biological Invasions 12:1285-1294
  11. ^ Simao, M.C., S.L. Flory, and J.A. Rudgers. 2010. Experimental plant invasion reduces arthropod abundance and richness across multiple trophic levels. Oikos 119:1553-1562.
  12. ^ Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2010. Non-native grass invasion suppresses forest succession. Oecologia 164:1029-1038.
  13. ^ Ehrenfeld, J.G. 2003 Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6:503–523
  14. ^ Lee, M., S.L. Flory, and R. Phillips. 2012. Positive feedbacks to growth of an invasive grass through alteration of nitrogen cycling. Oecologia. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2309-9
  15. ^ Flory, S.L. 2010. Management of Microstegium vimineum invasions and recovery of resident plant communities. Restoration Ecology. 18:103-112
  16. ^ Flory, S.L. and K. Clay. 2009. Invasive plant removal method determines native plant community responses. Journal of Applied Ecology. 4:434-442.
  17. ^ DeMeeste, J.E., Richter, D.D. 2010. Restoring restoration: removal of the invasive plant Microstegium vimineum from a North Carolina wetland. Biological Invasions 12:781–793
  18. ^ Kleczewski, N.; Flory, S.L.; Nice, G. (2011). "An Introduction to Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stiltgrass/Nepalese browntop) an Emerging Invasive Grass in the Eastern United States" (PDF). Indiana University Department of Biology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-09.
  19. ^ Nitzsche, Peter. "Japanese Stiltgrass Control in the Home Lawn and Landscape". New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  20. ^ "Union list of invasive alien species". June 2021.
  21. ^ "European IAS Regulation".
  22. ^ "Butterflies of North Carolina". NC Parks Service. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  23. ^ "Host and Nectar Plants". USF Water Institute. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  24. ^ Nagy; et al. (July 2011). "Japanese stilt grass (Microstegium vimineum), a nonnative invasive grass, provides alternative habitat for native frogs in a suburban forest". URBANhabitats.
  25. ^ Citivello; et al. (September 2008). "Exotic grass invasion reduces survival of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)". J Med Entomol. 45 (5): 867–72. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[867:egirso]2.0.co;2. PMID 18826028. S2CID 17434766.
  26. ^ "Why I Hate Japanese Stiltgrass: Reasons 1-1000". Piedmont Gardener. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  27. ^ "Japanese Stiltgrass". New York Invasive Species Information. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  28. ^ "IN DEFENSE OF STILTGRASS". Nomad Seed Project. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  29. ^ Flory; et al. (20 October 2017). "Effects of a non-native grass invasion decline over time". Journal of Ecology. 105 (6): 1475–1484. Bibcode:2017JEcol.105.1475F. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12850. S2CID 52841363.
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