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Logic forms are simple, first-order logic knowledge representations of natural language sentences formed by the conjunction of concept predicates related through shared arguments. Each noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjunction generates a predicate. Logic forms can be decorated with word senses to disambiguate the semantics of the word. There are two types of predicates: events are marked with e, and entities are marked with x. The shared arguments connect the subjects and objects of verbs and prepositions together. Example input/output might look like this:

Input:  The Earth provides the food we eat every day.
Output: Earth:n_#1(x1) provide:v_#2(e1, x1, x2) food:n_#1(x2) we(x3) eat:v_#1(e2, x3, x2; x4) day:n_#1(x4)

Logic forms are used in some natural language processing techniques, such as question answering, as well as in inference both for database systems and QA systems.

References

Vasile Rus (2002). Logic Form for WordNet Glosses. Ph.D. thesis, Southern Methodist University.
Vasile Rus and Dan Moldovan (September 2002). "High performance logic form transformation". International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools. 11 (3): 437–454. doi:10.1142/S0218213002000976.
Dan Moldovan and Vasile Rus (2001). "Logic Form transformation of wordNet and its Applicability to question answering". Proceedings of ACL 2001, Toulouse, France. Archived from the original on 2006-09-13.
Jerry R. Hobbs (1986). "Overview of the TACITUS project". Computational Linguistics. pp. 12(3).
Vasile Rus (2004). "A First Evaluation of Logic Form Identification Systems" (PDF). SENSEVAL-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-11-03.

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+{{about|the term as used in knowledge representation|the term used in logic|Logical form}}
-'''Logic forms''' are simple, [[first-order logic]] [[knowledge representation]]s of [[natural language]] sentences formed by the conjunction of concept predicates related through shared arguments. Each noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjunction generates a predicate. Logic forms can be decorated with [[word sense]]s to [[Word sense disambiguation|disambiguate]] the semantics of the word. There are two types of predicates: events are marked with ''e'', and entities are marked with ''x''. The shared arguments connect the subjects and objects of verbs and prepositions together. Example input/output might look like this:
+'''Logic forms''' are simple, [[first-order logic]] [[knowledge representation]]s of [[natural language]] sentences formed by the conjunction of concept [[Predicate (mathematical logic)|predicates]] related through shared arguments. Each noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjunction generates a predicate. Logic forms can be decorated with [[word sense]]s to [[Word sense disambiguation|disambiguate]] the semantics of the word. There are two types of predicates: events are marked with ''e'', and entities are marked with ''x''. The shared arguments connect the subjects and objects of verbs and prepositions together. Example input/output might look like this:
  Input:  '''The Earth provides the food we eat every day.'''
  Output: '''Earth''':n_#1(<span style="color:#008800;">x1</span>) '''provide''':v_#2(<span style="color:#888800;">e1</span>, <span style="color:#008800;">x1</span>, <span style="color:#880000;">x2</span>) '''food''':n_#1(<span style="color:#880000;">x2</span>) '''we'''(<span style="color:#000088;">x3</span>) '''eat''':v_#1(<span style="color:#880088;">e2</span>, <span style="color:#000088;">x3</span>, <span style="color:#880000;">x2</span>; <span style="color:#008888;">x4</span>) '''day''':n_#1(<span style="color:#008888;">x4</span>)
 Logic forms are used in some [[natural language processing]] techniques, such as [[question answering]], as well as in [[inference]] both for [[database]] systems and QA systems.
-==Evaluations==
-[http://www.senseval.org/ SENSEVAL-3] in 2004 introduced a {{waybackdate|site=http://www.cs.iusb.edu/~vasile/logic/indexLF.html|date=20050902115653|title=Logic Form Identification task}}.
 ==References==
 *{{cite book | author=Vasile Rus | title=Logic Form for WordNet Glosses  | url=http://www.engr.smu.edu/~vasile/rus02.PhDThesis.ps | publisher=Ph.D. thesis, Southern Methodist University | year=2002 }} <!-- Most information in the article derived from Vasile's work -->
-*{{cite journal | author=Vasile Rus and Dan Moldovan | title=High performance logic form transformation | journal=International Journal for Tools with Artificial Intelligence. IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Press | month=September | year=2002 | volume=11| issue =  3 | pages=437–454 | url=http://www.worldscinet.com/ijait/11/1103/S0218213002000976.html}}
+*{{cite journal | author=Vasile Rus and Dan Moldovan | title=High performance logic form transformation | journal= International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools|date=September 2002 | volume=11| issue =  3 | pages=437–454 | doi=10.1142/S0218213002000976 }}
-*{{cite conference | author=Dan Moldovan and Vasile Rus | url=http://engr.smu.edu/~vasile/acl2001.ps | title=Logic Form transformation of wordNet and its Applicability to question answering | booktitle=Proceedings of ACL 2001, Toulouse, France | year=2001 | pages=}}
+*{{cite conference | author=Dan Moldovan and Vasile Rus | url=http://engr.smu.edu/~vasile/acl2001.ps | title=Logic Form transformation of wordNet and its Applicability to question answering | book-title=Proceedings of ACL 2001, Toulouse, France | year=2001 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913123640/http://engr.smu.edu/~vasile/acl2001.ps | archive-date=2006-09-13 }}
-*{{cite conference | author=Jerry R. Hobbs | title=Overview of the TACITUS project | booktitle=Computational Linguistics| year=1986 | pages=12(3)}}
+*{{cite conference | author=Jerry R. Hobbs | title=Overview of the TACITUS project | book-title=Computational Linguistics| year=1986 | pages=12(3)}}
-*{{cite conference | author=Vasile Rus | url=http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/senseval/pdf/rus.pdf | title=A First Evaluation of Logic Form Identification Systems | booktitle=SENSEVAL-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text | year=2004 | pages=|format=PDF}}
+*{{cite conference | author=Vasile Rus | url=http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/senseval/pdf/rus.pdf | title=A First Evaluation of Logic Form Identification Systems | book-title=SENSEVAL-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text | year=2004 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103065652/http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/senseval/pdf/rus.pdf | archive-date=2005-11-03 }}
 [[Category:Natural language processing]]
 [[Category:Computational linguistics]]
 [[Category:Knowledge representation]]
+{{comp-ling-stub}}