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{{About|Ellen Biddle Shipman, the landscape architect|other people and places with the name Shipman|Shipman (disambiguation)}} |
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{{wikify-date|February 2006}} |
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'''Ellen Biddle Shipman''' (1869-1950) was an [[United States|American]] landscape [[architect]] known for her formal gardens and lush planting style. |
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{{Infobox person |
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Born in Philadelphia, she spent her childhood in Texas and the Arizona territory. Her father, Colonel James Biddle, was a career Army officer, stationed on the western frontier. |
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| name = Ellen Biddle Shipman |
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She attended boarding school in Baltimore, where her interests in the arts emerged. |
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| image = E. Shipman 1820.jpg |
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| caption = Shipman at Beekman Place, her NYC home. |
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| birth_name = Ellen Biddle |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|11|5|mf=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|3|27|1869|11|5|mf=y}} |
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| death_place = Warwick Camp, Bermuda |
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| death_cause = |
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| education = [[Radcliffe College]] |
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| occupation = Landscape architect |
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| known_for = Landscape architecture, garden design |
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| notable_works = [[Longue Vue House and Gardens]], [[Sarah P. Duke Gardens]], [[Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site]] |
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| spouse = [[Louis Evan Shipman]] |
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| children = [[Evan Biddle Shipman]] |
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| parents = James Biddle, Ellen McGowan Biddle |
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}} |
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'''Ellen Biddle Shipman''' ({{Nee|'''Ellen Biddle'''}}; November 5, 1869 – March 27, 1950) was an American [[landscape architect]] known for her formal gardens and lush planting style. Along with [[Beatrix Farrand]] and [[Marian Cruger Coffin]], she dictated the style of the time and strongly influenced landscape design as a member of the first generation to break into the largely male occupation.<ref name=ERothstein>{{cite web |author=Edward Rothstein|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/nyregion/groundbreakers-pays-tribute-to-female-landscape-designers.html?_r=0 |title=Grandes Dames of the Gardens |date=15 May 2014|accessdate=2 February 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |
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Commenting about the male dominated field to ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1938, she said "before women took hold of the profession, landscape architects were doing what I call cemetery work."<ref name=CGray>{{cite web |author=Christopher Gray|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/30/realestate/30scape.html |title=House of Sweetness and Spite |date=27 August 2009|accessdate=2 February 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Shipman preferred to look on her career of using plantings as if she "were painting pictures as an artist." Little of her work remains today because of the labor-intensive style of her designs, but there exist preserved spaces, including the [[Sarah P. Duke Gardens]] at [[Duke University]], often cited as one of the most beautiful American college campuses.<ref>[http://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2016-01-29/the-20-most-beautiful-college-campuses-in-america/5 "The 20 most beautiful campuses in America"], ''[[Conde Nast]] Traveller'', January 29, 2016. #5 of 20: Duke University; picture and caption.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/americas-most-beautiful-college-campuses/19|title=Duke University: Durham N.C.|last=Tep|first=Ratha|date=|website=Travel + Leisure|publisher=Time}}</ref> |
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She entered the Harvard annex, predecessor to Radcliffe, but got distracted by Louis Shipman, a playwright attending Harvard. They left school after one year, married, and moved to New Hampshire, attracted by an artists’ colony which included Maxfield Parrish and Augustus Saint-Gaudens, among others. |
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She is buried in [[Plainfield, New Hampshire]], in Gilkey Cemetery, near Brook Place, her estate there.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=shipman&GSiman=1&GScid=102872&GRid=28844221& "Ellen McGowan 'Nellie' Biddle Shipman"], ''findagrave.com''.</ref> |
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Louis and Ellen first came to the Cornish Colony in 1893 as the literary set that followed the artists. They made their first permanent home in neighboring Plainfield. Louis sold a story called “The Curious Courtship of Kate Poins” that allowed them to lease a former taven-house, which they named after the story. So anxious was Ellen Shipman to stake out her claim to a Cornish address that on the reverse of one of her calling cards, she wrote "Geographically in Plainfield, Socially in Cornish." |
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==Early life== |
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Later Ellen, Louis and their three children moved into another 18th century home, Brook Place. Ellen remodeled it into a showcase of colonial revival style, both inside and out. She said, "Working daily in my garden for 15 years...taught me to know about plants, their habits and their needs." |
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Ellen was born in [[Philadelphia]], and she spent her childhood in [[Texas]] and the [[Arizona territory]]. Her father, Colonel James Biddle, was a career [[United States Army|Army]] officer, stationed on the western frontier. When the safety of his family was threatened, he moved them to the McGowan farm in [[Elizabeth, New Jersey]]. She attended boarding school in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], where her interests in the arts emerged and by her twenties she had already started drawing garden designs.<ref name=ARaver>{{cite web |author=Anne Raver|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/07/arts/private-places-for-flowers-and-dreams.html |
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|title=Private Places for Flowers and Dreams|date=7 February 1997|accessdate=29 October 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> |
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When she entered the Harvard annex, [[Radcliffe College]], she met a playwright attending Harvard named [[Louis Shipman]]. They left school after one year, married, and moved to [[Plainfield, New Hampshire]], in the [[Cornish Art Colony]], which included [[Maxfield Parrish]] and [[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]]. The colony is said to have been landscaped by artists who were not architects, but had artistically trained eyes and an awareness for the aesthetics of repose, which gave rise to a collection of some of the finest gardens in the country. Shipman took strongly to the Cornish style, one that focused on geometric patterns and colonial plantings, and with it created her own style – a style which did not go unnoticed. |
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In a 1938 interview, she said: |
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==Collaboration== |
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''Until women took up landscaping, gardening in this country was at its lowest ebb. The renaissance of the art was due largely to the fact that women, instead of working over their boards, used plants as if they were painting pictures as an artist.'' |
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[[File:Winter Afternoon, Willard Metcalf, 1917.jpg|thumb|left|[[Willard Metcalf]], a fellow member of the [[Cornish Art Colony]] in Plainfield, painted this while staying with the Shipmans at Brook Place. Ellen and her husband renovated the house in an Italianate Style. Painted here is the original part of the house. ]] |
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Shipman's colleague and fellow member of the [[Cornish Art Colony]], [[Charles A. Platt]], was an artist and architect known for his interest in [[Italian garden]]s. Platt recognized Shipman's talents. He did not know much about [[horticulture]], but was highly respected and thought of as "the man who could design both house and garden for a country estate", for he had recently made a trip to Italy and wrote a book about the gardens there. |
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People remember Louis for his hospitality and his tennis, though one contemporary described him as a “fat roly-poly author and playwright... dripping with perspiration ... and pouring forth a continuous line of boasting and teasing.” |
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By the time the Shipmans divorced in 1910, Ellen Shipman was well on her way to establishing herself as a talented garden designer nationwide. She and Platt played off their mutual requirements: Platt needed Ellen for her knowledge of horticulture and Ellen needed Platt for his knowledge of drafting and design. Shipman was also heavily influenced by [[Gertrude Jekyll]]'s brilliant use of borders, as well as memories of her grandparents’ farm. By 1920 she was working independently of Platt, though they continued to collaborate on his residential projects. |
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Unfortunately Louis had a wandering eye, and their marriage eventually broke up. Ellen found herself needing to support a family. She had always drawn, and she sketched plans for Brook Place. She was a friend of [[Charles A. Platt]], an artist and architect known for his book about Italian gardens. He recognized her talents. Seeing some of her drawings, Charles said, "If you can do as well as I saw, you better keep on." He gave her a drawing board and drafting tools including a T square, and tutored her.Her informal apprenticeship started around 1910. She was 41. He and the assistants in his office provided training for her in drafting and construction. By about 1913 she was collaborating with Platt on projects across the country. By the 1920s she was completely independent, though she continued to collaborate with him on his residential projects. |
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=== Designs === |
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She developed her own style. While he often did a lot of cut and fill on his projects, she designed as nearly as possible to the existing grade. |
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Among Shipman's earliest collaborations with Platt was the [[Cooperstown, New York]] estate of Fynmere in 1913, owned by the Cooper family on the edge of the village. This project, for descendants of [[William Cooper (judge)|William Cooper]], provided significant visibility for Shipman. While the stone mansion was demolished in 1979, a few elements of the landscape work survive. Shipman also designed the adjoining Cooper estate of Heathcote, which is extant today in private hands. A similar task was undertaken at the Gwinn Estate in [[Cleveland]], where she was asked by Platt to aid him and [[Warren H. Manning]] in their garden designs. It was finished in 1912, one of her earliest projects, and one where her job was largely planting oriented, filling the designs of Platt with lush flower arrangements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lalh.org/the-muses-of-gwinn/|title=The Muses of Gwinn|last=|first=|date=|website=LALH|publisher=Library of American Landscape History|access-date=}}</ref> The courtyard gardens of Manhattan's [[Astor Court Building]] were another Platt-Shipman collaboration.<ref name="CGray2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/01/realestate/streetscapes-89th-street-broadway-1916-astor-building-private-garden-grows.html|title=89th Street and Broadway; In a 1916 Astor Building, a Private Garden Grows|date=1 July 2001|author=Christopher Gray|accessdate=2 February 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Platt and Shipman's 1915 design for the Parmelee estate, The Causeway, in Washington D.C. included a Wild Garden surrounding the mansion and formal gardens. It featured mature trees, large clumps of plants such as rhododendron, walking and riding paths, stone bridges and a pond. This, and a substantial one-acre Wild Garden at Longue Vue House and Gardens, are the only surviving examples of Shipman's Wild Gardens. The Causeway is now called Tregaron Estate and is open to the public.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ellen Shipman and the American Garden|last=Tankard|first=Judith B.|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-8203-5208-4|location=Athens, GA|pages=196–198}}</ref> |
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Seen in many ways as Platt's protégé, Shipman was asked on various occasions to rework one of his gardens, including Platt's first major commission, [http://hgarchitects.com/additions/cornish-restoration/ High Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822134040/http://hgarchitects.com/additions/cornish-restoration/ |date=2016-08-22 }}. Located across the road from Platt's own house in Cornish, New Hampshire, [[Anson Goodyear]] hired Shipman to revitalize the plantings and reconfigure the garden walls. |
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She once said, "Remember that the design of your place is its skeleton upon which you will later plant to make your picture. Keep that skeleton as simple as possible." |
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[[File:Stan Hywett Pool.JPG|thumb|The reflecting pool at [[Stan Hywet Hall]], Akron, Ohio, 1929]] |
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Her gardens often appeared magazines like House Beautiful. |
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Her other significant gardens include the Bayou Bend Gardens, [[Longue Vue House and Gardens|Longue Vue Gardens]] in New Orleans, [[Stan Hywet Gardens]], the [[Graycliff]] Estate (now under restoration), [http://metroparkstoledo.com/features-and-rentals/the-manor-house/ Stranahan] Estate (also under reconstruction), [[Middleton House]] and [[Robert M. Hanes House]] at [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]] and [[Duke University]]'s [[Sarah P. Duke Gardens]], which is often named one of her finest works. |
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Some are now public gardens, including: |
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Cummer Museum of Art, Jacksonville Florida |
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| ⚫ | Shipman created her own [[residential garden]]s all over the United States, collaborating with many architects. Her planting plans softened the bones of geometric architecture with planting designs that were muscular enough to speak for themselves. She once said, ''"Remember that the design of your place is its skeleton upon which you will later plant to make your picture. Keep that skeleton as simple as possible."'' |
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[[Longue Vue House and Gardens]], New Orleans |
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Sarah P. Duke Memorial Gardens at Duke University |
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==Public recognition and solo work== |
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[[Reeves-Reed Arboretum]], Summit, New Jersey |
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[[File:Moonlight Garden, Edison and Ford Winter Estates, Fort Myers, Florida.JPG|thumb|left|Shipman designed The Moonlight Garden at the [[Edison and Ford Winter Estates]] in [[Fort Myers, Florida]] for [[Thomas Edison]]'s wife Mina.]] |
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| ⚫ | Shipman's gardens often appeared in magazines, including ''[[House Beautiful]]''. In 1933, ''[[House & Garden (magazine)|House & Garden]]'' named her the "Dean of Women Landscape Architects". She lectured widely, and completed over 400 projects. Her archives are at [[Cornell University]]. Because much of her work includes labor-intensive plantings and borders, many have not survived. However, it was because of these borders that she was able to connect with her female clientele. Her intent was to provide privacy and a place for interaction with the surroundings. Women found the gardens provided familiarity and comfort. |
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It is said that throughout the 40 years she practiced landscape architecture, Shipman would only hire graduates from [[Lowthorpe School of Landscape Architecture]], Gardening, and Horticulture for Women. Although it is not thoroughly understood why this was her hiring practice, it is widely believed that because of the time, women were not being given apprenticeships in male offices. |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf77126965}} |
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*Tankard, Judith B. ''[https://lalh.org/the-gardens-of-ellen-biddle-shipman/ Ellen Shipman and the American Garden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324165246/https://lalh.org/the-gardens-of-ellen-biddle-shipman/ |date=2020-03-24 }}''. 2018. Amherst, MA: Library of American Landscape History, and Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. |
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*Karson, Robin. ''[https://lalh.org/the-muses-of-gwinn/ The Muses of Gwinn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324165700/https://lalh.org/the-muses-of-gwinn/ |date=2020-03-24 }}''. 1995. Amherst, MA: Library of American Landscape History, and New York: Sagapress, Inc. |
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*Mozingo, Louise A, and Linda L Jewell. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707969220 Women In Landscape Architecture: Essays On History and Practice].'' Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2012. |
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*[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42733559 Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens]. Ellen Biddle Shipman. 2006. Stan Hywet Hall and Garden. 29 Oct. 2006 |
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==External links== |
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*[http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM01259.html Guide to the Ellen McGowan Biddle Shipman Papers at Cornell University] The majority of Ellen Biddle Shipman's archives are housed at the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University |
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*[https://lalh.org/the-gardens-of-ellen-biddle-shipman/ Library of American Landscape History: ''The Muses of Gwinn'' by Robin Karson.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324165246/https://lalh.org/the-gardens-of-ellen-biddle-shipman/ |date=2020-03-24 }} |
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*[https://lalh.org/the-muses-of-gwinn/ Library of American Landscape History: ''Ellen Shipman and the American Garden'' by Judith B. Tankard.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324165700/https://lalh.org/the-muses-of-gwinn/ |date=2020-03-24 }} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shipman, Ellen Biddle}} |
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[[Category:American landscape and garden designers]] |
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[[Category:Women landscape architects]] |
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[[Category:American gardeners]] |
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[[Category:1869 births]] |
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[[Category:1950 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Radcliffe College alumni]] |
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[[Category:Duke family]] |
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[[Category:People from Plainfield, New Hampshire]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:36, 7 June 2024
Ellen Biddle Shipman | |
|---|---|
 Shipman at Beekman Place, her NYC home. | |
| Born | Ellen Biddle November 5, 1869 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Died | March 27, 1950 (aged 80) Warwick Camp, Bermuda |
| Education | Radcliffe College |
| Occupation | Landscape architect |
| Known for | Landscape architecture, garden design |
| Notable work | Longue Vue House and Gardens, Sarah P. Duke Gardens, Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site |
| Spouse | Louis Evan Shipman |
| Children | Evan Biddle Shipman |
| Parent(s) | James Biddle, Ellen McGowan Biddle |
Ellen Biddle Shipman (née Ellen Biddle; November 5, 1869 – March 27, 1950) was an American landscape architect known for her formal gardens and lush planting style. Along with Beatrix Farrand and Marian Cruger Coffin, she dictated the style of the time and strongly influenced landscape design as a member of the first generation to break into the largely male occupation.[1]
Commenting about the male dominated field to The New York Times in 1938, she said "before women took hold of the profession, landscape architects were doing what I call cemetery work."[2] Shipman preferred to look on her career of using plantings as if she "were painting pictures as an artist." Little of her work remains today because of the labor-intensive style of her designs, but there exist preserved spaces, including the Sarah P. Duke Gardens at Duke University, often cited as one of the most beautiful American college campuses.[3][4]
She is buried in Plainfield, New Hampshire, in Gilkey Cemetery, near Brook Place, her estate there.[5]
Early life
[edit]Ellen was born in Philadelphia, and she spent her childhood in Texas and the Arizona territory. Her father, Colonel James Biddle, was a career Army officer, stationed on the western frontier. When the safety of his family was threatened, he moved them to the McGowan farm in Elizabeth, New Jersey. She attended boarding school in Baltimore, Maryland, where her interests in the arts emerged and by her twenties she had already started drawing garden designs.[6]
When she entered the Harvard annex, Radcliffe College, she met a playwright attending Harvard named Louis Shipman. They left school after one year, married, and moved to Plainfield, New Hampshire, in the Cornish Art Colony, which included Maxfield Parrish and Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The colony is said to have been landscaped by artists who were not architects, but had artistically trained eyes and an awareness for the aesthetics of repose, which gave rise to a collection of some of the finest gardens in the country. Shipman took strongly to the Cornish style, one that focused on geometric patterns and colonial plantings, and with it created her own style – a style which did not go unnoticed.
Collaboration
[edit]
Shipman's colleague and fellow member of the Cornish Art Colony, Charles A. Platt, was an artist and architect known for his interest in Italian gardens. Platt recognized Shipman's talents. He did not know much about horticulture, but was highly respected and thought of as "the man who could design both house and garden for a country estate", for he had recently made a trip to Italy and wrote a book about the gardens there.
By the time the Shipmans divorced in 1910, Ellen Shipman was well on her way to establishing herself as a talented garden designer nationwide. She and Platt played off their mutual requirements: Platt needed Ellen for her knowledge of horticulture and Ellen needed Platt for his knowledge of drafting and design. Shipman was also heavily influenced by Gertrude Jekyll's brilliant use of borders, as well as memories of her grandparents’ farm. By 1920 she was working independently of Platt, though they continued to collaborate on his residential projects.
Designs
[edit]Among Shipman's earliest collaborations with Platt was the Cooperstown, New York estate of Fynmere in 1913, owned by the Cooper family on the edge of the village. This project, for descendants of William Cooper, provided significant visibility for Shipman. While the stone mansion was demolished in 1979, a few elements of the landscape work survive. Shipman also designed the adjoining Cooper estate of Heathcote, which is extant today in private hands. A similar task was undertaken at the Gwinn Estate in Cleveland, where she was asked by Platt to aid him and Warren H. Manning in their garden designs. It was finished in 1912, one of her earliest projects, and one where her job was largely planting oriented, filling the designs of Platt with lush flower arrangements.[7] The courtyard gardens of Manhattan's Astor Court Building were another Platt-Shipman collaboration.[8] Platt and Shipman's 1915 design for the Parmelee estate, The Causeway, in Washington D.C. included a Wild Garden surrounding the mansion and formal gardens. It featured mature trees, large clumps of plants such as rhododendron, walking and riding paths, stone bridges and a pond. This, and a substantial one-acre Wild Garden at Longue Vue House and Gardens, are the only surviving examples of Shipman's Wild Gardens. The Causeway is now called Tregaron Estate and is open to the public.[9]
Seen in many ways as Platt's protégé, Shipman was asked on various occasions to rework one of his gardens, including Platt's first major commission, High Court Archived 2016-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. Located across the road from Platt's own house in Cornish, New Hampshire, Anson Goodyear hired Shipman to revitalize the plantings and reconfigure the garden walls.
Her other significant gardens include the Bayou Bend Gardens, Longue Vue Gardens in New Orleans, Stan Hywet Gardens, the Graycliff Estate (now under restoration), Stranahan Estate (also under reconstruction), Middleton House and Robert M. Hanes House at Winston-Salem, North Carolina and Duke University's Sarah P. Duke Gardens, which is often named one of her finest works.
Shipman created her own residential gardens all over the United States, collaborating with many architects. Her planting plans softened the bones of geometric architecture with planting designs that were muscular enough to speak for themselves. She once said, "Remember that the design of your place is its skeleton upon which you will later plant to make your picture. Keep that skeleton as simple as possible."
Public recognition and solo work
[edit]
Shipman's gardens often appeared in magazines, including House Beautiful. In 1933, House & Garden named her the "Dean of Women Landscape Architects". She lectured widely, and completed over 400 projects. Her archives are at Cornell University. Because much of her work includes labor-intensive plantings and borders, many have not survived. However, it was because of these borders that she was able to connect with her female clientele. Her intent was to provide privacy and a place for interaction with the surroundings. Women found the gardens provided familiarity and comfort.
It is said that throughout the 40 years she practiced landscape architecture, Shipman would only hire graduates from Lowthorpe School of Landscape Architecture, Gardening, and Horticulture for Women. Although it is not thoroughly understood why this was her hiring practice, it is widely believed that because of the time, women were not being given apprenticeships in male offices.
References
[edit]- ^ Edward Rothstein (15 May 2014). "Grandes Dames of the Gardens". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ Christopher Gray (27 August 2009). "House of Sweetness and Spite". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ "The 20 most beautiful campuses in America", Conde Nast Traveller, January 29, 2016. #5 of 20: Duke University; picture and caption.
- ^ Tep, Ratha. "Duke University: Durham N.C." Travel + Leisure. Time.
- ^ "Ellen McGowan 'Nellie' Biddle Shipman", findagrave.com.
- ^ Anne Raver (7 February 1997). "Private Places for Flowers and Dreams". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- ^ "The Muses of Gwinn". LALH. Library of American Landscape History.
- ^ Christopher Gray (1 July 2001). "89th Street and Broadway; In a 1916 Astor Building, a Private Garden Grows". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ Tankard, Judith B. (2018). Ellen Shipman and the American Garden. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. pp. 196–198. ISBN 978-0-8203-5208-4.
Further reading
[edit]- Tankard, Judith B. Ellen Shipman and the American Garden Archived 2020-03-24 at the Wayback Machine. 2018. Amherst, MA: Library of American Landscape History, and Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press.
- Karson, Robin. The Muses of Gwinn Archived 2020-03-24 at the Wayback Machine. 1995. Amherst, MA: Library of American Landscape History, and New York: Sagapress, Inc.
- Mozingo, Louise A, and Linda L Jewell. Women In Landscape Architecture: Essays On History and Practice. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2012.
- Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens. Ellen Biddle Shipman. 2006. Stan Hywet Hall and Garden. 29 Oct. 2006
External links
[edit]- Guide to the Ellen McGowan Biddle Shipman Papers at Cornell University The majority of Ellen Biddle Shipman's archives are housed at the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University
- Library of American Landscape History: The Muses of Gwinn by Robin Karson. Archived 2020-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
- Library of American Landscape History: Ellen Shipman and the American Garden by Judith B. Tankard. Archived 2020-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
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