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{{short description|Proteins present in blood serum}}
{{Short description|Proteins present in blood serum}}

'''Blood proteins''', also termed '''plasma proteins''', are [[protein]]s present in [[blood plasma]]. They serve many different functions, including transport of [[lipid]]s, [[hormone]]s, [[vitamin]]s and [[mineral]]s in activity and functioning of the [[immune system]]. Other blood proteins act as [[enzyme]]s, complement components, [[protease inhibitors]] or [[kinin precursor]]s. Contrary to popular belief, [[haemoglobin]] is not a blood protein, as it is carried within [[red blood cell]]s, rather than in the blood [[serum (blood)|serum]].
'''Plasma proteins''', sometimes referred to as '''blood proteins''', are [[protein]]s present in [[blood plasma]]. They serve many different functions, including transport of [[lipid]]s, [[hormone]]s, [[vitamin]]s and [[mineral]]s in activity and functioning of the [[immune system]]. Other blood proteins act as [[enzyme]]s, complement components, [[protease inhibitors]] or [[kinin precursor]]s. Contrary to popular belief, [[haemoglobin]] is not a blood protein, as it is carried within [[red blood cell]]s, rather than in the blood [[serum (blood)|serum]].


[[Serum albumin]] accounts for 55% of blood proteins,<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Smith|first1=Graham S.|title=Chapter 18 - Clinical Pathology in Non-Clinical Toxicology Testing|date=2013-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157590000182|work=Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition)|pages=565–594|editor-last=Haschek|editor-first=Wanda M.|place=Boston|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-415759-0.00018-2|isbn=978-0-12-415759-0|access-date=2020-11-16|last2=Walter|first2=Gail L.|last3=Walker|first3=Robin M.|editor2-last=Rousseaux|editor2-first=Colin G.|editor3-last=Wallig|editor3-first=Matthew A.}}</ref> is a major contributor to maintaining the [[oncotic pressure]] of plasma and assists, as a carrier, in the transport of lipids and [[steroid hormone]]s. [[Globulin]]s make up 38% of blood proteins and transport [[ion]]s, hormones, and lipids assisting in [[immune function]]. [[Fibrinogen]] comprises 7% of blood proteins; conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble [[fibrin]] is essential for [[blood clotting]]. The remainder of the plasma proteins (1%) are [[regulatory protein]]s, such as enzymes, [[proenzyme]]s, and [[hormones]]. All blood proteins are synthesized in [[liver]] except for the [[gamma globulin]]s.<ref name=":0" />
[[Serum albumin]] accounts for 55% of blood proteins,<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Smith|first1=Graham S.|title=Chapter 18 - Clinical Pathology in Non-Clinical Toxicology Testing|date=2013-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157590000182|work=Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition)|pages=565–594|editor-last=Haschek|editor-first=Wanda M.|place=Boston|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-415759-0.00018-2|isbn=978-0-12-415759-0|access-date=2020-11-16|last2=Walter|first2=Gail L.|last3=Walker|first3=Robin M.|editor2-last=Rousseaux|editor2-first=Colin G.|editor3-last=Wallig|editor3-first=Matthew A.}}</ref> is a major contributor to maintaining the [[oncotic pressure]] of plasma and assists, as a carrier, in the transport of lipids and [[steroid hormone]]s. [[Globulin]]s make up 38% of blood proteins and transport [[ion]]s, hormones, and lipids assisting in [[immune function]]. [[Fibrinogen]] comprises 7% of blood proteins; conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble [[fibrin]] is essential for [[blood clotting]]. The remainder of the plasma proteins (1%) are [[regulatory protein]]s, such as enzymes, [[proenzyme]]s, and [[hormones]]. All blood proteins are synthesized in [[liver]] except for the [[gamma globulin]]s.<ref name=":0" />
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! Blood protein !! Normal level !! % !! Function
! Blood protein !! Normal level !! % !! Function
|-
|-
! [[serum albumin|Albumin]]s
! [[serum albumin|Albumin]]s
| 3.5-5.0 g/dl|| 55% ||create and maintain [[osmotic pressure]]; transport insoluble molecules
| 3.5–5.0 g/dl|| 55% ||create and maintain [[osmotic pressure]]; transport insoluble molecules
|-
|-
! [[Globulin]]s
! [[Globulin]]s
| 2.0-2.5 g/dl || 38% || participate in [[immune system]]
| 2.0–2.5 g/dl || 38% || participate in [[immune system]]
|-
|-
! [[Fibrinogen]]
! [[Fibrinogen]]
| 0.2-0.45 g/dl|| 7% || Blood [[coagulation]]
| 0.2–0.45 g/dl|| 7% || Blood [[coagulation]]
|-
|-
! [[Regulation of gene expression|Regulatory proteins]]
! [[Regulation of gene expression|Regulatory proteins]]
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|}
|}


Examples of specific blood proteins:
Examples of specific blood proteins:{{cn|date=May 2024}}
*Prealbumin ([[transthyretin]])
* Prealbumin ([[transthyretin]])
*[[Alpha 1 antitrypsin]] (neutralizes [[trypsin]] that has leaked from the [[digestive system]])
* [[Alpha 1 antitrypsin]] (neutralizes [[trypsin]] that has leaked from the [[digestive system]])
*[[Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein]]
* [[Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein]]
*[[Alpha-1-fetoprotein]]
* [[Alpha-1-fetoprotein]]
*[[alpha2-macroglobulin]]
* [[alpha2-macroglobulin]]
*[[Gamma globulin]]s
* [[Gamma globulin]]s
*[[Beta-2 microglobulin]]
* [[Beta-2 microglobulin]]
*[[Haptoglobin]]
* [[Haptoglobin]]
* [[Human serum albumin|Human Serum Albumin]]
*[[Ceruloplasmin]]
* [[Ceruloplasmin]]
⚫
*[[Complement component 3]]
*[[Complement component 4]]
* [[Complement component 3]]
⚫
* [[Complement component 4]]
*[[C-reactive protein]] (CRP)
* [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP)
*[[Lipoprotein]]s (chylomicrons, VLDL, [[LDL]], [[High density lipoprotein|HDL]])
* [[Lipoprotein]]s (chylomicrons, VLDL, [[LDL]], [[High density lipoprotein|HDL]])
*[[Transferrin]]
*[[Prothrombin]]
* [[Transferrin]]
*[[Mannan-binding lectin|MBL]] or MBP
* [[Prothrombin]]
* [[Mannan-binding lectin|MBL]] or MBP


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==
Separating [[blood serum|serum]] proteins by [[serum protein electrophoresis|electrophoresis]] is a valuable [[Diagnosis|diagnostic tool]], as well as a way to monitor [[Healing|clinical progress]]. Current research regarding [[blood plasma]] proteins is centered on performing [[proteomics]] analyses of serum/plasma in the search for [[Biomarker|biomarkers]]. These efforts started with [[two-dimensional gel electrophoresis]]<ref name="Anderson_1977">{{cite journal|vauthors=Anderson NL, Anderson NG|year=1977|title=High Resolution Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis of Human Plasma Proteins|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=74|issue=12|pages=5421–5425|doi=10.1073/pnas.74.12.5421|pmc=431746|pmid=271964|bibcode=1977PNAS...74.5421A|doi-access=free}}</ref> efforts in the 1970s, and in more recent times this research has been performed using LC-[[Mass spectrometry#Tandem MS (MS.2FMS)|tandem MS]]<ref name="Adkins_2002">{{cite journal|author=Adkins JN|display-authors=etal|year=2002|title=Toward a human blood serum proteome: analysis by multidimensional separation coupled with mass spectrometry|journal=Molecular & Cellular Proteomics|volume=1|issue=12|pages=947–955|doi=10.1074/mcp.M200066-MCP200|pmid=12543931|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Malmström|first1=E|last2=Kilsgård|first2=O|last3=Hauri|first3=S|last4=Smeds|first4=E|last5=Herwald|first5=H|last6=Malmström|first6=L|last7=Malmström|first7=J|date=January 2016|title=Large-scale inference of protein tissue origin in gram-positive sepsis plasma using quantitative targeted proteomics|journal=Nat Commun|volume=7|page=10261|doi=10.1038/ncomms10261|pmc=4729823|pmid=26732734|bibcode=2016NatCo...710261M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Geyer|first1=PE|last2=Kulak|first2=NA|last3=Pichler|first3=G|last4=Holdt|first4=LM|last5=Teupser|first5=D|last6=Mann|first6=M|date=March 2016|title=Plasma Proteome Profiling to Assess Human Health and Disease|journal=Cell Syst|volume=2|issue=3|pages=185–95|doi=10.1016/j.cels.2016.02.015|pmid=27135364|doi-access=free}}</ref> based [[proteomics]]. The normal laboratory value of [[serum total protein]] is around 7 g/dL.
Separating [[blood serum|serum]] proteins by [[serum protein electrophoresis|electrophoresis]] is a valuable [[Diagnosis|diagnostic tool]], as well as a way to monitor [[Healing|clinical progress]]. Current research regarding [[blood plasma]] proteins is centered on performing [[proteomics]] analyses of serum/plasma in the search for [[biomarker]]s. These efforts started with [[two-dimensional gel electrophoresis]]<ref name="Anderson_1977">{{cite journal|vauthors=Anderson NL, Anderson NG|year=1977|title=High Resolution Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis of Human Plasma Proteins|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=74|issue=12|pages=5421–5425|doi=10.1073/pnas.74.12.5421|pmc=431746|pmid=271964|bibcode=1977PNAS...74.5421A|doi-access=free}}</ref> efforts in the 1970s, and in more recent times this research has been performed using LC-[[Mass spectrometry#Tandem MS (MS.2FMS)|tandem MS]]<ref name="Adkins_2002">{{cite journal|author=Adkins JN|display-authors=etal|year=2002|title=Toward a human blood serum proteome: analysis by multidimensional separation coupled with mass spectrometry|journal=Molecular & Cellular Proteomics|volume=1|issue=12|pages=947–955|doi=10.1074/mcp.M200066-MCP200|pmid=12543931|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Malmström|first1=E|last2=Kilsgård|first2=O|last3=Hauri|first3=S|last4=Smeds|first4=E|last5=Herwald|first5=H|last6=Malmström|first6=L|last7=Malmström|first7=J|date=January 2016|title=Large-scale inference of protein tissue origin in gram-positive sepsis plasma using quantitative targeted proteomics|journal=Nat Commun|volume=7|page=10261|doi=10.1038/ncomms10261|pmc=4729823|pmid=26732734|bibcode=2016NatCo...710261M}}</ref> based [[proteomics]]. The normal laboratory value of [[serum total protein]] is around 7 g/dL.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

Scientists are able to identify blood proteins using Photo-affinity labeling, a means of using photo-reactive ligands as a labeling agent to identify targeted proteins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geyer |first1=PE |last2=Kulak |first2=NA |last3=Pichler |first3=G |last4=Holdt |first4=LM |last5=Teupser |first5=D |last6=Mann |first6=M |last7=Chuang |date=November 2013 |title=Photoaffinity labeling of plasma proteins |journal= Molecules|volume= 18|issue= 11|pages= 13831–13859|doi=10.3390/molecules181113831 |pmid=24217326 |pmc=6270137 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}{{refbegin}}
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*Clinical Chemistry : a laboratory perspective / [edited by] Wendy Arneson, Jean Brickell.
* Clinical Chemistry : a laboratory perspective / [edited by] Wendy Arneson, Jean Brickell.
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Blood proteins]]
[[Category:Blood proteins]]

Latest revision as of 07:50, 7 June 2024

Plasma proteins, sometimes referred to as blood proteins, are proteins present in blood plasma. They serve many different functions, including transport of lipids, hormones, vitamins and minerals in activity and functioning of the immune system. Other blood proteins act as enzymes, complement components, protease inhibitors or kinin precursors. Contrary to popular belief, haemoglobin is not a blood protein, as it is carried within red blood cells, rather than in the blood serum.

Serum albumin accounts for 55% of blood proteins,[1] is a major contributor to maintaining the oncotic pressure of plasma and assists, as a carrier, in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins make up 38% of blood proteins and transport ions, hormones, and lipids assisting in immune function. Fibrinogen comprises 7% of blood proteins; conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin is essential for blood clotting. The remainder of the plasma proteins (1%) are regulatory proteins, such as enzymes, proenzymes, and hormones. All blood proteins are synthesized in liver except for the gamma globulins.[1]

Families of blood proteins

[edit]
Blood protein Normal level % Function
Albumins 3.5–5.0 g/dl 55% create and maintain osmotic pressure; transport insoluble molecules
Globulins 2.0–2.5 g/dl 38% participate in immune system
Fibrinogen 0.2–0.45 g/dl 7% Blood coagulation
Regulatory proteins <1% Regulation of gene expression
Clotting factors <1% Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

Examples of specific blood proteins:[citation needed]

Clinical significance

[edit]

Separating serum proteins by electrophoresis is a valuable diagnostic tool, as well as a way to monitor clinical progress. Current research regarding blood plasma proteins is centered on performing proteomics analyses of serum/plasma in the search for biomarkers. These efforts started with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis[2] efforts in the 1970s, and in more recent times this research has been performed using LC-tandem MS[3][4] based proteomics. The normal laboratory value of serum total protein is around 7 g/dL.[citation needed]

Scientists are able to identify blood proteins using Photo-affinity labeling, a means of using photo-reactive ligands as a labeling agent to identify targeted proteins.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Smith, Graham S.; Walter, Gail L.; Walker, Robin M. (2013-01-01), Haschek, Wanda M.; Rousseaux, Colin G.; Wallig, Matthew A. (eds.), "Chapter 18 - Clinical Pathology in Non-Clinical Toxicology Testing", Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition), Boston: Academic Press, pp. 565–594, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415759-0.00018-2, ISBN 978-0-12-415759-0, retrieved 2020-11-16
  2. ^ Anderson NL, Anderson NG (1977). "High Resolution Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis of Human Plasma Proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 74 (12): 5421–5425. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5421A. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5421. PMC 431746. PMID 271964.
  3. ^ Adkins JN; et al. (2002). "Toward a human blood serum proteome: analysis by multidimensional separation coupled with mass spectrometry". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 1 (12): 947–955. doi:10.1074/mcp.M200066-MCP200. PMID 12543931.
  4. ^ Malmström, E; Kilsgård, O; Hauri, S; Smeds, E; Herwald, H; Malmström, L; Malmström, J (January 2016). "Large-scale inference of protein tissue origin in gram-positive sepsis plasma using quantitative targeted proteomics". Nat Commun. 7: 10261. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710261M. doi:10.1038/ncomms10261. PMC 4729823. PMID 26732734.
  5. ^ Geyer, PE; Kulak, NA; Pichler, G; Holdt, LM; Teupser, D; Mann, M; Chuang (November 2013). "Photoaffinity labeling of plasma proteins". Molecules. 18 (11): 13831–13859. doi:10.3390/molecules181113831. PMC 6270137. PMID 24217326.
  • Clinical Chemistry : a laboratory perspective / [edited by] Wendy Arneson, Jean Brickell.
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