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{{distinguish|Battle of Cepeda (1859)}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Cepeda
|conflict = Battle of Cepeda
|partof=[[Argentine Civil War]]
|partof = the [[Argentine Civil War]]
|image=
|image =
|date= February 1, 1820
|date = February 1, 1820
|place= Cepeda, near the frontier of [[Buenos Aires Province]] and [[Santa Fe Province]]
|place = Cepeda, [[Buenos Aires Province]].
⚫
|result= [[Federales (Argentina)|Federalist]] victory
|result =
⚫
|combatant1= [[File:Flag of Artigas.svg|24px]] [[Federales (Argentina)|Federals]]
⚫
[[Federales (Argentina)|Federalist]] victory
⚫
|combatant2= [[File:Bandera argentina unitaria marina mercante.png|24px]] [[Unitarian Party|Unitarians]]
*Fall of the [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Supreme Directorship]]
⚫
|commander1= [[Estanislao López]]<br/>[[Francisco Ramírez (caudillo)|Francisco Ramírez]]
*Derogation of the [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|Constitution of 1819]]
⚫
|commander2= [[José Rondeau]]
*Anarchy of the year XX
⚫
|combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Artigas.svg}} [[Federales (Argentina)|Federals]]
⚫
|combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Bandera argentina unitaria marina mercante.png}} [[Unitarian Party|Unitarians]]
⚫
|commander1 = [[Estanislao López]]<br/>[[Francisco Ramírez (caudillo)|Francisco Ramírez]]<br/>[[José Miguel Carrera]]
⚫
|commander2 = [[José Rondeau]]
|strength1 = 1,000-1,700 (estimate)
|strength2 = 2,000-3,000 (estimate)
|casualties1 = 40 dead and wounded
|casualties2 = 300 dead<br>30 prisoners<br>9 carriages with equipment captured
}}
}}
The '''Battle of Cepeda of 1820''' took place on February 1 in [[Cañada de Cepeda]], [[Buenos Aires Province]], [[Argentina]]. The conflict was the first major battle that saw [[Unitarian Party|Unitarians]] and [[Federales (Argentina)|Federals]] as two constituted sides. It ended with the defeat of the national government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=Linda K.|title=National Days/national Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations Around the World|publisher=Praeger|year=2004|isbn=0-275-97270-4|location=Westport, CT|pages=14|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Battle of Cepeda of 1820''' took place on February 1st in [[Cañada de Cepeda]], [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]], [[Argentina]].


It was the first major battle that saw [[Unitarian Party|Unitarians]] and [[Federales (Argentina)|Federals]] as two constituted sides. [[Liga Federal|Federal League]] Provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] and [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] joined forces to topple the [[Constitution of Argentina#History|1819 ''centralist'' Constitution]], and the [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Directorial government]] of the [[United Provinces of South America|United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]], in the head of the Supreme Director [[José Rondeau]]. Both provincial [[caudillo|leaders]], [[Estanislao López]] and [[Francisco Ramírez (politician)|Francisco Ramírez]], were strong allies of [[José Gervasio Artigas]].
[[Liga Federal|Federal League]] Provinces of [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] and [[José Miguel Carrera]] joined forces to topple the [[Argentine Constitution of 1819|1819 ''centralist'' Constitution]] and the [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Directorial government]] of the [[United Provinces of South America|United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]]. Both provincial [[caudillo|leaders]], [[Estanislao López]] and [[Francisco Ramírez (governor)|Francisco Ramírez]], were allies of [[José Gervasio Artigas]].


Supreme Director [[José Rondeau]] called back the Armies that were fighting the [[Argentine War of Independence]] to fight the Federals. The [[Army of the Andes]], commanded by [[José de San Martín]] refused to abandon the offensive against the [[Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)|royalists]] in [[Chilean War of Independence|Chile]] and [[Peruvian War of Independence|Peru]]. The [[Army of the North]], commanded by [[Manuel Belgrano]], [[Arequito Revolt|mutinied at Arequito]], as the troops and the officiality refused to fight a [[Argentine Civil War|civil war]], and asked instead to go back to the [[Upper Peru|northern frontier]] to fight the royalists. Rondeau's forces were defeated in the battle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peterson|first=Harold|title=Argentina and the United States 1810-1960: Readings in the Sociology of the Arts|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1964|isbn=978-1-4384-1599-4|location=Albany, NY|pages=63|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
The complete victory of the Federal forces led to the '''end of the central authority''' established by the 1819 Constitution through the Supreme Directory, and '''laid the foundations for a rather new [[Federal]] organization for Argentina''', as the Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires signed the [[Treaty of Pilar]] on February 23rd.


===Consequences===
==Consequences==
⚫
The complete victory of the Federal forces over a diminished Directorial army led to the end of the central authority established by the 1819 Constitution through the Supreme Director, and laid the foundations for a rather new [[Federal republic|Federal]] organization for Argentina, as the Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires signed the [[Treaty of Pilar]] on February 23.
⚫
Some provisions included in the Treaty on behalf of [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], proved unacceptable to [[José Gervasio Artigas|Artigas]] (styled ''Protector of the [[Liga Federal|League of the Free Peoples]]''), so he ordered both López and Ramírez to renounce it. But, in one of the most important turns of Argentine history, however, both [[caudillos]]s turned themselves against their former inspirational leader and Ramírez battled against him, destroying the remnants of his army and pushing him forward to exile in [[Paraguay]].


⚫
Some provisions included in the Treaty on behalf of [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], proved unacceptable to [[José Gervasio Artigas|Artigas]] (styled "Protector of the [[Liga Federal|League of the Free Peoples]]", who was exiled in Entre Ríos following his defeat to the [[Luso-Brazilian invasion|Brazilian Empire invasion]] of the [[Banda Oriental]]), so he ordered both López and Ramírez to renounce it. But, in one of the most important turns of Argentine history, however, both [[caudillos]] turned themselves against their former inspirational leader and Ramírez battled against him, destroying the remnants of his army and pushing him forward to exile in [[Paraguay]].
⚫
Then, Ramírez took on seriously his own chances as hegemonic leader, so he declared the [[Republic of Entre Ríos]] on September 29th 1820, but the experiment would barely live as long as Ramírez himself. On July 10th, 1821, he was assassinated by the forces of his former ally Estanislao López, who fought this time alongside Buenos Aires and [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]] Provinces, fearful of Ramírez' aspirations.

⚫
Then, Ramírez took on seriously his own chances as hegemonic leader, so he declared the [[Republic of Entre Ríos]] on September 29, 1820, but the experiment would barely live as long as Ramírez himself. On July 10, 1821, he was assassinated by the forces of his former ally Estanislao López, who fought this time alongside Buenos Aires and [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]] Provinces, fearful of Ramírez' aspirations.

The battle in 1820 initiated the so-called caudillo era.<ref name=":0" /> The battle would later be followed by a second [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)]], which involved clashes between the Unitarian and the Federalist forces, ending with the annexation of Buenos Aires into the union.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Katagiri|first=Noriyuki|title=Adapting to Win: How Insurgents Fight and Defeat Foreign States in War|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8122-4641-4|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=212|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mazzuca|first=Sebastian|title=Latecomer State Formation: Political Geography and Capacity Failure in Latin America|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2021|isbn=978-0-300-25861-5|language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 29: Line 42:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
⚫
* {{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Partes de batalla de las guerras civiles | publisher = Academia Nacional de la Historia | date = 1977 | location = Buenos Aires}}
{{more footnotes|date=September 2014}}
⚫
* {{cite book | last =Best | first = Félix| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historia de las Guerras Argentinas | publisher = Ed. Peuser | date = 1980 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Busaniche | first = José Luis| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historia argentina | publisher = Ed. Peuser | date = 1980 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | title = Partes de batalla de las guerras civiles | publisher = Academia Nacional de la Historia | year = 1977 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Gianello | first = Leoncio| authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Historia de Santa Fe | publisher = Ed. Plus Ultra | date = 1986 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Best | first = Félix| title = Historia de las Guerras Argentinas | publisher = Ed. Peuser | year = 1980 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =López Rosas | first = José R.| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Entre la monarquía y la república | publisher = Ed. La Bastilla | date = 1981 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Busaniche | first = José Luis| title = Historia argentina | publisher = Ed. Peuser | year = 1980 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Luna | first = Félix| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Los caudillos | publisher = Ed. Peña Lillo | date = 1971 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Gianello | first = Leoncio| title =Historia de Santa Fe | publisher = Ed. Plus Ultra | year = 1986 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Ruiz Moreno | first = Isidoro| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Campañas militares argentinas | publisher = Ed. Emecé | date = 2004 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =López Rosas | first = José R.| title = Entre la monarquía y la república | publisher = Ed. La Bastilla | year = 1981 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Serrano | first = Mario| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Arequito: ¿por qué se sublevó el Ejército del Norte? | publisher = Ed. Círculo Militar | date = 1996 | location = Buenos Aires}}
* {{cite book | last =Luna | first = Félix| title = Los caudillos | publisher = Ed. Peña Lillo | year = 1971 | location = Buenos Aires}}
⚫
* {{cite book | last =Ruiz Moreno | first = Isidoro| title = Campañas militares argentinas | publisher = Ed. Emecé | year = 2004 | location = Buenos Aires}}
<br />
⚫
* {{cite book | last =Serrano | first = Mario| title = Arequito: ¿por qué se sublevó el Ejército del Norte? | publisher = Ed. Círculo Militar | year = 1996 | location = Buenos Aires}}


⚫
{{Argentine Civil War}}
{{coord missing|Argentina}}
{{coord|33|22|53|S|60|34|59|W|display=title}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Cepeda (1820)}}
⚫
[[Category:Battles of the Argentine Civil War]]
[[Category:Battles of the Argentine Civil War|Cepeda (1820)]]
[[Category:1820 in Argentina]]
[[Category:1820 in Argentina]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1820]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1820]]
[[Category:February 1820 events]]

[[Category:History of Buenos Aires Province]]
{{Argentina-stub}}
{{Battle-stub}}

[[de:Schlacht von Cepeda (1820)]]
[[es:Batalla de Cepeda (1820)]]

Latest revision as of 22:50, 8 June 2024

Not to be confused with Battle of Cepeda (1859).
Battle of Cepeda
Part of the Argentine Civil War
DateFebruary 1, 1820
Location
Cepeda, Buenos Aires Province.
Result

Federalist victory

Belligerents
Federals Unitarians
Commanders and leaders
Estanislao López
Francisco Ramírez
José Miguel Carrera		 José Rondeau
Strength
1,000-1,700 (estimate) 2,000-3,000 (estimate)
Casualties and losses
40 dead and wounded 300 dead
30 prisoners
9 carriages with equipment captured

The Battle of Cepeda of 1820 took place on February 1 in Cañada de Cepeda, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The conflict was the first major battle that saw Unitarians and Federals as two constituted sides. It ended with the defeat of the national government.[1]

Federal League Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and José Miguel Carrera joined forces to topple the 1819 centralist Constitution and the Directorial government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Both provincial leaders, Estanislao López and Francisco Ramírez, were allies of José Gervasio Artigas.

Supreme Director José Rondeau called back the Armies that were fighting the Argentine War of Independence to fight the Federals. The Army of the Andes, commanded by José de San Martín refused to abandon the offensive against the royalists in Chile and Peru. The Army of the North, commanded by Manuel Belgrano, mutinied at Arequito, as the troops and the officiality refused to fight a civil war, and asked instead to go back to the northern frontier to fight the royalists. Rondeau's forces were defeated in the battle.[2]

Consequences

[edit]

The complete victory of the Federal forces over a diminished Directorial army led to the end of the central authority established by the 1819 Constitution through the Supreme Director, and laid the foundations for a rather new Federal organization for Argentina, as the Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires signed the Treaty of Pilar on February 23.

Some provisions included in the Treaty on behalf of Buenos Aires, proved unacceptable to Artigas (styled "Protector of the League of the Free Peoples", who was exiled in Entre Ríos following his defeat to the Brazilian Empire invasion of the Banda Oriental), so he ordered both López and Ramírez to renounce it. But, in one of the most important turns of Argentine history, however, both caudillos turned themselves against their former inspirational leader and Ramírez battled against him, destroying the remnants of his army and pushing him forward to exile in Paraguay.

Then, Ramírez took on seriously his own chances as hegemonic leader, so he declared the Republic of Entre Ríos on September 29, 1820, but the experiment would barely live as long as Ramírez himself. On July 10, 1821, he was assassinated by the forces of his former ally Estanislao López, who fought this time alongside Buenos Aires and Corrientes Provinces, fearful of Ramírez' aspirations.

The battle in 1820 initiated the so-called caudillo era.[1] The battle would later be followed by a second Battle of Cepeda (1859), which involved clashes between the Unitarian and the Federalist forces, ending with the annexation of Buenos Aires into the union.[3][4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Fuller, Linda K. (2004). National Days/national Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations Around the World. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 14. ISBN 0-275-97270-4.
  2. ^ Peterson, Harold (1964). Argentina and the United States 1810-1960: Readings in the Sociology of the Arts. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4384-1599-4.
  3. ^ Katagiri, Noriyuki (2015). Adapting to Win: How Insurgents Fight and Defeat Foreign States in War. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-8122-4641-4.
  4. ^ Mazzuca, Sebastian (2021). Latecomer State Formation: Political Geography and Capacity Failure in Latin America. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-25861-5.
  • Partes de batalla de las guerras civiles. Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de la Historia. 1977.
  • Best, Félix (1980). Historia de las Guerras Argentinas. Buenos Aires: Ed. Peuser.
  • Busaniche, José Luis (1980). Historia argentina. Buenos Aires: Ed. Peuser.
  • Gianello, Leoncio (1986). Historia de Santa Fe. Buenos Aires: Ed. Plus Ultra.
  • López Rosas, José R. (1981). Entre la monarquía y la república. Buenos Aires: Ed. La Bastilla.
  • Luna, Félix (1971). Los caudillos. Buenos Aires: Ed. Peña Lillo.
  • Ruiz Moreno, Isidoro (2004). Campañas militares argentinas. Buenos Aires: Ed. Emecé.
  • Serrano, Mario (1996). Arequito: ¿por qué se sublevó el Ejército del Norte?. Buenos Aires: Ed. Círculo Militar.

33°22′53″S 60°34′59″W / 33.38139°S 60.58306°W / -33.38139; -60.58306

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