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{{Short description|Book by Guenter Lewy}}
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'''''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide''''' is a 2006 book by [[Guenter Lewy]], published by the [[University of Utah Press]], about the [[Armenian Genocide]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]].
'''''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide''''' is a 2006 book by [[Guenter Lewy]] about the [[Armenian genocide]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In the book, Lewy argues that the [[Casualties of the Armenian Genocide|high death toll among Ottoman Armenians]] was a byproduct of the conditions of the marches and on sporadic attacks rather than a planned attempt to exterminate them.

The book was published by [[University of Utah Press]] after being rejected by eleven publishers and was promoted by the Turkish government. Although some reviewers who agreed with Lewy's belief that the [[Armenian genocide denial|Armenians were not victims of a genocide]] praised the book, its reception was overall negative with other reviewers identifying significant "errors of fact, interpretation, and omission".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watenpaugh |first1=Keith David |title=A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of ''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide'' (''IJMES'' 38 &#91;2006&#93;: 598–601) |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=2007 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=512–514 |doi=10.1017/S0020743807070869|s2cid=161727102 |quote=The majority of the postpublication reviews of Lewy's work have identified obvious and egregious errors of fact, interpretation, and omission most of which presumably would have been caught had the text been carefully scrutinized by competent and nonpartisan readers.}}</ref> Furthermore, the book was criticized for repeating the [[collective guilt]] argument used by the [[Young Turks]] to justify the genocide that they ordered.


==Background==
==Background==
According to Professor [[Tessa Hofmann]] of Berlin's [[Free University of Berlin|Free University]], Lewy had conceived of the idea of writing on the Armenian genocide as early as 2000: {{quote|In the summer of 2000 a retiree, resting on my couch, expressed a strange intention. Guenter Lewy, the retired American political scientist, wanted to subject "the Armenian massacres" to a similar revision as he had done before with respect to the Sinti and the Roma. That revision, argued Lewy, had shown that even though their fate in World War II proved tragic, it did not represent a "real" genocide, as there were no centrally organized and state-sponsored premeditation and genocidal intention.<ref name="TA">See [[Taner Akçam]], "[http://www.armenica.org/material/Akcam_Lewy.pdf Guenter Lewy’s ''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey'']." ''Genocide Studies and Prevention'', 3:1 April 2008, pp. 111–43.</ref>}}
The sources used are in European languages only; he never used sources originally written in Armenian or in Turkish.<!--From McCarthy p. 337--> [[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|Justin McCarthy]] of the [[University of Louisville]] wrote that Armenian sources would get more representation compared to Turkish sources and documents from the imperial archives since more Armenian sources had been translated into European languages.<ref name=McCarthyp337>[[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|McCarthy]], p. 337.</ref> Armenian Genocide historian [[Taner Akçam]] of [[Clark University]] stated that in general Western researchers were not aware of the majority of Armenian or Turkish materials, as well as Russian ones, due to the language barrier.<ref name=Akçamp117>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 117.</ref>

Since he does not read [[Ottoman Turkish]], Lewy relied on two unnamed individuals to translate materials for him.<ref name="Kéchichian">{{cite journal |last1=Kéchichian |first1=Joseph A. |title=A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of ''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide'' (''IJMES'' 38 &#91;2006&#93;: 598–601) |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=2007 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=509–512 |doi=10.1017/S0020743807070857 |jstor=30069560 |s2cid=162021204 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30069560 |issn=0020-7438|quote=One is dealing here with a book whose author admits a lack of familiarity with both Ottoman and Turkish languages. Lewy declares that he does not know Turkish at all and that he had to depend on"two Turkish speaking persons" (p. 292, n. 112) as well as on others"who have translated some important Turkish materials for me" (p. xiii). However, departing from a very common standard procedure, Lewy repeatedly avoids identifying those who, he says, helped him in the matter of translation of numerous documents. Would it be unfair to ask, under these circumstances, why go to such a highly unusual act of withholding?}}</ref>

After it was rejected by eleven publishers including four [[university press]]es, the book's publication by [[University of Utah Press]] was arranged by [[M. Hakan Yavuz]].<ref name="Mamigonian"/><ref name="Hovannisian" />


==Contents==
==Contents==
{{expand section|date=June 2019}}
{{expand section|date=June 2019}}
The work focuses on the [[Armenian Genocide]] during 1915-1916 and provides no coverage of subsequent years.<ref name=Erickson>{{cite web|author=Erickson, Edward J.|authorlink=Edward J. Erickson|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1035896901/armenians-the-armenian-massacres-in-ottoman-turkey|title=ARMENIANS: The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide |work=[[The Middle East Journal]]|date=Spring 2006|volume=60|issue=2}} - Available on [[Questia]]</ref>
The work focuses on the [[Armenian genocide]] during 1915-1916 and provides no coverage of subsequent years.<ref name=Erickson>{{cite web|author=Erickson, Edward J.|author-link=Edward J. Erickson|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1035896901/armenians-the-armenian-massacres-in-ottoman-turkey|title=ARMENIANS: The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide|work=[[The Middle East Journal]]|date=Spring 2006|volume=60|issue=2|access-date=2019-06-22|archive-date=2019-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622152439/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1035896901/armenians-the-armenian-massacres-in-ottoman-turkey|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Lewy argued that there was not enough evidence to support the conclusion that the Ottoman government deliberately attempted to destroy the Armenian population through a genocide.<ref name=McCarthyp337/> Akçam stated that this was the "central thesis" of the book with this statement made on several occasions. The author stated that the high death toll was simply a byproduct of the conditions of the marches and on sporadic attacks rather than a planned attempt to kill the Armenians.<ref name=Akçamp112>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 112.</ref> [[Edward J. Erickson]] of ''[[The Middle East Journal]]'' stated "He does not attempt to answer the question, "was it a genocide or not?""<ref name=Erickson/>
Lewy argued that there was not enough evidence to support the conclusion that the Ottoman government deliberately attempted to destroy the Armenian population through a genocide.<ref name=McCarthyp337>[[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|McCarthy]], p. 337.</ref> Akçam stated that this was the "central thesis" of the book with this statement made on several occasions. The author stated that the high death toll was simply a byproduct of the conditions of the marches and on sporadic attacks rather than a planned attempt to kill the Armenians.<ref name="Akçamp112">[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 112.</ref><ref name=Kéchichian2007>{{cite journal |last1=Kéchichian |first1=Joseph |title=The Armenian Genocide and an Updated Denial Initiative: A Review Essay |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention|date=2007 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=173–181 |doi=10.3138/gsp.2.2.173 |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss2/6/ |issn=1911-0359|quote=Lewy systematically uses and emphasizes the term ‘‘relocation’’ throughout his book; this prejudicial stance is striking, and the theme of relocation truly dominates the text. According to Lewy, Turkish authorities had no intention of liquidating the Armenian population but were merely trying to deport and resettle that population; their blunders and failures in the process caused massive but unintended casualties. To foster this perspective, Lewy relies on several techniques, including pronounced selectivity of data, deflection, distortion, and occasional falsification.}}</ref>


According to the author, evidence that stated that the genocide was deliberate was doctored:<ref name=McCarthyp337/> [[The Memoirs of Naim Bey]],<!--"Naim-Andonian documents"--><ref name=Akçamp112/> the documents of the [[Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920]], and other documents related to the [[Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)|Special Organization]] (SO). He also argued that hearsay formed the basis of ''[[The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire]]'' (nicknamed the "Blue Book"),<ref name=Akçamp114>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 114.</ref> and that the speech made by [[Reşit Akif Pasha]] accusing the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) Central Committee of instigating a genocide was dishonestly made.<ref name=Akçamp113>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 113.</ref>
According to the author, evidence that stated that the genocide was deliberate was doctored:<ref name=McCarthyp337/> [[The Memoirs of Naim Bey]],<!--"Naim-Andonian documents"--><ref name="Akçamp112"/> the documents of the [[Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920]], and other documents related to the [[Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)|Special Organization]] (SO). He also argued that hearsay formed the basis of ''[[The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire]]'' (nicknamed the "Blue Book"),<ref name="Akçamp114">[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 114.</ref> and that the speech made by [[Reşit Akif Pasha]] accusing the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) Central Committee of instigating a genocide was dishonestly made.<ref name="Akçamp113">[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 113.</ref>


Lewy, who decided that a lack of competence in the Ottoman authorities was the reason for the deaths,<ref name=Akçamp114/> as well as local government officials disobeying the central government,<ref name=Akçamp115>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 115.</ref> includes criticisms of the Ottoman government, stating that it took too harsh action against perceived Armenian threats,<ref name=BrownLCarl>{{cite web|author=Brown, L. Carl|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2006-05-01/armenian-massacres-ottoman-turkey-disputed-genocide|title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide |publisher=[[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]|date=2006-05-01|accessdate=2019-06-22}}</ref> that the amount of Armenian deaths and damage exceeded that of what the Turks experienced, and that the Ottoman government did not provide adequate protections for any ethnic group.<ref name=McCarthyp337/>
Lewy, who decided that a lack of competence in the Ottoman authorities was the reason for the deaths,<ref name="Akçamp114"/> as well as local government officials disobeying the central government,<ref name="Akçamp115">[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 115.</ref> includes criticisms of the Ottoman government, stating that it took too harsh action against perceived Armenian threats,<ref name=BrownLCarl>{{cite magazine|author=Brown, L. Carl|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2006-05-01/armenian-massacres-ottoman-turkey-disputed-genocide|title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide |publisher=[[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]|date=2006-05-01|access-date=2019-06-22}}</ref> that the number of Armenian deaths and amount of damage exceeded that of what the Turks experienced, and that the Ottoman government did not provide adequate protections for any ethnic group.<ref name=McCarthyp337/>


Lewy's book criticizes the work of many scholars of the Armenian Genocide, including [[Donald Bloxham]], [[Richard Hovannisian]], [[Taner Akçam]], [[Erik Jan Zürcher]], [[Ronald Suny]], [[Robert Melson (political scientist)|Robert Melson]], [[Leo Kuper]], and [[David Marshall Lang|David Lang]], but especially [[Vahakn Dadrian]].<ref name=McCarthyp337/><ref name="Kéchichian" />
Lewy's book includes criticisms of [[Vahakn Dadrian]]'s work.<ref name=McCarthyp337/>


==Reception==
==Reception==
===Methodology===
{{expand section|date=June 2019}}
Akçam argued that the central thesis of the book was an unproven theory while Lewy himself argued that the idea of genocide being planned was a theory; Akçam also stated that there were other documents that proved the genocide was planned.<ref name=Akçamp116>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 116.</ref> Akçam also stated that the author misinterpreted some documents, that his lack of skills in Turkish hampered his research,<ref name=Akçamp117/> and that Lewy was not informed of current research. In addition Akçam disliked the author's dichotomy of "Armenian" and "Turkish" "sides" to the Armenian genocide denial dispute,<ref name=Akçamp118>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 118.</ref> as it conflates Armenians of differing allegances together and because "it should be an unacceptable attitude for asocial scientist to classify the differences of interpretation of these events according to ethnic origin."<ref name=Akçamp119>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 119.</ref>
Akçam argued that the central thesis of the book was an unproven theory while Lewy himself argued that the idea of genocide being planned was a theory; Akçam also stated that there were other documents that proved the genocide was planned.<ref name="Akçamp116">[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 116.</ref> Akçam also stated that the author misinterpreted some documents, that his lack of skills in Turkish hampered his research,<ref name=Akçamp117>[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 117.</ref> and that Lewy was not informed of current research. In addition Akçam disliked the author's dichotomy of "Armenian" and "Turkish" "sides" to the Armenian genocide denial dispute,<ref name="Akçamp118">[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 118.</ref> as it conflates Armenians of differing allegiances together and because "it should be an unacceptable attitude for a social scientist to classify the differences of interpretation of these events according to ethnic origin."<ref name="Akçamp119">[[Taner Akçam|Akçam]], p. 119.</ref>


Historian [[Richard Hovannisian]] discusses the book in an academic article on [[Armenian genocide denial]], stating, "Like others in the modern period actively contesting the use of the term genocide for the Armenian case, Lewy picks and chooses bits of information and quotations to build his case."<ref name=Hovannisian>{{cite journal |last1=Hovannisian |first1=Richard G. |title=Denial of the Armenian Genocide 100 Years Later: The New Practitioners and Their Trade |journal=Genocide Studies International |date=2015 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=228–247 |doi=10.3138/gsi.9.2.04|s2cid=155132689 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/690 }}</ref> [[Joseph A. Kéchichian]] also criticized the book for denying the genocide and resorting to "pronounced selectivity of data, deflection, distortion, and occasional falsification" to support this thesis.<ref name=Kéchichian2007/> Historian [[Hilmar Kaiser]] states that Lewy's "explanations for the causes of Armenian deaths remain unconvincing" and that, on points that did not fit his thesis, "Lewy chose to ignore the archival and published records". Kaiser states that "Lewy does not clearly distinguish between academic studies, pamphlets, various types of memoirs" and "major parts of the book do not meet academic standards".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaiser |first1=Hilmar |title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey—A Disputed Genocide |journal=Die Welt des Islams |date=2010 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=181–183 |doi=10.1163/004325309X12451617197064 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/wdi/50/1/article-p181_15.xml |language=de |issn=1570-0607}}</ref>
McCarthy wrote that it as "an outstanding work of historiography".<ref name=McCarthyp337/>
===Armenian genocide denial===
In the book, Lewy states that "the Armenians can hardly claim that they suffered for no reason at all... large numbers of them had fought the Turks openly or played the role of a fifth column; not surprisingly, with their backs against the wall, the Ottomans reacted resolutely, if not viciously". [[A. Dirk Moses]] responds to this "telling slip", stating that Lewy falls into the trap of attributing [[collective guilt]] from Armenian combatants to the defenceless women and children from other parts of the country who were deported. Moses notes that [[law of war]] makes a strict distinction between civilians and combatants and that "The ''collective guilt'' accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Margaret Lavinia |last2=Reynolds |first2=Michael |last3=Kieser |first3=Hans-Lukas |last4=Balakian |first4=Peter |last5=Moses |first5=A. Dirk |last6=Akçam |first6=Taner |title=Taner Akçam, The Young Turks' crime against humanity: the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012) |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2013 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=463–509 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2013.856095|s2cid=73167962 |quote=This is a telling slip; Lewy is talking about ‘the Armenians’ as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country. The ''collective guilt'' accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking. It fails to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years now.}}</ref> Quoting the same passage, [[Thomas de Waal]] writes that "Lewy repeats the Young Turks’ trick of justifying collective punishment of a whole nation".<ref name="de Waal">{{cite book |last1=de Waal |first1=Thomas |author1-link=Thomas de Waal |title=Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935069-8 |language=en|page=63}}</ref>


According to [[Marc A. Mamigonian]], the book is one of "the key texts of modern denial". Mamigonian faults Lewy for making excuses for the Ottoman government's actions.<ref name="Mamigonian">{{cite journal |last1=Mamigonian |first1=Marc A. |title=Academic Denial of the Armenian Genocide in American Scholarship: Denialism as Manufactured Controversy |journal=Genocide Studies International |date=2015 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=61–82 |doi=10.3138/gsi.9.1.04|s2cid=154623321 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/690 }}</ref> [[Norman Naimark]] does not consider the book to be denialist, but is nevertheless critical of Lewy's main argument: "if Lewy wishes to maintain his claims to historical objectivity by using accepted judicial definitions of genocide, then the difficulty of finding direct evidence for the Young Turks’ premeditated planning of mass murder should not prevent him from concluding that genocide took place. At its core, then, Lewy’s argument is illogical".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naimark |first1=N. M. |title=The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians, Donald Bloxham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), xiv + 329 pp., cloth $39.95, pbk $26.95. * The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide, Guenter Lewy (Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2005), xiii + 370 pp., cloth $24.95. |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=2007 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=298–303 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcm023}}</ref>
⚫
[[Michael M. Gunter]], after having written a positive statement that was used on the cover of ''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey'', wrote a review of the book for the [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] (IJMES) without the editors' knowledge that he had made the positive statement. [[History News Network]] stated that the review "reportedly arrived in their office sans cover."<ref name=HNN>{{cite web|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/41948|title=Michael Gunter: He blurbed a book ... Should he then have reviewed it? |work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, [[George Washington University]]|date=2007-08-17|accessdate=2019-06-23}}</ref> Two academics, [[Joseph A. Kéchichian]],<ref>[[Joseph A. Kéchichian|Kéchichian]], p. 509.</ref> and [[Keith David Watenpaugh]],<!--Referred to in the History News Network page--><ref>Watenpaugh, Extract.</ref> criticized the presence of the review in the IJMES. Gunter issued a response to his critics.<ref name=HNN/>

⚫
McCarthy wrote that it as "an outstanding work of historiography".<ref name=McCarthyp337/> [[Michael M. Gunter]], after having written a positive statement that was used on the cover of ''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey'', wrote a review of the book for the [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] (IJMES) without the editors' knowledge that he had made the positive statement. [[History News Network]] stated that the review "reportedly arrived in their office sans cover."<ref name=HNN>{{cite web|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/41948|title=Michael Gunter: He blurbed a book ... Should he then have reviewed it? |work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, [[George Washington University]]|date=2007-08-17|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> Two academics, [[Joseph A. Kéchichian]],<ref>[[Joseph A. Kéchichian|Kéchichian]], p. 509.</ref> and [[Keith David Watenpaugh]],<!--Referred to in the History News Network page--><ref>Watenpaugh, Extract.</ref> criticized the presence of the review in the IJMES. Gunter issued a response to his critics.<ref name=HNN/>


==References==
==References==
* {{cite journal|author=Akçam, Taner|authorlink=Taner Akçam|url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1185&context=gsp|title=Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey|journal=[[Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal]]|publisher=[[International Association of Genocide Scholars]]/[[University of Toronto Press]]|volume=3|issue=1|date=Spring 2008|pages=111–145|doi=10.1353/gsp.2011.0087}} - Article #8 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/387262/summary Available at] [[Project MUSE]]
* {{cite journal|author=Akçam, Taner|author-link=Taner Akçam|url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1185&context=gsp|title=Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey|journal=[[Genocide Studies and Prevention]]|publisher=[[International Association of Genocide Scholars]]/[[University of Toronto Press]]|volume=3|issue=1|date=Spring 2008|pages=111–145|doi=10.1353/gsp.2011.0087|s2cid=143686528}} - Article #8 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/387262/summary Available at] [[Project MUSE]]
* {{cite journal|author=Kéchichian, Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph A. Kéchichian|title=A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of "The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (IJMES 38 [2006]: 598-601)" |journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|date=August 2007|volume=39|issue=3|pages=509–512 |jstor=30069560|doi=10.1017/S0020743807070857}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kéchichian, Joseph A.|author-link=Joseph A. Kéchichian|title=A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of "The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (IJMES 38 [2006]: 598-601) |journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|date=August 2007|volume=39|issue=3|pages=509–512 |jstor=30069560|doi=10.1017/S0020743807070857|s2cid=162021204 }}
* {{cite journal|author=[[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|McCarthy, Justin]] ([[University of Louisville]])|title=''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide''. By Guenter Lewy. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005. xiii, 370 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Maps. Tables. $24.95, hard bound.|journal=[[Slavic Review]]|volume=66|issue=2|date=Summer 2007|pages=337–338|doi=10.2307/20060247|jstor=20060247}}
* {{cite journal|author=[[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|McCarthy, Justin]] ([[University of Louisville]])|title=''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide''. By Guenter Lewy. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005. xiii, 370 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Maps. Tables. $24.95, hard bound.|journal=[[Slavic Review]]|volume=66|issue=2|date=Summer 2007|pages=337–338|doi=10.2307/20060247|jstor=20060247|s2cid=164299896 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Watenpaugh, Keith David|title=A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of the Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (Ijmes 38 &#91;2006&#93;: 598–601|authorlink=Keith David Watenpaugh|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/a-response-to-michael-gunters-review-of-the-armenian-massacres-in-ottoman-turkey-a-disputed-genocide-ijmes-38-2006-598601/8A37E20A4F47D9A915D2267F2948ADC2|journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|volume=39|issue=3|date=August 2007|pages=512–514|jstor=30069561|doi=10.1017/S0020743807070869}}
* {{cite journal|author=Watenpaugh, Keith David|title=A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of the Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (Ijmes 38 &#91;2006&#93;: 598–601|author-link=Keith David Watenpaugh|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/a-response-to-michael-gunters-review-of-the-armenian-massacres-in-ottoman-turkey-a-disputed-genocide-ijmes-38-2006-598601/8A37E20A4F47D9A915D2267F2948ADC2|journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]|volume=39|issue=3|date=August 2007|pages=512–514|jstor=30069561|doi=10.1017/S0020743807070869|s2cid=161727102 }}


===Notes===
===Notes===
Line 36: Line 47:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|author=Balcı, Fatih|author2=Arif Akgül|title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide by Guenter Lewy |journal=[[Insight Turkey]]|publisher=[[SET VAKFI İktisadi İşletmesi]]|year=2007|volume=9|issue=4|pages=147–151|jstor=26328526 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Balcı, Fatih|author2=Arif Akgül|title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide by Guenter Lewy |journal=[[Insight Turkey]]|publisher=[[SET VAKFI İktisadi İşletmesi]]|year=2007|volume=9|issue=4|pages=147–151|jstor=26328526 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Gasparyan |first1=Seda |title='Truth' that Is Far from Being True |journal=Annali di Ca' Foscari. Serie Orientale |date=2015 |doi=10.14277/2385-3042/16p}}
* {{cite journal|author=Naimark, Norman M.|title=The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians, Donald Bloxham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), xiv + 329 pp., cloth $39.95, pbk $26.95. The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide, Guenter Lewy (Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2005), xiii + 370 pp., cloth $24.95. |journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|volume=21|issue=2|date=Fall 2007|pages=298–303|doi=10.1093/hgs/dcm023}} - Published on 1 October 2007


==External links==
==External links==
* ''[https://uofupress.lib.utah.edu/the-armenian-massacres-in-ottoman-turkey/ The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide]'' - [[University of Utah Press]]
* ''[https://uofupress.lib.utah.edu/the-armenian-massacres-in-ottoman-turkey/ The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622150417/https://uofupress.lib.utah.edu/the-armenian-massacres-in-ottoman-turkey/ |date=2019-06-22 }}'' - [[University of Utah Press]]
* ''[https://muse.jhu.edu/book/41440 The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide]'' - At [[Project MUSE]]
* ''[https://muse.jhu.edu/book/41440 The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide]'' - At [[Project MUSE]]
{{Armenian Genocide denial}}
{{Works about the Armenian Genocide}}
{{Works about the Armenian Genocide}}
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[[Category:2006 books]]
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[[Category:University of Utah]]
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[[Category:History books about the Armenian Genocide]]


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[[Category:History books about the Armenian genocide]]
[[Category:Armenian genocide denial]]

Latest revision as of 02:32, 10 June 2024

The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide is a 2006 book by Guenter Lewy about the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire. In the book, Lewy argues that the high death toll among Ottoman Armenians was a byproduct of the conditions of the marches and on sporadic attacks rather than a planned attempt to exterminate them.

The book was published by University of Utah Press after being rejected by eleven publishers and was promoted by the Turkish government. Although some reviewers who agreed with Lewy's belief that the Armenians were not victims of a genocide praised the book, its reception was overall negative with other reviewers identifying significant "errors of fact, interpretation, and omission".[1] Furthermore, the book was criticized for repeating the collective guilt argument used by the Young Turks to justify the genocide that they ordered.

Background

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According to Professor Tessa Hofmann of Berlin's Free University, Lewy had conceived of the idea of writing on the Armenian genocide as early as 2000:

In the summer of 2000 a retiree, resting on my couch, expressed a strange intention. Guenter Lewy, the retired American political scientist, wanted to subject "the Armenian massacres" to a similar revision as he had done before with respect to the Sinti and the Roma. That revision, argued Lewy, had shown that even though their fate in World War II proved tragic, it did not represent a "real" genocide, as there were no centrally organized and state-sponsored premeditation and genocidal intention.[2]

Since he does not read Ottoman Turkish, Lewy relied on two unnamed individuals to translate materials for him.[3]

After it was rejected by eleven publishers including four university presses, the book's publication by University of Utah Press was arranged by M. Hakan Yavuz.[4][5]

Contents

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The work focuses on the Armenian genocide during 1915-1916 and provides no coverage of subsequent years.[6]

Lewy argued that there was not enough evidence to support the conclusion that the Ottoman government deliberately attempted to destroy the Armenian population through a genocide.[7] Akçam stated that this was the "central thesis" of the book with this statement made on several occasions. The author stated that the high death toll was simply a byproduct of the conditions of the marches and on sporadic attacks rather than a planned attempt to kill the Armenians.[8][9]

According to the author, evidence that stated that the genocide was deliberate was doctored:[7] The Memoirs of Naim Bey,[8] the documents of the Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920, and other documents related to the Special Organization (SO). He also argued that hearsay formed the basis of The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (nicknamed the "Blue Book"),[10] and that the speech made by Reşit Akif Pasha accusing the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) Central Committee of instigating a genocide was dishonestly made.[11]

Lewy, who decided that a lack of competence in the Ottoman authorities was the reason for the deaths,[10] as well as local government officials disobeying the central government,[12] includes criticisms of the Ottoman government, stating that it took too harsh action against perceived Armenian threats,[13] that the number of Armenian deaths and amount of damage exceeded that of what the Turks experienced, and that the Ottoman government did not provide adequate protections for any ethnic group.[7]

Lewy's book criticizes the work of many scholars of the Armenian Genocide, including Donald Bloxham, Richard Hovannisian, Taner Akçam, Erik Jan Zürcher, Ronald Suny, Robert Melson, Leo Kuper, and David Lang, but especially Vahakn Dadrian.[7][3]

Reception

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Methodology

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Akçam argued that the central thesis of the book was an unproven theory while Lewy himself argued that the idea of genocide being planned was a theory; Akçam also stated that there were other documents that proved the genocide was planned.[14] Akçam also stated that the author misinterpreted some documents, that his lack of skills in Turkish hampered his research,[15] and that Lewy was not informed of current research. In addition Akçam disliked the author's dichotomy of "Armenian" and "Turkish" "sides" to the Armenian genocide denial dispute,[16] as it conflates Armenians of differing allegiances together and because "it should be an unacceptable attitude for a social scientist to classify the differences of interpretation of these events according to ethnic origin."[17]

Historian Richard Hovannisian discusses the book in an academic article on Armenian genocide denial, stating, "Like others in the modern period actively contesting the use of the term genocide for the Armenian case, Lewy picks and chooses bits of information and quotations to build his case."[5] Joseph A. Kéchichian also criticized the book for denying the genocide and resorting to "pronounced selectivity of data, deflection, distortion, and occasional falsification" to support this thesis.[9] Historian Hilmar Kaiser states that Lewy's "explanations for the causes of Armenian deaths remain unconvincing" and that, on points that did not fit his thesis, "Lewy chose to ignore the archival and published records". Kaiser states that "Lewy does not clearly distinguish between academic studies, pamphlets, various types of memoirs" and "major parts of the book do not meet academic standards".[18]

Armenian genocide denial

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In the book, Lewy states that "the Armenians can hardly claim that they suffered for no reason at all... large numbers of them had fought the Turks openly or played the role of a fifth column; not surprisingly, with their backs against the wall, the Ottomans reacted resolutely, if not viciously". A. Dirk Moses responds to this "telling slip", stating that Lewy falls into the trap of attributing collective guilt from Armenian combatants to the defenceless women and children from other parts of the country who were deported. Moses notes that law of war makes a strict distinction between civilians and combatants and that "The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking."[19] Quoting the same passage, Thomas de Waal writes that "Lewy repeats the Young Turks’ trick of justifying collective punishment of a whole nation".[20]

According to Marc A. Mamigonian, the book is one of "the key texts of modern denial". Mamigonian faults Lewy for making excuses for the Ottoman government's actions.[4] Norman Naimark does not consider the book to be denialist, but is nevertheless critical of Lewy's main argument: "if Lewy wishes to maintain his claims to historical objectivity by using accepted judicial definitions of genocide, then the difficulty of finding direct evidence for the Young Turks’ premeditated planning of mass murder should not prevent him from concluding that genocide took place. At its core, then, Lewy’s argument is illogical".[21]

McCarthy wrote that it as "an outstanding work of historiography".[7] Michael M. Gunter, after having written a positive statement that was used on the cover of The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey, wrote a review of the book for the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES) without the editors' knowledge that he had made the positive statement. History News Network stated that the review "reportedly arrived in their office sans cover."[22] Two academics, Joseph A. Kéchichian,[23] and Keith David Watenpaugh,[24] criticized the presence of the review in the IJMES. Gunter issued a response to his critics.[22]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Watenpaugh, Keith David (2007). "A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (IJMES 38 [2006]: 598–601)". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 39 (3): 512–514. doi:10.1017/S0020743807070869. S2CID 161727102. The majority of the postpublication reviews of Lewy's work have identified obvious and egregious errors of fact, interpretation, and omission most of which presumably would have been caught had the text been carefully scrutinized by competent and nonpartisan readers.
  2. ^ See Taner Akçam, "Guenter Lewy’s The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey." Genocide Studies and Prevention, 3:1 April 2008, pp. 111–43.
  3. ^ a b Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2007). "A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (IJMES 38 [2006]: 598–601)". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 39 (3): 509–512. doi:10.1017/S0020743807070857. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 30069560. S2CID 162021204. One is dealing here with a book whose author admits a lack of familiarity with both Ottoman and Turkish languages. Lewy declares that he does not know Turkish at all and that he had to depend on"two Turkish speaking persons" (p. 292, n. 112) as well as on others"who have translated some important Turkish materials for me" (p. xiii). However, departing from a very common standard procedure, Lewy repeatedly avoids identifying those who, he says, helped him in the matter of translation of numerous documents. Would it be unfair to ask, under these circumstances, why go to such a highly unusual act of withholding?
  4. ^ a b Mamigonian, Marc A. (2015). "Academic Denial of the Armenian Genocide in American Scholarship: Denialism as Manufactured Controversy". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 61–82. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.04. S2CID 154623321.
  5. ^ a b Hovannisian, Richard G. (2015). "Denial of the Armenian Genocide 100 Years Later: The New Practitioners and Their Trade". Genocide Studies International. 9 (2): 228–247. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.2.04. S2CID 155132689.
  6. ^ Erickson, Edward J. (Spring 2006). "ARMENIANS: The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide". The Middle East Journal. Archived from the original on 2019-06-22. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
  7. ^ a b c d e McCarthy, p. 337.
  8. ^ a b Akçam, p. 112.
  9. ^ a b Kéchichian, Joseph (2007). "The Armenian Genocide and an Updated Denial Initiative: A Review Essay". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2): 173–181. doi:10.3138/gsp.2.2.173. ISSN 1911-0359. Lewy systematically uses and emphasizes the term relocation throughout his book; this prejudicial stance is striking, and the theme of relocation truly dominates the text. According to Lewy, Turkish authorities had no intention of liquidating the Armenian population but were merely trying to deport and resettle that population; their blunders and failures in the process caused massive but unintended casualties. To foster this perspective, Lewy relies on several techniques, including pronounced selectivity of data, deflection, distortion, and occasional falsification.
  10. ^ a b Akçam, p. 114.
  11. ^ Akçam, p. 113.
  12. ^ Akçam, p. 115.
  13. ^ Brown, L. Carl (2006-05-01). "The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2019-06-22. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  14. ^ Akçam, p. 116.
  15. ^ Akçam, p. 117.
  16. ^ Akçam, p. 118.
  17. ^ Akçam, p. 119.
  18. ^ Kaiser, Hilmar (2010). "The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey—A Disputed Genocide". Die Welt des Islams (in German). 50 (1): 181–183. doi:10.1163/004325309X12451617197064. ISSN 1570-0607.
  19. ^ Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Reynolds, Michael; Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Balakian, Peter; Moses, A. Dirk; Akçam, Taner (2013). "Taner Akçam, The Young Turks' crime against humanity: the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (4): 463–509. doi:10.1080/14623528.2013.856095. S2CID 73167962. This is a telling slip; Lewy is talking about 'the Armenians' as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country. The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking. It fails to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years now.
  20. ^ de Waal, Thomas (2015). Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide. Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-19-935069-8.
  21. ^ Naimark, N. M. (2007). "The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians, Donald Bloxham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), xiv + 329 pp., cloth $39.95, pbk $26.95. * The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide, Guenter Lewy (Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2005), xiii + 370 pp., cloth $24.95". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 21 (2): 298–303. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcm023.
  22. ^ a b "Michael Gunter: He blurbed a book ... Should he then have reviewed it?". History News Network. Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University. 2007-08-17. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  23. ^ Kéchichian, p. 509.
  24. ^ Watenpaugh, Extract.

Further reading

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