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The '''Pentatomoidea''' are a [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] of [[insect]]s in the suborder [[Heteroptera]] of the order [[Hemiptera]]. As hemipterans, they possess a common arrangement of sucking [[Insect mouthparts#Piercing and sucking insects|mouthparts]].<ref name=CSIRO>{{cite web|title=Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas|publisher=[[CSIRO]]|url=http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hemiptera.html|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 21 [[Family (biology)|families]] (16 extant and 5 extinct).<ref name=Gillott1995/><ref name=Cassis2002>{{cite book|author1=G. Cassis |author2=Gordon F. Gross |title=Zoological catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha)|publisher=Csiro Publishing|year=2002|page=353|isbn=978-0-643-06875-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWifn5wT6D8C}}</ref> Among these are the [[Pentatomidae|stink bugs and shield bugs]], [[Scutelleridae|jewel bugs]], [[Tessaratomidae|giant shield bugs]], and [[Cydnidae|burrower bugs]].<ref name=Capinera2008>{{cite book |last=Capinera |first=John L. |year=2008 |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&q=Pentatomoidea&pg=PA608 |edition=2nd |location=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=608 |isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1}}</ref>
The '''Pentatomoidea''' are a [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] of [[insect]]s in the suborder [[Heteroptera]] of the order [[Hemiptera]]. As hemipterans, they possess a common arrangement of sucking [[Insect mouthparts#Piercing and sucking insects|mouthparts]].<ref name=CSIRO>{{cite web|title=Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas|publisher=[[CSIRO]]|url=http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hemiptera.html|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 21 [[Family (biology)|families]] (16 extant and 5 extinct).<ref name=Gillott1995/><ref name=Cassis2002>{{cite book|author1=G. Cassis |author2=Gordon F. Gross |title=Zoological catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha)|publisher=Csiro Publishing|year=2002|page=353|isbn=978-0-643-06875-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWifn5wT6D8C}}</ref> Among these are the [[Pentatomidae|stink bugs and shield bugs]], [[Scutelleridae|jewel bugs]], [[Tessaratomidae|giant shield bugs]], and [[Cydnidae|burrower bugs]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Capinera |first=John L. |year=2008 |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&q=Pentatomoidea&pg=PA608 |edition=2nd |location=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=608 |isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Heteroptera morphology-d.svg|thumb|Anatomy of the dorsal aspect of a shield bug. A: head; B: [[Thorax (arthropod anatomy)|thorax]]; C: [[Insect morphology#Abdomen|abdomen]]. 1: claws; 2: [[Arthropod leg#Tarsus|tarsus]]; 3: [[Arthropod leg#Tibia|tibia]]; 4: [[Arthropod leg#Femur|femur]]; 8: [[compound eye]]; 9: [[Antenna (biology)|antenna]]; 10: [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|clypeus]]; 23: laterotergites ([[connexivum]]); 25: [[Prothorax|pronotum]]; 26: [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|scutellum]]; 27: clavus; 28: [[Corium (entomology)|corium]]; 29: [[embolium]]; 30: [[hemelytral membrane]].]]
[[File:Heteroptera morphology-d.svg|thumb|Anatomy of the dorsal aspect of a shield bug. A: head; B: [[Thorax (arthropod anatomy)|thorax]]; C: [[Insect morphology#Abdomen|abdomen]]. 1: claws; 2: [[Arthropod leg#Tarsus|tarsus]]; 3: [[Arthropod leg#Tibia|tibia]]; 4: [[Arthropod leg#Femur|femur]]; 8: [[compound eye]]; 9: [[Antenna (biology)|antenna]]; 10: [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|clypeus]]; 23: laterotergites ([[connexivum]]); 25: [[Prothorax|pronotum]]; 26: [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|scutellum]]; 27: clavus; 28: [[Corium (entomology)|corium]]; 29: [[embolium]]; 30: [[hemelytral membrane]].]]


The Pentatomoidea are characterised by a well-developed [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|scutellum]] (the hardened extension of the [[Thorax (arthropod anatomy)|thorax]] over the [[Insect morphology#Abdomen|abdomen]]). It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape.<ref name=Cassis2002/> The [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] typically have five segments. The [[Arthropod leg#Tarsus|tarsi]] usually have two or three segments.<ref name="anan">{{cite book|author=T. N. Ananthakrishnan|title =General and applied entomology|publisher =Tata McGraw-Hill Education|year =2004|page=370|isbn =978-0-07-043435-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KHt-daXqZ-sC}}</ref>
The Pentatomoidea are characterised by a well-developed [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|scutellum]] (the hardened extension of the [[Thorax (arthropod anatomy)|thorax]] over the [[Insect morphology#Abdomen|abdomen]]). It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape.<ref name=Cassis2002/> The [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] typically have five segments. The [[Arthropod leg#Tarsus|tarsi]] usually have two or three segments.<ref>{{cite book|author=T. N. Ananthakrishnan|title =General and applied entomology|publisher =Tata McGraw-Hill Education|year =2004|page=370|isbn =978-0-07-043435-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KHt-daXqZ-sC}}</ref>


Shield bugs have glands that produce a foul-smelling liquid, which is used [[Chemical defense|defensively]] to deter potential predators. [[Nymph (biology)|Nymphs]] have glands on the dorsal surface of the [[abdomen]] (dorsal abdominal scent glands). These are often present in adults as well, but adults also develop a pair of glands on the [[metathorax]] (third segment of the thorax), these being the metathoracic scent glands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=KMENT |first1=PETR |last2=VILÍMOVÁ |first2=JITKA |date=2010 |title=Thoracic scent efferent system of Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a review of terminology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2706 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1 |issn=1175-5334}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bianchi |first1=Filipe Michels |last2=Bottega |first2=Cristiane |last3=Campos |first3=Luiz Alexandre |date=2016 |title=Comparative morphology of the external scent efferent system of dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044523116300560 |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology |language=en |volume=263 |pages=66–74 |doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.006}}</ref>
Shield bugs have glands that produce a foul-smelling liquid, which is used [[Chemical defense|defensively]] to deter potential predators. [[Nymph (biology)|Nymphs]] have glands on the dorsal surface of the [[abdomen]] (dorsal abdominal scent glands). These are often present in adults as well, but adults also develop a pair of glands on the [[metathorax]] (third segment of the thorax), these being the metathoracic scent glands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=KMENT |first1=PETR |last2=VILÍMOVÁ |first2=JITKA |date=2010 |title=Thoracic scent efferent system of Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a review of terminology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2706 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1 |issn=1175-5334}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bianchi |first1=Filipe Michels |last2=Bottega |first2=Cristiane |last3=Campos |first3=Luiz Alexandre |date=2016 |title=Comparative morphology of the external scent efferent system of dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044523116300560 |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology |language=en |volume=263 |pages=66–74 |doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.006|bibcode=2016ZooAn.263...66B }}</ref>


The nymphs and adults have distinctive piercing mouthparts, with [[Mandible (insect)|mandibles]] and [[Insect mouthparts|maxillae]] modified to form a piercing "stylet" sheathed within a modified [[Labium (insect)|labium]]. The stylet is used to suck sap from plants, or in some cases to suck blood from other animals.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}
The nymphs and adults have distinctive piercing mouthparts, with [[Mandible (insect)|mandibles]] and [[Insect mouthparts|maxillae]] modified to form a piercing "stylet" sheathed within a modified [[Labium (insect)|labium]]. The stylet is used to suck sap from plants, or in some cases to suck blood from other animals, such as in the predatory subfamily [[Asopinae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xinyu |last2=Tian |first2=Li |last3=Li |first3=Hu |last4=Cai |first4=Wanzhi |title=Ultrastructural Variations of Antennae and Labia Are Associated with Feeding Habit Shifts in Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) |journal=Biology |date=November 2021 |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1161 |doi=10.3390/biology10111161 |doi-access=free |pmid=34827154 |language=en |issn=2079-7737|pmc=8615146 }}</ref>


Pentatomoidea are mostly [[Herbivore|phytophagous]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/PENTATOMOMORPHA |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=biodiversity.org.au |language=en}}</ref> although some (the [[Asopinae]] or predatory stink bugs) are [[zoophagous]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Clercq |first=Patrick De |title=Stink Bugs, Predatory (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae) |date=2005 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Entomology |pages=2122–2125 |access-date=2023-10-30 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094 |isbn=978-0-306-48380-6}}</ref> They can become significant [[pest (animal)|pest]]s (e.g. the [[brown marmorated stink bug]]), causing economic damage to certain crops.
Pentatomoidea are mostly [[Herbivore|phytophagous]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/PENTATOMOMORPHA |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=biodiversity.org.au |language=en}}</ref> although some (the [[Asopinae]] or predatory stink bugs) are [[zoophagous]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Clercq |first=Patrick De |title=Stink Bugs, Predatory (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae) |date=2005 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Entomology |pages=2122–2125 |access-date=2023-10-30 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094 |isbn=978-0-306-48380-6}}</ref> They can become significant [[pest (animal)|pest]]s (e.g. the [[brown marmorated stink bug]]), causing economic damage to certain crops.

Species that resemble pentatomoids are found in the superfamily [[Coreoidea]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}


==Families==
==Families==
These families are classified under Pentatomoidea:<ref name="rider">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Classification/classification.htm|title=Classification|author=David A. Rider|date=October 20, 2009|publisher=Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University|access-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref>
These families are classified under Pentatomoidea:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Classification/classification.htm|title=Classification|author=David A. Rider|date=October 20, 2009|publisher=Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University|access-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref>


===Extant===
===Extant===
*[[Acanthosomatidae]] {{small|Signoret, 1863}} – known as shield bugs, contains 46 genera and 184 species found worldwide<ref name="faundez">{{cite journal | author = Faúndez E. I. | year = 2009 | title = Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2137 | pages = 57–65 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2137.1.7 }}</ref>
*[[Acanthosomatidae]] {{small|Signoret, 1863}} – known as shield bugs, contains 46 genera and 184 species found worldwide<ref>{{cite journal | author = Faúndez E. I. | year = 2009 | title = Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2137 | pages = 57–65 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2137.1.7 }}</ref>
*[[Canopidae]] {{small|McAtee & Malloch, 1928}} – found strictly in the [[Neotropical realm]]<ref name="schuh">P220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, ''True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history'', Cornell University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-8014-2066-0}}</ref>
*[[Canopidae]] {{small|McAtee & Malloch, 1928}} – found strictly in the [[Neotropical realm]]<ref name="schuh">P220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, ''True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history'', Cornell University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-8014-2066-0}}</ref>
*[[Cydnidae]] {{small|Billberg, 1820}} – known as burrowing bugs, it contains 120 genera and about 765 species worldwide.
*[[Cydnidae]] {{small|Billberg, 1820}} – known as burrowing bugs, it contains 120 genera and about 765 species worldwide.
*[[Dinidoridae]] {{small|Stål, 1867}} – found in tropical [[Asia]], [[Africa]], [[Australia]], and [[South America]], composed of 16 genera and about 65 species<ref name=Cassis2002/>
*[[Dinidoridae]] {{small|Stål, 1867}} – found in tropical [[Asia]], [[Africa]], [[Australia]], and [[South America]], composed of 16 genera and about 65 species<ref name=Cassis2002/>
*[[Lestoniidae]] {{small|China, 1955}} – small, round bugs that bear a resemblance to [[tortoise beetles]] ([[Chrysomelidae]]), composed only of one genus and two species, endemic to Australia<ref>P136 Christopher G. Morris ''Academic Press dictionary of science and technology'', Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, {{ISBN|0-12-200400-0}}</ref>
*[[Lestoniidae]] {{small|China, 1955}} – small, round bugs that bear a resemblance to [[tortoise beetles]] ([[Chrysomelidae]]), composed only of one genus and two species, endemic to Australia<ref>P136 Christopher G. Morris ''Academic Press dictionary of science and technology'', Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, {{ISBN|0-12-200400-0}}</ref>
*[[Megarididae]] {{small|McAtee & Malloch, 1928}} – contains only one extant genus (''[[Megaris]]'') and 16 species, small, globular bugs occurring in [[Central America]]<ref name ="dl">{{cite web | title=Map of Megarididae | website=Discover Life | url=https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?kind=Megarididae }}</ref>
*[[Megarididae]] {{small|McAtee & Malloch, 1928}} – contains only one extant genus (''[[Megaris]]'') and 16 species, small, globular bugs occurring in [[Central America]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Map of Megarididae | website=Discover Life | url=https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?kind=Megarididae }}</ref>
*[[Parastrachiidae]] {{small|Oshanin, 1922}} – bright red and black bugs exhibiting maternal care of eggs, it contains only two genera: ''[[Dismegistus]]'' (Africa) and ''[[Parastrachia]]'' (Eastern Asia).<ref name="foottit"/><ref name="zhu2013">{{cite journal|author1=Gengping Zhu |author2=Guoqing Liu |author3=Wenjun Bu |author4=Jerzy A. Lis |name-list-style=amp |year=2013|title=Geographic distribution and niche divergence of two stinkbugs, ''Parastrachia japonensis'' and ''Parastrachia nagaensis''|journal=Journal of Insect Science|volume=13|issue=102 |doi=10.1673/031.013.10201|pmid=24738857|pmc=4012745|pages=1–16}}</ref><ref name="lis2010">{{cite journal|author= Jerzy A. Lis |year=2010 |title=Pretarsal structures in the family Parastrachiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)|journal= Zootaxa|volume=2693|pages=60&ndash;62|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2693.1.5 }}</ref>
*[[Parastrachiidae]] {{small|Oshanin, 1922}} – bright red and black bugs exhibiting maternal care of eggs, it contains only two genera: ''[[Dismegistus]]'' (Africa) and ''[[Parastrachia]]'' (Eastern Asia).<ref name="foottit"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gengping Zhu |author2=Guoqing Liu |author3=Wenjun Bu |author4=Jerzy A. Lis |name-list-style=amp |year=2013|title=Geographic distribution and niche divergence of two stinkbugs, ''Parastrachia japonensis'' and ''Parastrachia nagaensis''|journal=Journal of Insect Science|volume=13|issue=102 |doi=10.1673/031.013.10201|pmid=24738857|pmc=4012745|pages=1–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Jerzy A. Lis |year=2010 |title=Pretarsal structures in the family Parastrachiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)|journal= Zootaxa|volume=2693|pages=60&ndash;62|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2693.1.5 }}</ref>
*[[Pentatomidae]] {{small|Leach, 1815}} – known as stink bugs, it is the largest family in Pentatomoidea. It contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.<ref name="foottit"/>
*[[Pentatomidae]] {{small|Leach, 1815}} – known as stink bugs, it is the largest family in Pentatomoidea. It contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.<ref name="foottit"/>
*[[Phloeidae]] – large mottled brown and flattened bugs found strictly in the [[Neotropical realm]]. It is composed on only 2 genera and 3 species. They are known to exhibit strong maternal care.<ref name="schuh"/>
*[[Phloeidae]] – large mottled brown and flattened bugs found strictly in the [[Neotropical realm]]. It is composed on only 2 genera and 3 species. They are known to exhibit strong maternal care.<ref name="schuh"/>
*[[Plataspidae]] – found in Asia, particularly eastern Asia, although a few species of ''[[Coptosoma]]'' occur in the [[Palearctic]]. They are round plant-feeding bugs. It has about 59 genera and 560 species.<ref name="foottit"/>
*[[Plataspidae]] – found in Asia, particularly eastern Asia, although a few species of ''[[Coptosoma]]'' occur in the [[Palearctic]]. They are round plant-feeding bugs. It has about 59 genera and 560 species.<ref name="foottit"/>
*[[Saileriolidae]] - only recently removed from inclusion within Urostylididae.
*[[Saileriolidae]] – only recently removed from inclusion within Urostylididae.
*[[Scutelleridae]] – known as jewel bugs or shield-backed bugs. Composed of 81 genera and about 450 species.
*[[Scutelleridae]] – known as jewel bugs or shield-backed bugs. Composed of 81 genera and about 450 species.
*[[Tessaratomidae]] – known as giant shield bugs because they are usually relatively large. Has about 55 genera and 240 species worldwide (mainly in the Old World tropics).<ref name=Gillott1995>{{cite book|author=Cedric Gillott|title=Entomology|publisher=Springer|year=1995|page=604|isbn=978-0-306-44967-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrTKxvZq_IcC}}</ref><ref name=Cassis2002/><ref>>{{cite book | last=Costa | first=James T. | title=The Other Insect Societies | publisher=Harvard University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass | date=2006-09-30 | isbn=0-674-02163-0 | oclc=ocm67345686 | page=311}}</ref>
*[[Tessaratomidae]] – known as giant shield bugs because they are usually relatively large. Has about 55 genera and 240 species worldwide (mainly in the Old World tropics).<ref name=Gillott1995>{{cite book|author=Cedric Gillott|title=Entomology|publisher=Springer|year=1995|page=604|isbn=978-0-306-44967-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrTKxvZq_IcC}}</ref><ref name=Cassis2002/><ref>>{{cite book | last=Costa | first=James T. | title=The Other Insect Societies | publisher=Harvard University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass | date=2006-09-30 | isbn=0-674-02163-0 | oclc=ocm67345686 | page=311}}</ref>
*[[Thaumastellidae]] – small bugs usually found under rocks in tropical Africa and the Middle East. It contains only one genus and three species. There is some debate to their inclusion within Pentatomoidea.<ref>P353 ''Zoological Catalogue of Australia''</ref>
*[[Thaumastellidae]] – small bugs usually found under rocks in tropical Africa and the Middle East. It contains only one genus and three species. There is some debate to their inclusion within Pentatomoidea.<ref>P353 ''Zoological Catalogue of Australia''</ref>
*[[Thyreocoridae]] {{small|Amyot & Serville, 1843}} – includes the former family, subfamily [[Corimelaeninae]] {{small|Uhler, 1872}}<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rider | first1=David A. | last2=Schwertner | first2=Cristiano F. | last3=Vilímová | first3=Jitka | last4=Rédei | first4=Dávid | last5=Kment | first5=Petr | last6=Thomas | first6=Donald B. | title=Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea) | chapter=Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea | publisher=CRC Press | publication-place=Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | date=2018-01-17 | isbn=978-1-315-37122-1 | doi=10.1201/9781315371221-2 | pages=25–202}}</ref> – known as ebony bugs, they are small, oval, shiny black bugs.<ref name="ebony">{{cite web|url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/6985 |title=Family Thyreocoridae – Ebony Bugs|author=Mike Boone|date=September 11, 2004|publisher=BugGuide, Iowa State University|access-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref>
*[[Thyreocoridae]] {{small|Amyot & Serville, 1843}} – includes the former family, subfamily [[Corimelaeninae]] {{small|Uhler, 1872}}<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rider | first1=David A. | last2=Schwertner | first2=Cristiano F. | last3=Vilímová | first3=Jitka | last4=Rédei | first4=Dávid | last5=Kment | first5=Petr | last6=Thomas | first6=Donald B. | title=Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea) | chapter=Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea | publisher=CRC Press | publication-place=Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | date=2018-01-17 | isbn=978-1-315-37122-1 | doi=10.1201/9781315371221-2 | pages=25–202}}</ref> – known as ebony bugs, they are small, oval, shiny black bugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/6985 |title=Family Thyreocoridae – Ebony Bugs|author=Mike Boone|date=September 11, 2004|publisher=BugGuide, Iowa State University|access-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref>
*[[Urostylididae]] – contains about 11 genera and 170 species. They are found in Southern and Eastern Asia.<ref name="foottit">{{cite book | last1=Foottit | first1=Robert G. | last2=Adler | first2=Peter H. | title=Insect Biodiversity | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Oxford | date=2009-04-20 | isbn=978-1-4051-5142-9 | page=}}</ref>
*[[Urostylididae]] – contains about 11 genera and 170 species. They are found in Southern and Eastern Asia.<ref name="foottit">{{cite book | last1=Foottit | first1=Robert G. | last2=Adler | first2=Peter H. | title=Insect Biodiversity | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Oxford | date=2009-04-20 | isbn=978-1-4051-5142-9 | page=}}</ref>


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==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==
The [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] [[Phylogenetic tree|unweighted tree]] of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).<ref name="tolweb">{{cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Pentatomoidea/10945|title=Pentatomoidea|author=Dimitri Forero|date=March 13, 2009 |publisher=[[Tree of Life Web Project]] |access-date=April 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="grazia">{{cite journal|author1=Jocelia Grazia |author2=Randall T. Schuhb |author3=Ward C. Wheeler |name-list-style=amp |year=2008|title=Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)|journal=Cladistics|volume=24|issue=6 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x|pages=932–976|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|pmid=34892882 |s2cid=41951432 |url=http://research.amnh.org/scicomp/pdfs/wheeler/Graziaetal2008.pdf|access-date= April 27, 2011}}</ref>
The [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] [[Phylogenetic tree|unweighted tree]] of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/Pentatomoidea/10945|title=Pentatomoidea|author=Dimitri Forero|date=March 13, 2009 |publisher=[[Tree of Life Web Project]] |access-date=April 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jocelia Grazia |author2=Randall T. Schuhb |author3=Ward C. Wheeler |name-list-style=amp |year=2008|title=Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)|journal=Cladistics|volume=24|issue=6 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x|pages=932–976|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|pmid=34892882 |s2cid=41951432 |url=http://research.amnh.org/scicomp/pdfs/wheeler/Graziaetal2008.pdf|access-date= April 27, 2011}}</ref>


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{{Wikispecies|Pentatomoidea}}
{{Wikispecies|Pentatomoidea}}
{{Commons category|Pentatomoidea}}
{{Commons category|Pentatomoidea}}
* [http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/occasional-invaders/stink-bugs/ Stink Bug Fact Sheet] from the United States National Pest Management Association
* [https://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/occasional-invaders/stink-bugs/ Stink Bug Fact Sheet] from the United States National Pest Management Association


{{Hemiptera|3}}
{{Hemiptera|3}}

Latest revision as of 08:16, 10 June 2024

Pentatomoidea
Temporal range: Early Jurassic – Recent
Male Acanthosoma labiduroides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Leach 1815
Families

See text

The Pentatomoidea are a superfamily of insects in the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera. As hemipterans, they possess a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.[1] The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 21 families (16 extant and 5 extinct).[2][3] Among these are the stink bugs and shield bugs, jewel bugs, giant shield bugs, and burrower bugs.[4]

Description

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Anatomy of the dorsal aspect of a shield bug. A: head; B: thorax; C: abdomen. 1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites (connexivum); 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: hemelytral membrane.

The Pentatomoidea are characterised by a well-developed scutellum (the hardened extension of the thorax over the abdomen). It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape.[3] The antennae typically have five segments. The tarsi usually have two or three segments.[5]

Shield bugs have glands that produce a foul-smelling liquid, which is used defensively to deter potential predators. Nymphs have glands on the dorsal surface of the abdomen (dorsal abdominal scent glands). These are often present in adults as well, but adults also develop a pair of glands on the metathorax (third segment of the thorax), these being the metathoracic scent glands.[6][7]

The nymphs and adults have distinctive piercing mouthparts, with mandibles and maxillae modified to form a piercing "stylet" sheathed within a modified labium. The stylet is used to suck sap from plants, or in some cases to suck blood from other animals, such as in the predatory subfamily Asopinae.[8]

Pentatomoidea are mostly phytophagous,[9] although some (the Asopinae or predatory stink bugs) are zoophagous.[10] They can become significant pests (e.g. the brown marmorated stink bug), causing economic damage to certain crops.

Families

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These families are classified under Pentatomoidea:[11]

Extant

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  • Acanthosomatidae Signoret, 1863 – known as shield bugs, contains 46 genera and 184 species found worldwide[12]
  • Canopidae McAtee & Malloch, 1928 – found strictly in the Neotropical realm[13]
  • Cydnidae Billberg, 1820 – known as burrowing bugs, it contains 120 genera and about 765 species worldwide.
  • Dinidoridae Stål, 1867 – found in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America, composed of 16 genera and about 65 species[3]
  • Lestoniidae China, 1955 – small, round bugs that bear a resemblance to tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae), composed only of one genus and two species, endemic to Australia[14]
  • Megarididae McAtee & Malloch, 1928 – contains only one extant genus (Megaris) and 16 species, small, globular bugs occurring in Central America[15]
  • Parastrachiidae Oshanin, 1922 – bright red and black bugs exhibiting maternal care of eggs, it contains only two genera: Dismegistus (Africa) and Parastrachia (Eastern Asia).[16][17][18]
  • Pentatomidae Leach, 1815 – known as stink bugs, it is the largest family in Pentatomoidea. It contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.[16]
  • Phloeidae – large mottled brown and flattened bugs found strictly in the Neotropical realm. It is composed on only 2 genera and 3 species. They are known to exhibit strong maternal care.[13]
  • Plataspidae – found in Asia, particularly eastern Asia, although a few species of Coptosoma occur in the Palearctic. They are round plant-feeding bugs. It has about 59 genera and 560 species.[16]
  • Saileriolidae – only recently removed from inclusion within Urostylididae.
  • Scutelleridae – known as jewel bugs or shield-backed bugs. Composed of 81 genera and about 450 species.
  • Tessaratomidae – known as giant shield bugs because they are usually relatively large. Has about 55 genera and 240 species worldwide (mainly in the Old World tropics).[2][3][19]
  • Thaumastellidae – small bugs usually found under rocks in tropical Africa and the Middle East. It contains only one genus and three species. There is some debate to their inclusion within Pentatomoidea.[20]
  • Thyreocoridae Amyot & Serville, 1843 – includes the former family, subfamily Corimelaeninae Uhler, 1872[21] – known as ebony bugs, they are small, oval, shiny black bugs.[22]
  • Urostylididae – contains about 11 genera and 170 species. They are found in Southern and Eastern Asia.[16]

Extinct

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Phylogeny

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The morphological unweighted tree of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).[24][25]

      ←      
             

Urostylididae

             
             

Saileriolidae

             
             

Acanthosomatidae

             
             
             

Tessaratomidae

             

Dinidoridae

  Cydnidae sensu lato  
             

Cydnidae

             

Thaumastellidae

             

Parastrachiidae

             
             

Thyreocoridae

             

Lestoniidae

             

Phloeidae

             
             

Scutelleridae

             

Plataspidae

             

Pentatomidae

             

Canopidae

             

Megarididae

[edit]
Example species of the families under Pentatomoidea

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas". CSIRO. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b Cedric Gillott (1995). Entomology. Springer. p. 604. ISBN 978-0-306-44967-3.
  3. ^ a b c d G. Cassis; Gordon F. Gross (2002). Zoological catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). Csiro Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-643-06875-9.
  4. ^ Capinera, John L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 608. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
  5. ^ T. N. Ananthakrishnan (2004). General and applied entomology. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-07-043435-6.
  6. ^ KMENT, PETR; VILÍMOVÁ, JITKA (2010). "Thoracic scent efferent system of Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a review of terminology". Zootaxa. 2706 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  7. ^ Bianchi, Filipe Michels; Bottega, Cristiane; Campos, Luiz Alexandre (2016). "Comparative morphology of the external scent efferent system of dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)". Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 263: 66–74. Bibcode:2016ZooAn.263...66B. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.006.
  8. ^ Li, Xinyu; Tian, Li; Li, Hu; Cai, Wanzhi (November 2021). "Ultrastructural Variations of Antennae and Labia Are Associated with Feeding Habit Shifts in Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)". Biology. 10 (11): 1161. doi:10.3390/biology10111161. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 8615146. PMID 34827154.
  9. ^ "Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  10. ^ Clercq, Patrick De (2005), "Stink Bugs, Predatory (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae)", Encyclopedia of Entomology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 2122–2125, doi:10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094, ISBN 978-0-306-48380-6, retrieved 2023-10-30
  11. ^ David A. Rider (October 20, 2009). "Classification". Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  12. ^ Faúndez E. I. (2009). "Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)". Zootaxa. 2137: 57–65. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2137.1.7.
  13. ^ a b P220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history, Cornell University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8014-2066-0
  14. ^ P136 Christopher G. Morris Academic Press dictionary of science and technology, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, ISBN 0-12-200400-0
  15. ^ "Map of Megarididae". Discover Life.
  16. ^ a b c d Foottit, Robert G.; Adler, Peter H. (2009-04-20). Insect Biodiversity. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5142-9.
  17. ^ Gengping Zhu; Guoqing Liu; Wenjun Bu & Jerzy A. Lis (2013). "Geographic distribution and niche divergence of two stinkbugs, Parastrachia japonensis and Parastrachia nagaensis". Journal of Insect Science. 13 (102): 1–16. doi:10.1673/031.013.10201. PMC 4012745. PMID 24738857.
  18. ^ Jerzy A. Lis (2010). "Pretarsal structures in the family Parastrachiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)". Zootaxa. 2693: 60–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2693.1.5.
  19. ^ >Costa, James T. (2006-09-30). The Other Insect Societies. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 311. ISBN 0-674-02163-0. OCLC 67345686.
  20. ^ P353 Zoological Catalogue of Australia
  21. ^ Rider, David A.; Schwertner, Cristiano F.; Vilímová, Jitka; Rédei, Dávid; Kment, Petr; Thomas, Donald B. (2018-01-17). "Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea". Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea). Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press. pp. 25–202. doi:10.1201/9781315371221-2. ISBN 978-1-315-37122-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  22. ^ Mike Boone (September 11, 2004). "Family Thyreocoridae – Ebony Bugs". BugGuide, Iowa State University. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  23. ^ Yao, Yunzhi; Cai, Wanzhi; Rider, David A.; Ren, Dong (2013). "Primipentatomidae fam. Nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), an extinct insect family from the Cretaceous of north-eastern China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (1): 63–82. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11...63Y. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.639814. S2CID 86753502.
  24. ^ Dimitri Forero (March 13, 2009). "Pentatomoidea". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  25. ^ Jocelia Grazia; Randall T. Schuhb & Ward C. Wheeler (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)" (PDF). Cladistics. 24 (6). Wiley-Blackwell: 932–976. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x. PMID 34892882. S2CID 41951432. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
[edit]
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