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=== January–March ===
=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – [[Battle of St. John's]]: The [[France|French]] capture [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[colony of Newfoundland]].
* [[January 1]] – [[Battle of St. John's]]: The [[France|French]] capture [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[colony of Newfoundland]].
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, laing three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
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* [[May 6]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives in England.<ref>John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, ''Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709'' (Clearfield, 1965) p.5</ref> Most of them are [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577 577]|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives in England.<ref>John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, ''Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709'' (Clearfield, 1965) p.5</ref> Most of them are [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577 577]|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Trịnh Cương]] becomes the new [[Trịnh lords|king of northern Vietnam]] ([[Đàng Ngoài]]) upon the death of his grandfather, [[Trịnh Căn]], and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20, [[1729]]
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Trịnh Cương]] becomes the new [[Trịnh lords|king of northern Vietnam]] ([[Đàng Ngoài]]) upon the death of his grandfather, [[Trịnh Căn]], and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20, [[1729]]
* [[June 26]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Fort Albany (1709)|Battle of Fort Albany]], an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and [[Plains Cree people|Cree]] natives on the British [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outpost at Fort Albany on [[Hudson Bay]]. [[John Fullartine]], commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of a [[Fort Albany First Nation|Cree First Nation]] reserve in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]].
* [[June 26]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Fort Albany (1709)|Battle of Fort Albany]], an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and [[Plains Cree people|Cree]] natives on the British [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outpost at [[Fort Albany (Ontario)|Fort Albany]] on [[Hudson Bay]]. [[John Fullartine]], commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of a [[Fort Albany First Nation|Cree First Nation]] reserve in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]].
* [[June 28]] &ndash; A [[Treaty of Dresden (1709)|treaty is signed in Dresden]] to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdom of Denmark (including what is now Norway) and the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of Denmark's King [[Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway|Frederik IV]] and Saxony's King [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]].
* [[June 28]] &ndash; A [[Treaty of Dresden (1709)|treaty is signed in Dresden]] to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdoms of [[Denmark-Norway]] and the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of King [[Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway]] and Saxony's King [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]].


=== July&ndash;December ===
=== July&ndash;December ===
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* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]].
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]].
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] &ndash; Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] &ndash; Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: The British army captures [[Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: The British army captures [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Chihuahua City]] in Mexico is founded.
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Chihuahua City]] in Mexico is founded.
* [[October 14]] - The Chinese region of [[Ningxia]] is shaken by a [[1709 Zhongwei earthquake|7.5 earthquake]] killing more than 2,000 people
* [[October 14]] – The Chinese region of [[Ningxia]] is shaken by a [[1709 Zhongwei earthquake|7.5 earthquake]] killing more than 2,000 people.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]] carrying over 4,000 people.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]] carrying over 4,000 people.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; The first performance of the opera ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' by [[George Frideric Handel]] takes place at the [[Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo]] in [[Venice]].<ref>Dean, Winton; and [[J. Merrill Knapp]] (1995), ''Handel's Operas, 1704–1726'' (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-816441-6}}.</ref>
* [[December 26]] &ndash; The first performance of the opera ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' by [[George Frideric Handel]] takes place at the [[Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo]] in [[Venice]].<ref>Dean, Winton; and [[J. Merrill Knapp]] (1995), ''Handel's Operas, 1704–1726'' (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-816441-6}}.</ref>
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* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Charles Collé]], French dramatist and songwriter (d. [[1783]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Charles Collé]], French dramatist and songwriter (d. [[1783]])
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Domenico Maraldi]], Italian-born astronomer (d. [[1788]])
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Domenico Maraldi]], Italian-born astronomer (d. [[1788]])
* [[April 25]]
** [[Carl Johan Cronstedt]], Swedish architect (d. [[1779]])
** [[Robert Grace (manufacturer)|Robert Grace]], American manufacturer of stoves and furnaces (d. [[1766]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet, of Twizell Castle]] (d. [[1780]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet, of Twizell Castle]] (d. [[1780]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]], German physician and botanist born in Brieg (d. [[1773]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]], German physician and botanist born in Brieg (d. [[1773]])
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* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely]] (d. [[1783]])
* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely]] (d. [[1783]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem]], German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d. [[1789]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem]], German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d. [[1789]])
* [[November 26]] &ndash; - [[Battle of Samana]]
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Franz Xaver Richter]], Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d. [[1789]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Franz Xaver Richter]], Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d. [[1789]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Pierre II Surette]], art of the Acadian and [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d. [[1789]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Pierre II Surette]], art of the Acadian and [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d. [[1789]])

Latest revision as of 08:48, 10 June 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
July 8: Great Northern War: Peter the Great drives Swedish forces out of Russia permanently in the decisive Battle of Poltava
1709 by topic
Arts and science
Countries
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1709 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1709
MDCCIX
Ab urbe condita2462
Armenian calendar1158
ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ
Assyrian calendar6459
Balinese saka calendar1630–1631
Bengali calendar1116
Berber calendar2659
British Regnal year7 Ann. 1 – 8 Ann. 1
Buddhist calendar2253
Burmese calendar1071
Byzantine calendar7217–7218
Chinese calendar戊子年 (Earth Rat)
4406 or 4199
    — to —
己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4407 or 4200
Coptic calendar1425–1426
Discordian calendar2875
Ethiopian calendar1701–1702
Hebrew calendar5469–5470
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1765–1766
 - Shaka Samvat1630–1631
 - Kali Yuga4809–4810
Holocene calendar11709
Igbo calendar709–710
Iranian calendar1087–1088
Islamic calendar1120–1121
Japanese calendarHōei 6
(宝永６年)
Javanese calendar1632–1633
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4042
Minguo calendar203 before ROC
民前203年
Nanakshahi calendar241
Thai solar calendar2251–2252
Tibetan calendar阳土鼠年
(male Earth-Rat)
1835 or 1454 or 682
    — to —
阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
1836 or 1455 or 683
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1709.

1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

Events

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January–March

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April–June

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July–December

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Date unknown

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Births

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Teresia Constantia Phillips born 2 January
Christian Gottlieb Ludwig born 30 April
Théodore Tronchin born 24 May
Johann Georg Gmelin born 8 August
Ludvig Harboe born 16 August
John Eardley Wilmot born 16 August
Jagat Singh II born 17 September
Samuel Johnson born 18 September

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Deaths

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze." New Scientist, 7 February 2009.
  2. ^ Mott, R. A. (5 January 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement. 145: 7–18.
  3. ^ Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale. London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
  4. ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 292. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  5. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  6. ^ Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea. New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
  7. ^ Jackson, Michael H. (1993). Galapagos: a Natural History. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-07-7.
  8. ^ John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709 (Clearfield, 1965) p.5
  9. ^ Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 577. ISBN 1-85585-178-4.
  10. ^ Griffel, Margaret Ross (2018). Operas in German: A Dictionary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4422-4797-0.
  11. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  12. ^ Dean, Winton; and J. Merrill Knapp (1995), Handel's Operas, 1704–1726 (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-816441-6.
  13. ^ "The History of Umbrellas". Oakthrift Corporation. Archived from the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  14. ^ Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone. London: Longmans. p. 86.
  15. ^ Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. p. 812.
  16. ^ "Thomas Corneille | French dramatist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
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