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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1709}}
{{Year dab|1709}}
{{Year nav|1709}}
{{Year nav|1709}}
[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[July 8]]: [[Great Northern War]]: Peter the Great drives Swedish forces out of Russia permanently in the decisive [[Battle of Poltava]]]]
{{C18 year in topic}}
{{C18 year in topic}}
[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 8]]: [[Battle of Poltava]].]]
{{Year article header|1709}} In the [[Swedish calendar]] it was a [[common year starting on Friday]], one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.
{{Year article header|1709}} In the [[Swedish calendar]] it was a [[common year starting on Friday]], one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.


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<onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>


=== January&ndash;June ===
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of St. John's]]: The [[France|French]] capture [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[colony of Newfoundland]].
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, coking section supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
* [[February]] &ndash; In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43&nbsp;km) down the [[Mobile River]] to [[Mobile Bay]] in [[1711]].
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Ienobu]] becomes the sixth ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa dynasty]] of [[Japan]], after the death of the shōgun [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi|Tsunayoshi]], who had been head of government since 1680.
* [[February]] &ndash; In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43&nbsp;km) down the [[Mobile River]] to [[Mobile Bay]] in [[1711]].
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]].
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]].

* [[April]] &ndash; [[Mirwais Hotak]] took control of [[Kandahar]] from [[Safavid dynasty|Persian]] governor.
=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[May]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives, mostly [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577 577]|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* [[April 13]] &ndash; The [[Raudot Ordinance of 1709]] becomes law in the French colony of [[New France]], legalizing slavery.
* [[June 27]] (June 28 in the [[Swedish calendar]]; [[July 8]] [[New Style]]) &ndash; [[Great Northern War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Poltava]]: In the [[Ukraine]], [[Peter the Great]], [[Tsar of Russia]], defeats [[Charles XII of Sweden]], thus effectively ending [[Sweden]]'s role as a major power in Europe.
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Mirwais Hotak]] takes control of [[Kandahar]] (in Afghanistan) by murdering the [[Safavid dynasty|Persian]] governor, [[George XI of Kartli|Gurgin Khan]], known also as George XI.
* [[May 6]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives in England.<ref>John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, ''Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709'' (Clearfield, 1965) p.5</ref> Most of them are [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577 577]|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Trịnh Cương]] becomes the new [[Trịnh lords|king of northern Vietnam]] ([[Đàng Ngoài]]) upon the death of his grandfather, [[Trịnh Căn]], and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20, [[1729]]
* [[June 26]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Fort Albany (1709)|Battle of Fort Albany]], an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and [[Plains Cree people|Cree]] natives on the British [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outpost at [[Fort Albany (Ontario)|Fort Albany]] on [[Hudson Bay]]. [[John Fullartine]], commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of a [[Fort Albany First Nation|Cree First Nation]] reserve in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]].
* [[June 28]] &ndash; A [[Treaty of Dresden (1709)|treaty is signed in Dresden]] to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdoms of [[Denmark-Norway]] and the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of King [[Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway]] and Saxony's King [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]].


=== July&ndash;December ===
=== July&ndash;December ===
* [[July 8]] ([[June 27]] [[Old Style]]; June 28 in the [[Swedish calendar]]) &ndash; [[Great Northern War]]: [[Battle of Poltava]] in the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] ([[Ukraine]]) &ndash; [[Peter the Great]] leads forces of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]], ending the [[Swedish invasion of Russia]] and effectively ending [[Sweden]]'s role as a major power in Europe.
* [[July 13]] &ndash; Production of [[Eau de Cologne]] is begun by perfumier [[Johann Maria Farina]] in Germany, founding [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz]].
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Christopher Slaughterford]] of [[London]] is executed in [[Guildford]] for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern [[England]] executed for murder based exclusively on [[circumstantial evidence]], and he maintains his innocence to the last.
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Emperor Nakamikado]] accedes to the throne of Japan.
* [[July 13]] &ndash; Production of [[Eau de Cologne]] is begun by perfumier [[Johann Maria Farina]] in Germany, founding [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz]].
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Reinhard Keiser]]'s opera ''Desiderius, König der Langobarden'' is premiered in [[Hamburg]].<ref name="Griffel2018">{{cite book|first=Margaret Ross|last=Griffel|title=Operas in German: A Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|year=2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4797-0|page=97}}</ref>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Japan]]'s [[Emperor Higashiyama]] [[abdication|abdicates]] after a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as the [[Emperor Nakamikado]].
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: [[Tournai]] is captured by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: [[Tournai]] is captured by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The [[hot air balloon]] of [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] flies in Portugal.
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The [[hot air balloon]] of [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] flies in Portugal.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]].
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]].
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession &ndash; [[Battle of Malplaquet]]: Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg Monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] &ndash; Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: The British army captures [[Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: The British army captures [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] &ndash; The city of [[Chihuahua City|Chihuahua]], Mexico is founded.
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Chihuahua City]] in Mexico is founded.
* [[October 14]] – The Chinese region of [[Ningxia]] is shaken by a [[1709 Zhongwei earthquake|7.5 earthquake]] killing more than 2,000 people.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]] carrying over 4,000 people.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]] carrying over 4,000 people.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; The first performance of the opera ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' by [[George Frideric Handel]] takes place at the [[Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo]] in [[Venice]].<ref>Dean, Winton; and [[J. Merrill Knapp]] (1995), ''Handel's Operas, 1704–1726'' (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-816441-6}}.</ref>


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
* [[Herculaneum]], an ancient town in [[Ercolano]], [[Campania]], Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.
* The first modern edition of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays is published in [[London]], [[Shakespeare's editors|edited by]] [[Nicholas Rowe (writer)|Nicholas Rowe]].
* The first [[piano]] is exhibited in [[Florence]] by its inventor [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]], who names it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which is subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
* A collapsible [[umbrella]] is introduced in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Umbrellas|url=http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|publisher=Oakthrift Corporation|access-date=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902053708/http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|archive-date=2013-09-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]] is founded as the [[charity school]] of [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], in New York City.
* [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]] is founded as the [[charity school]] of [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], in New York City.
* The second [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], erected off the south west coast of England by [[John Rudyard|John Rudyerd]], is completed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Majdalany|title=The Red Rocks of Eddystone|location=London|publisher=Longmans|year=1959|page=86}}</ref>
* The second [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], erected off the south west coast of England by [[John Rudyard|John Rudyerd]], is completed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Majdalany|title=The Red Rocks of Eddystone|location=London|publisher=Longmans|year=1959|page=86}}</ref>
* The first modern edition of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays is published in [[London]], [[Shakespeare's editors|edited by]] [[Nicholas Rowe (writer)|Nicholas Rowe]].
* ''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by [[Naples|Neapolitan]] philosopher [[Giambattista Vico]].
* ''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by [[Naples|Neapolitan]] philosopher [[Giambattista Vico]].
* Priceless medieval [[altarpiece]]s, created by Tyrolese sculptor [[Michael Pacher]], are destroyed.</onlyinclude>
* Priceless medieval [[altarpiece]]s, created by Tyrolese sculptor [[Michael Pacher]], are destroyed.
* [[Basil Lazarus III]] becomes [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] [[Maphrian|Maphrian of the East]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Wilmshurst| first=David |date=2019|chapter=West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge|page=812|editor1=Daniel King}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>


== Births ==
== Births ==
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Teresia Constantia Phillips]], British autobiographer (d. [[1765]])
[[File:Teresia Constantia Phillips portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Teresia Constantia Phillips]] born [[2 January]]]]
[[File:ChristianGottliebLudwig.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]] born [[30 April]]]]
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Henrika Juliana von Liewen]], Swedish political salonniére (d. [[1779]])
[[File:Théodore Tronchin (1709-1781), médecin genevois, professeur à l'Académie.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Théodore Tronchin]] born [[24 May]]]]
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Jacques de Vaucanson]], French inventor (d. [[1782]])
[[File:JJ Haid nach WD Majer - Johann Georg Gmelin (Schabkunst 1760).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Johann Georg Gmelin]] born [[8 August]]]]
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Georg Steller]], German naturalist (d. [[1746]])
<!-- [[File:Tokugawa_ietsugu.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Tokugawa Ietsugu]] born [[8 August]]]] -->
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Charles Collé]], French dramatist (d. [[1783]])
[[File:Ludvig Harboe.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ludvig Harboe]] born [[16 August]]]]
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan]], French polymath, author and poet (d. [[1784]])
[[File:Sir J E Wilmot.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John Eardley Wilmot]] born [[16 August]]]]
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Ietsugu]], 7th [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of Japan (d. [[1716]])
[[File:Dr-Johnson.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Samuel Johnson]]]]
[[File:Maharana Jagat Singh II.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jagat Singh II]] born [[17 September]]]]
[[File:Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Samuel Johnson]] born [[18 September]]]]
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Samuel Johnson]], English writer, critic and lexicographer (d. [[1784]])

* [[September 24]] ''(bapt.)'' &ndash; [[John Cleland]], English novelist (d. [[1789]])
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[October 27]] ''(bapt.)'' &ndash; [[Thomas Alcock (priest)|Thomas Alcock]], English clergyman (d. [[1798]])
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Teresia Constantia Phillips]], British autobiographer (d. [[1765]])
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Mollie Sneden]], operator of a ferry service at [[Palisades, New York]] in the United States (d. [[1810]])
* [[January 17]]
** [[Giovanni Ottavio Bufalini]], Italian cardinal (d. [[1782]])
** [[George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton]] (d. [[1773]])
** [[Margaret Rolle, 15th Baroness Clinton]] (d. [[1781]])
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Dom Bédos de Celles]], Benedictine monk and master pipe organ builder (d. [[1779]])
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Charles de Brosses]] French writer (d. [[1777]])
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon]], British politician (d. [[1780]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay]] (d. [[1762]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg]], French physician (d. [[1779]])
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Henrika Juliana von Liewen]], Swedish political salonnière (d. [[1779]])
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Jacques de Vaucanson]], French inventor of mechanical automata (d. [[1782]])
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Timothy Woodbridge]] American missionary, [[deacon]], schoolteacher, judge, Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. [[1774]])
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland]] (d. [[1762]])
* [[March 10]]
** [[James Bentham]], English clergyman (d. [[1794]])
** [[Georg Wilhelm Steller]], German botanist (d. [[1746]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Sten Carl Bielke]], scientist and member of the Swedish parliament (d. [[1753]])
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Nicolò Arrighetti]], Italian professor of natural philosophy (d. [[1767]])
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Johannes Gessner]], Swiss mathematician (d. [[1790]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Louis-Charles Le Vassor de La Touche]], French naval general, governor of Martinique, governor general of the Windward Islands (d. [[1781]])

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Josiah Taft]], farmer, local official, and Massachusetts legislator (d. [[1756]])
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Thomas Hopkinson]], lawyer (d. [[1751]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[William Stewart, 1st Earl of Blessington]] (d. [[1769]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Charles Collé]], French dramatist and songwriter (d. [[1783]])
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Domenico Maraldi]], Italian-born astronomer (d. [[1788]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet, of Twizell Castle]] (d. [[1780]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]], German physician and botanist born in Brieg (d. [[1773]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Joachim Wasserschlebe]], German-Danish diplomat (d. [[1787]])
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Mihály Salbeck]], doctor of philosophy, priest of the Society of Jesus, and teacher (d. [[1758]])
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Théodore Tronchin]], Genevan physician (d. [[1781]])
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Margaret Lloyd (Moravian)|Margaret Lloyd]], Welsh Moravian worker and activist (d. [[1762]])
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Tomás Sánchez (captain)|Tomás Sánchez]], veteran Spanish captain who founded Laredo (d. [[1796]])
* [[June 9]]
** [[Nathaniel Booth, 4th Baron Delamer]], English peer who served as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1765 (d. [[1770]])
** [[Francis Towneley]], English Catholic and supporter of the exiled House of Stuart or Jacobite (d. [[1746]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Joachim Martin Falbe]], German portrait painter (d. [[1782]])
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Louis, Count of Clermont]] (d. [[1771]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Nathan Tupper]], farmer (d. [[1784]])

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Antonio Orgiazzi il Vecchio]], Italian painter active mainly in the Valselsia (d. [[1788]])
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Étienne de Silhouette]], French Ancien Régime Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV (d. [[1767]])
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[William Berners (property developer)|William Berners]], English property developer and slave owner (d. [[1783]])
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[Johan Gottschalk Wallerius]], Swedish chemist and mineralogist (d. [[1785]])
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Antoine Matthieu Le Carpentier]], French architect (d. [[1773]])
* [[July 17]]
** [[Giovanni Carlo Bandi]], Italian Cardinal who served as Bishop of Imola (d. [[1784]])
** [[Friedrich Christian Baumeister]], German philosopher (d. [[1785]])
** [[Giuseppe Antonio Luchi]], Italian painter (d. [[1774]])
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[James Harris (grammarian)|James Harris]], grammarian (d. [[1780]])
* [[August 8]]
** [[Hermann Anton Gelinek]], German monk and musician (d. [[1779]])
** [[Johann Georg Gmelin]], German naturalist (d. [[1755]])
** [[Tokugawa Ietsugu]], seventh ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty (d. [[1716]])
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan]], French man of letters and erudition (d. [[1784]])
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[William Clavering-Cowper, 2nd Earl Cowper]], British noble (d. [[1764]])
* [[August 16]]
** [[Ludvig Harboe]], Danish theologian and bishop (d. [[1783]])
** [[John Eardley Wilmot]], English judge, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (1766–1771) (d. [[1792]])
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[John Storr]], officer of the Royal Navy (d. [[1783]])
* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Frederick Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt]] (d. [[1788]])
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Guillaume Repin]], French priest and martyr (d. [[1794]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset]], French poet and dramatist (d. [[1777]])
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Frobenius Forster]], German Benedictine (d. [[1791]])
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Rudolf Füssli]], Swiss painter (d. [[1793]])
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Hachisuka Munekazu]], Japanese ''daimyō'' of the Edo period (d. [[1735]])
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort]] (d. [[1756]])
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Jagat Singh II]], [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar Kingdom]] (d. [[1751]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Samuel Johnson]], English poet, biographer, essayist, and lexicographer (d. [[1784]])
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Joseph Gerrish]], soldier (d. [[1774]])

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 5]]
** [[Peter Applebye]], British-Danish industrialist (d. [[1774]])
** [[Ludovico Stern]], Italian painter of the Rococo or late-Baroque period (d. [[1777]])
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Edward Kynaston (1709–1772)|Edward Kynaston]], British landowner and Tory MP (d. [[1772]])
* [[October 9]]
** [[Jean-Baptiste de Belloy]], Archbishop of Paris and cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. [[1808]])
** [[John Clayton (divine)|John Clayton]], English clergyman (d. [[1773]])
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Lord Anne Hamilton]], Scottish nobleman (d. [[1748]])
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[John Cole, 1st Baron Mountflorence]], Irish peer and politician (d. [[1767]])
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Johann Daniel Ritter]], German historian (d. [[1775]])
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Jean-Gabriel Berbudeau]], French-born surgeon who spent time practicing medicine in eastern Canada (d. [[1792]])
* [[October 19]] &ndash; [[Sewallis Shirley (1709–1765)|Sewallis Shirley]], British Member of Parliament in the reign of George II (d. [[1765]])
* [[October 25]]
** [[Georg Gebel (the younger)|Georg Gebel]], German musician and composer (d. [[1753]])
** [[Jan Wagenaar]], Dutch historian (d. [[1773]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Ignatius von Weitenauer]], German Jesuit writer (d. [[1783]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange]], Hanoverian-born regent of Friesland (d. [[1759]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange]], Hanoverian-born regent of Friesland (d. [[1759]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Christopher Marshall (revolutionary)|Christopher Marshall]], leader in the American Revolution (d. [[1797]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[Dirk Klinkenberg]], mathematician, amateur astronomer, secretary of the Dutch government for 40 years (d. [[1799]])
* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely]] (d. [[1783]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem]], German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d. [[1789]])
* [[November 26]] &ndash; - [[Battle of Samana]]
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Franz Xaver Richter]], Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d. [[1789]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Pierre II Surette]], art of the Acadian and [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d. [[1789]])
* [[December 14]]
** [[Caspar Friedrich Hachenberg]], rector of the Latin school of Wageningen, The Netherlands, and writer of Greek and Latin grammars (d. [[1793]])
** [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]], British military officer who (d. [[1760]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth of Russia]], empress regnant of Russia (d. [[1762]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth of Russia]], empress regnant of Russia (d. [[1762]])
* [[December 21]]
** [[Charles Frederick (MP)|Charles Frederick]], MP (d. [[1785]])
** [[Arnaud-François Lefèbvre]], [[Diocese of Quy Nhon|Apostolic Vicar of Cochin]] (d. [[1760]])
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Johann Evangelist Holzer]], Austrian-German painter (d. [[1740]])


== Deaths ==
== Deaths ==
Line 62: Line 184:
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Erik Benzelius the Elder]], Swedish theologian (b. [[1632]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Erik Benzelius the Elder]], Swedish theologian (b. [[1632]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1646]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1646]])
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu]], English diplomat
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu]], English diplomat (b. [[1638]])
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Burchard de Volder]], Dutch mathematician (b. [[1643]])
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Burchard de Volder]], Dutch mathematician (b. [[1643]])
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Henri Jules, Prince of Condé]] (b. [[1643]])
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Henri Jules, Prince of Condé]] (b. [[1643]])
Line 90: Line 212:
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Abraham a Sancta Clara]], Austrian preacher (b. [[1644]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Abraham a Sancta Clara]], Austrian preacher (b. [[1644]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Meindert Hobbema]], Dutch painter (b. [[1638]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Meindert Hobbema]], Dutch painter (b. [[1638]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas Corneille]], French dramatist (b. [[1625]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas Corneille]], French dramatist (b. [[1625]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Corneille {{!}} French dramatist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Corneille |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1637]])
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1637]])
* [[December 31]]
* [[December 31]]
** [[Pierre Cally]], French philosopher and theologian (b. [[1630]])
** [[Pierre Cally]], French philosopher and theologian (b. [[1630]])
** [[Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet]], English statesman (b. [[1647]])
** [[Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet]], English statesman (b. [[1647]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[John Coode (Governor of Maryland)|John Coode]], [[List of colonial governors of Maryland|Colonial governor of Maryland]] (d. [[1648]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[John Coode (Governor of Maryland)|John Coode]], [[List of colonial governors of Maryland|Colonial governor of Maryland]] (b. c. [[1648]])
* ''probable date'' &ndash; [[Eleanor Glanville]], [[English people|English]] [[entomologist]] (b. [[1654]])
* ''probable date'' &ndash; [[Eleanor Glanville]], [[English people|English]] [[entomologist]] (b. [[1654]])


Latest revision as of 08:48, 10 June 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
July 8: Great Northern War: Peter the Great drives Swedish forces out of Russia permanently in the decisive Battle of Poltava
1709 by topic
Arts and science
Countries
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1709 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1709
MDCCIX
Ab urbe condita2462
Armenian calendar1158
ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ
Assyrian calendar6459
Balinese saka calendar1630–1631
Bengali calendar1116
Berber calendar2659
British Regnal year7 Ann. 1 – 8 Ann. 1
Buddhist calendar2253
Burmese calendar1071
Byzantine calendar7217–7218
Chinese calendar戊子年 (Earth Rat)
4406 or 4199
    — to —
己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4407 or 4200
Coptic calendar1425–1426
Discordian calendar2875
Ethiopian calendar1701–1702
Hebrew calendar5469–5470
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1765–1766
 - Shaka Samvat1630–1631
 - Kali Yuga4809–4810
Holocene calendar11709
Igbo calendar709–710
Iranian calendar1087–1088
Islamic calendar1120–1121
Japanese calendarHōei 6
(宝永６年)
Javanese calendar1632–1633
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4042
Minguo calendar203 before ROC
民前203年
Nanakshahi calendar241
Thai solar calendar2251–2252
Tibetan calendar阳土鼠年
(male Earth-Rat)
1835 or 1454 or 682
    — to —
阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
1836 or 1455 or 683
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1709.

1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

Events

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January–March

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April–June

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July–December

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Date unknown

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Births

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Teresia Constantia Phillips born 2 January
Christian Gottlieb Ludwig born 30 April
Théodore Tronchin born 24 May
Johann Georg Gmelin born 8 August
Ludvig Harboe born 16 August
John Eardley Wilmot born 16 August
Jagat Singh II born 17 September
Samuel Johnson born 18 September

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Deaths

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References

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  1. ^ Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze." New Scientist, 7 February 2009.
  2. ^ Mott, R. A. (5 January 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement. 145: 7–18.
  3. ^ Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale. London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
  4. ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 292. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  5. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  6. ^ Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea. New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
  7. ^ Jackson, Michael H. (1993). Galapagos: a Natural History. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-07-7.
  8. ^ John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709 (Clearfield, 1965) p.5
  9. ^ Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 577. ISBN 1-85585-178-4.
  10. ^ Griffel, Margaret Ross (2018). Operas in German: A Dictionary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4422-4797-0.
  11. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  12. ^ Dean, Winton; and J. Merrill Knapp (1995), Handel's Operas, 1704–1726 (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-816441-6.
  13. ^ "The History of Umbrellas". Oakthrift Corporation. Archived from the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  14. ^ Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone. London: Longmans. p. 86.
  15. ^ Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. p. 812.
  16. ^ "Thomas Corneille | French dramatist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
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