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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1709}}
{{Year dab|1709}}
{{Year nav|1709}}
{{Year nav|1709}}
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[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[July 8]]: [[Great Northern War]]: Peter the Great drives Swedish forces out of Russia permanently in the decisive [[Battle of Poltava]]]]
{{C18 year in topic}}
{{C18 year in topic}}
⚫
[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 8]]: [[Battle of Poltava]].]]
{{Year article header|1709}} In the [[Swedish calendar]] it was a [[common year starting on Friday]], one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.
{{Year article header|1709}} In the [[Swedish calendar]] it was a [[common year starting on Friday]], one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.


== Events ==
== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;June ===
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; The [[Battle of St. John's]] in which the [[France|French]] capture [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[colony of Newfoundland]].
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of St. John's]]: The [[France|French]] capture [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[colony of Newfoundland]].
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, coking section supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
⚫
* [[February]] &ndash; In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43&nbsp;km) down the [[Mobile River]] to [[Mobile Bay]] in [[1711]].
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Ienobu]] becomes the sixth ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa dynasty]] of [[Japan]].
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Ienobu]] becomes the sixth ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa dynasty]] of [[Japan]], after the death of the shōgun [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi|Tsunayoshi]], who had been head of government since 1680.
⚫
* [[February]] &ndash; In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43&nbsp;km) down the [[Mobile River]] to [[Mobile Bay]] in [[1711]].
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]].
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]].

⚫
* [[April]] &ndash; [[Mirwais Hotak]] took control of [[Kandahar]] from [[Safavid dynasty|Persian]] governor.
=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 13]] &ndash; The [[Raudot Ordinance of 1709]] becomes law in the French colony of [[New France]], legalizing slavery.
* [[April 13]] &ndash; The [[Raudot Ordinance of 1709]] becomes law in the French colony of [[New France]], legalizing slavery.
⚫
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Mirwais Hotak]] takes control of [[Kandahar]] (in Afghanistan) by murdering the [[Safavid dynasty|Persian]] governor, [[George XI of Kartli|Gurgin Khan]], known also as George XI.
* [[May]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives, mostly [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577 577]|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives in England.<ref>John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, ''Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709'' (Clearfield, 1965) p.5</ref> Most of them are [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577 577]|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Trịnh Cương]] becomes the new [[Trịnh lords|king of northern Vietnam]] ([[Đàng Ngoài]]) upon the death of his grandfather, [[Trịnh Căn]], and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20, [[1729]]
* [[June 26]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Fort Albany (1709)|Battle of Fort Albany]], an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and [[Plains Cree people|Cree]] natives on the British [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outpost at [[Fort Albany (Ontario)|Fort Albany]] on [[Hudson Bay]]. [[John Fullartine]], commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of a [[Fort Albany First Nation|Cree First Nation]] reserve in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]].
* [[June 28]] &ndash; A [[Treaty of Dresden (1709)|treaty is signed in Dresden]] to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdoms of [[Denmark-Norway]] and the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of King [[Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway]] and Saxony's King [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]].


=== July&ndash;December ===
=== July&ndash;December ===
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* [[July 13]] &ndash; Production of [[Eau de Cologne]] is begun by perfumier [[Johann Maria Farina]] in Germany, founding [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz]].
* [[July 13]] &ndash; Production of [[Eau de Cologne]] is begun by perfumier [[Johann Maria Farina]] in Germany, founding [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz]].
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Reinhard Keiser]]'s opera ''Desiderius, König der Langobarden'' is premiered in [[Hamburg]].<ref name="Griffel2018">{{cite book|first=Margaret Ross|last=Griffel|title=Operas in German: A Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|year=2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4797-0|page=97}}</ref>
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Reinhard Keiser]]'s opera ''Desiderius, König der Langobarden'' is premiered in [[Hamburg]].<ref name="Griffel2018">{{cite book|first=Margaret Ross|last=Griffel|title=Operas in German: A Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|year=2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4797-0|page=97}}</ref>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Japan]]'s [[Emperor Higashiyama]] [[abdication|abdicates]] after a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as the [[Emperor Nakamikado]].
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Emperor Nakamikado]] accedes to the throne of Japan.
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: [[Tournai]] is captured by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: [[Tournai]] is captured by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The [[hot air balloon]] of [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] flies in Portugal.
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The [[hot air balloon]] of [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] flies in Portugal.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]].
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]].
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] &ndash; Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg Monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] &ndash; Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: The British army captures [[Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: The British army captures [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Chihuahua City]] in Mexico is founded.
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Chihuahua City]] in Mexico is founded.
* [[October 14]] – The Chinese region of [[Ningxia]] is shaken by a [[1709 Zhongwei earthquake|7.5 earthquake]] killing more than 2,000 people.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]] carrying over 4,000 people.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]] carrying over 4,000 people.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; The first performance of the opera ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' by [[George Frideric Handel]] takes place at the [[Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo]] in [[Venice]].
* [[December 26]] &ndash; The first performance of the opera ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' by [[George Frideric Handel]] takes place at the [[Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo]] in [[Venice]].<ref>Dean, Winton; and [[J. Merrill Knapp]] (1995), ''Handel's Operas, 1704–1726'' (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-816441-6}}.</ref>


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
⚫
* [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]] is founded as the [[charity school]] of [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], in New York City.
⚫
* The second [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], erected off the south west coast of England by [[John Rudyard|John Rudyerd]], is completed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Majdalany|title=The Red Rocks of Eddystone|location=London|publisher=Longmans|year=1959|page=86}}</ref>
* [[Herculaneum]], an ancient town in [[Ercolano]], [[Campania]], Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.
* [[Herculaneum]], an ancient town in [[Ercolano]], [[Campania]], Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.
* The first modern edition of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays is published in [[London]], [[Shakespeare's editors|edited by]] [[Nicholas Rowe (writer)|Nicholas Rowe]].
* The first modern edition of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays is published in [[London]], [[Shakespeare's editors|edited by]] [[Nicholas Rowe (writer)|Nicholas Rowe]].
⚫
* The first [[piano]] is exhibited in [[Florence]] by its inventor [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]], who names it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which is subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
⚫
* A collapsible [[umbrella]] is introduced in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Umbrellas|url=http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|publisher=Oakthrift Corporation|access-date=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902053708/http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|archive-date=2013-09-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]] is founded as the [[charity school]] of [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], in New York City.
⚫
* The second [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], erected off the south west coast of England by [[John Rudyard|John Rudyerd]], is completed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Majdalany|title=The Red Rocks of Eddystone|location=London|publisher=Longmans|year=1959|page=86}}</ref>
* ''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by [[Naples|Neapolitan]] philosopher [[Giambattista Vico]].
* ''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by [[Naples|Neapolitan]] philosopher [[Giambattista Vico]].
* Priceless medieval [[altarpiece]]s, created by Tyrolese sculptor [[Michael Pacher]], are destroyed.
* Priceless medieval [[altarpiece]]s, created by Tyrolese sculptor [[Michael Pacher]], are destroyed.
⚫
* The first [[piano]] is exhibited in [[Florence]] by its inventor [[Bartolomeo Cristofori|Bartolomeo di Francesco Cristofori]] (1655-1731), who named it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which was subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
⚫
* A collapsible [[umbrella]] is introduced in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Umbrellas|url=http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|publisher=Oakthrift Corporation|access-date=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902053708/http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|archive-date=2013-09-02|url-status=dead}}</ref></onlyinclude>
* [[Basil Lazarus III]] becomes [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] [[Maphrian|Maphrian of the East]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Wilmshurst| first=David |date=2019|chapter=West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge|page=812|editor1=Daniel King}}</ref>
* [[Basil Lazarus III]] becomes [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] [[Maphrian|Maphrian of the East]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Wilmshurst| first=David |date=2019|chapter=West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge|page=812|editor1=Daniel King}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>


== Births ==
== Births ==
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[[File:ChristianGottliebLudwig.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]] born [[30 April]]]]
[[File:ChristianGottliebLudwig.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]] born [[30 April]]]]
[[File:Théodore Tronchin (1709-1781), médecin genevois, professeur à l'Académie.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Théodore Tronchin]] born [[24 May]]]]
[[File:Théodore Tronchin (1709-1781), médecin genevois, professeur à l'Académie.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Théodore Tronchin]] born [[24 May]]]]
[[File:Johann_Georg_Gmelin.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Johann Georg Gmelin]] born [[8 August]]]]
[[File:JJ Haid nach WD Majer - Johann Georg Gmelin (Schabkunst 1760).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Johann Georg Gmelin]] born [[8 August]]]]
<!-- [[File:Tokugawa_ietsugu.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Tokugawa Ietsugu]] born [[8 August]]]] -->
<!-- [[File:Tokugawa_ietsugu.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Tokugawa Ietsugu]] born [[8 August]]]] -->
[[File:Ludvig Harboe.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ludvig Harboe]] born [[16 August]]]]
[[File:Ludvig Harboe.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Ludvig Harboe]] born [[16 August]]]]
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* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon]], British politician (d. [[1780]])
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon]], British politician (d. [[1780]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay]] (d. [[1762]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay]] (d. [[1762]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg]], French physician (d. [[1799]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg]], French physician (d. [[1779]])
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Henrika Juliana von Liewen]], Swedish political salonniére (d. [[1779]])
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Henrika Juliana von Liewen]], Swedish political salonnière (d. [[1779]])
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Jacques de Vaucanson]], French inventor of mechanical automata (d. [[1782]])
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Jacques de Vaucanson]], French inventor of mechanical automata (d. [[1782]])
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Timothy Woodbridge]] American missionary, [[deacon]], schoolteacher, judge, Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. [[1774]])
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Timothy Woodbridge]] American missionary, [[deacon]], schoolteacher, judge, Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. [[1774]])
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* [[March 10]]
* [[March 10]]
** [[James Bentham]], English clergyman (d. [[1794]])
** [[James Bentham]], English clergyman (d. [[1794]])
** [[Georg Steller]], German naturalist (d. [[1746]])
** [[Georg Wilhelm Steller]], German botanist (d. [[1746]])
** [[Georg Wilhelm Steller]], German botanist (d. [[1746]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Sten Carl Bielke]], scientist and member of the Swedish parliament (d. [[1753]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Sten Carl Bielke]], scientist and member of the Swedish parliament (d. [[1753]])
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* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Charles Collé]], French dramatist and songwriter (d. [[1783]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Charles Collé]], French dramatist and songwriter (d. [[1783]])
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Domenico Maraldi]], Italian-born astronomer (d. [[1788]])
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Domenico Maraldi]], Italian-born astronomer (d. [[1788]])
* [[April 25]]
** [[Carl Johan Cronstedt]], Swedish architect (d. [[1779]])
** [[Robert Grace]], American manufacturer of stoves and furnaces (d. [[1766]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet, of Twizell Castle]] (d. [[1780]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet, of Twizell Castle]] (d. [[1780]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]], German physician and botanist born in Brieg (d. [[1773]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]], German physician and botanist born in Brieg (d. [[1773]])
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* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Tomás Sánchez (captain)|Tomás Sánchez]], veteran Spanish captain who founded Laredo (d. [[1796]])
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Tomás Sánchez (captain)|Tomás Sánchez]], veteran Spanish captain who founded Laredo (d. [[1796]])
* [[June 9]]
* [[June 9]]
** [[Nathaniel Booth]], English peer who served as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1765 (d. [[1770]])
** [[Nathaniel Booth, 4th Baron Delamer]], English peer who served as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords from 1765 (d. [[1770]])
** [[Francis Towneley]], English Catholic and supporter of the exiled House of Stuart or Jacobite (d. [[1746]])
** [[Francis Towneley]], English Catholic and supporter of the exiled House of Stuart or Jacobite (d. [[1746]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Joachim Martin Falbe]], German portrait painter (d. [[1782]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Joachim Martin Falbe]], German portrait painter (d. [[1782]])
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* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely]] (d. [[1783]])
* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely]] (d. [[1783]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem]], German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d. [[1789]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem]], German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d. [[1789]])
* [[November 26]] &ndash; - [[Battle of Samana]]
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Franz Xaver Richter]], Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d. [[1789]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Franz Xaver Richter]], Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d. [[1789]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Pierre II Surette]], art of the Acadian and [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d. [[1789]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Pierre II Surette]], art of the Acadian and [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d. [[1789]])
Line 180: Line 184:
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Erik Benzelius the Elder]], Swedish theologian (b. [[1632]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Erik Benzelius the Elder]], Swedish theologian (b. [[1632]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1646]])
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1646]])
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu]], English diplomat
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu]], English diplomat (b. [[1638]])
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Burchard de Volder]], Dutch mathematician (b. [[1643]])
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Burchard de Volder]], Dutch mathematician (b. [[1643]])
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Henri Jules, Prince of Condé]] (b. [[1643]])
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Henri Jules, Prince of Condé]] (b. [[1643]])
Line 208: Line 212:
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Abraham a Sancta Clara]], Austrian preacher (b. [[1644]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Abraham a Sancta Clara]], Austrian preacher (b. [[1644]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Meindert Hobbema]], Dutch painter (b. [[1638]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Meindert Hobbema]], Dutch painter (b. [[1638]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas Corneille]], French dramatist (b. [[1625]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas Corneille]], French dramatist (b. [[1625]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Corneille {{!}} French dramatist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Corneille |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1637]])
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet]], English politician (b. [[1637]])
* [[December 31]]
* [[December 31]]
** [[Pierre Cally]], French philosopher and theologian (b. [[1630]])
** [[Pierre Cally]], French philosopher and theologian (b. [[1630]])
** [[Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet]], English statesman (b. [[1647]])
** [[Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet]], English statesman (b. [[1647]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[John Coode (Governor of Maryland)|John Coode]], [[List of colonial governors of Maryland|Colonial governor of Maryland]] (d. [[1648]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[John Coode (Governor of Maryland)|John Coode]], [[List of colonial governors of Maryland|Colonial governor of Maryland]] (b. c. [[1648]])
* ''probable date'' &ndash; [[Eleanor Glanville]], [[English people|English]] [[entomologist]] (b. [[1654]])
* ''probable date'' &ndash; [[Eleanor Glanville]], [[English people|English]] [[entomologist]] (b. [[1654]])


Latest revision as of 08:48, 10 June 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
July 8: Great Northern War: Peter the Great drives Swedish forces out of Russia permanently in the decisive Battle of Poltava
1709 by topic
Arts and science
Countries
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1709 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1709
MDCCIX
Ab urbe condita2462
Armenian calendar1158
ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ
Assyrian calendar6459
Balinese saka calendar1630–1631
Bengali calendar1116
Berber calendar2659
British Regnal year7 Ann. 1 – 8 Ann. 1
Buddhist calendar2253
Burmese calendar1071
Byzantine calendar7217–7218
Chinese calendar戊子年 (Earth Rat)
4406 or 4199
    — to —
己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4407 or 4200
Coptic calendar1425–1426
Discordian calendar2875
Ethiopian calendar1701–1702
Hebrew calendar5469–5470
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1765–1766
 - Shaka Samvat1630–1631
 - Kali Yuga4809–4810
Holocene calendar11709
Igbo calendar709–710
Iranian calendar1087–1088
Islamic calendar1120–1121
Japanese calendarHōei 6
(宝永６年)
Javanese calendar1632–1633
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4042
Minguo calendar203 before ROC
民前203年
Nanakshahi calendar241
Thai solar calendar2251–2252
Tibetan calendar阳土鼠年
(male Earth-Rat)
1835 or 1454 or 682
    — to —
阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
1836 or 1455 or 683
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1709.

1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

Events

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January–March

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April–June

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July–December

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Date unknown

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Births

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Teresia Constantia Phillips born 2 January
Christian Gottlieb Ludwig born 30 April
Théodore Tronchin born 24 May
Johann Georg Gmelin born 8 August
Ludvig Harboe born 16 August
John Eardley Wilmot born 16 August
Jagat Singh II born 17 September
Samuel Johnson born 18 September

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Deaths

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References

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  1. ^ Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze." New Scientist, 7 February 2009.
  2. ^ Mott, R. A. (5 January 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement. 145: 7–18.
  3. ^ Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale. London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
  4. ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 292. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  5. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  6. ^ Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea. New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
  7. ^ Jackson, Michael H. (1993). Galapagos: a Natural History. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-07-7.
  8. ^ John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709 (Clearfield, 1965) p.5
  9. ^ Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 577. ISBN 1-85585-178-4.
  10. ^ Griffel, Margaret Ross (2018). Operas in German: A Dictionary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-4422-4797-0.
  11. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  12. ^ Dean, Winton; and J. Merrill Knapp (1995), Handel's Operas, 1704–1726 (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-816441-6.
  13. ^ "The History of Umbrellas". Oakthrift Corporation. Archived from the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  14. ^ Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone. London: Longmans. p. 86.
  15. ^ Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. p. 812.
  16. ^ "Thomas Corneille | French dramatist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
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