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{{short description| Palestinian musician}}
{{use dmy dates |date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ramzi Aburedwan
| name = Ramzi Aburedwan
| image = Ramzi_Aburedwan_2015.jpg
| image = Ramzi Aburedwan 2022.jpg
| image_size =
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| alt =
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| caption =
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| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| native_name = رمزي أبو رضوان
| native_name = {{Nobold|رمزي أبو رضوان}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| native_name_lang = ar
| alias =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1979}}
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1979}}
| birth_place = [[Bethlehem]], West Bank
| birth_place = [[Bethlehem]], [[West Bank]]
| origin =
| origin =
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) -->
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) -->
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| website = {{URL|www.ramziaburedwan.com}}
| website = {{URL|www.ramziaburedwan.com}}
}}
}}
'''Ramzi Aburedwan''' ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]:{{lang|ar|رمزي أبو رضوان}}, born 1979) is a [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] composer, arranger, educator; and [[viola]] and [[buzuq]] player. He is the founder of Ensemble Dal’Ouna and the Palestine National Ensemble of Arabic Music. He founded the [[al Kamandjâti]] music centre and has collaborated with several international and renowned musicians.<ref name="Palestine's secret oasis">{{cite journal|last1=Flood|first1=Zoe|title=Palestine's secret oasis|journal=[[New Statesman]]|date=8 December 2008|volume=137|issue=4926|pages=56–57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Belkind|first1=Nili|title=Music in Conflict: Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Aesthetic Production (Columbia University thesis)|date=2014|page=77}}</ref> He first studied at [[the Edward Said National Conservatory of Music]] and then in the Regional Conservatory of Angers (France). Several documentaries have been made of his life, including ''Its Not a Gun'' (2005) and ''Just Play'' (2012).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belkind|first1=Nili|title=Music in Conflict: Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Aesthetic Production (Columbia University thesis)|date=2014|page=63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media| people = Chimenti, Dimitri (Director)| medium = Documentary, Adventure, Music| title = Just Play| date = 2012-11-01| time = 58 min}}</ref> He is the main subject of the book ''Children of the Stone: The Power of Music in a Hard Land'' by Sandy Tolan (2015).<ref name=Bloomsbury>{{cite web|title=Children of the Stone|url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/children-of-the-stone-9781608198139/|publisher=Bloomsbury|accessdate=28 March 2015|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830211248/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/children-of-the-stone-9781608198139/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Ramzi Aburedwan''' ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]:{{lang|ar|رمزي أبو رضوان}}, born 1979) is a [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] composer, arranger, educator; and [[viola]] and [[buzuq]] player. He is the founder of Ensemble Dal’Ouna and the Palestine National Ensemble of Arabic Music. He founded the [[al Kamandjâti]] music centre and has collaborated with international and renowned musicians.<ref name="Palestine's secret oasis">{{cite journal|last1=Flood|first1=Zoe|title=Palestine's secret oasis|journal=[[New Statesman]]|date=8 December 2008|volume=137|issue=4926|pages=56–57}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Belkind|2014|p=77}}</ref> He first studied at [[the Edward Said National Conservatory of Music]] and then in the Regional Conservatory of Angers (France). Documentaries have been made of his life, including ''Its Not a Gun'' (2005) and ''Just Play'' (2012).<ref>{{harvnb|Belkind|2014|page=63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media| people = Chimenti, Dimitri (Director)| medium = Documentary, Adventure, Music| title = Just Play| date = 2012-11-01| time = 58 min}}</ref> He is the main subject of the book ''Children of the Stone: The Power of Music in a Hard Land'' by Sandy Tolan (2015).<ref name=Bloomsbury>{{cite book|title=Children of the Stone|url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/children-of-the-stone-9781608198139/|publisher=Bloomsbury|accessdate=28 March 2015|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830211248/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/children-of-the-stone-9781608198139/|url-status=dead |isbn=9781608198139 |first=Sandy |last=Tolan |date=2015}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
He was born in [[Bethlehem]] in 1979 and raised in the [[Am'ari]] refugee camp in [[Ramallah]].<ref name="Palestine's secret oasis"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Louise|title=Reflections of Palestine|journal=[[New Internationalist]]|date=September 2012|issue=455|page=34}}</ref>
Aburedwan was born in [[Bethlehem]] in 1979 and raised in the [[Am'ari]] refugee camp in [[Ramallah]].<ref name="Palestine's secret oasis"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Louise|title=Reflections of Palestine|journal=[[New Internationalist]]|date=September 2012|issue=455|page=34}}</ref> As an eight-year-old he participated in the [[first intifada]] and became an inspiration due to a widely circulated photograph showing him poised to throw a stone at a tank.<ref name="popmatters.com">{{cite web|last1=Maine|first1=David|title=Ramzi Aburedwan: Reflections of Palestine|url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/164697-ramzi-aburedwan-reflections-of-palestine/|website=popmatters|date=7 January 2013|accessdate=10 June 2024}}</ref> He lost a brother, a cousin, and many of his friends during the intifada.<ref>{{harvnb|Belkind|2014|page=61}}</ref>

As an eight-year-old he participated in the [[first intifada]] and became an inspiration due to a widely circulated photograph showing him poised to throw a stone at a tank.<ref name="popmatters.com">{{cite web|last1=Maine|first1=David|title=Ramzi Aburedwan: Reflections of Palestine|url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/164697-ramzi-aburedwan-reflections-of-palestine/|website=popmatters|date=7 January 2013|accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref> He lost a brother, a cousin and many of his friends during the intifada.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belkind|first1=Nili|title=Music in Conflict: Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Aesthetic Production (Columbia University thesis)|date=2014|page=61}}</ref>


In October 2002 he founded Al Kamandjâti ("the violinist") Association, which aims to bring classical music to impoverished Palestinian children.<ref name="Palestine's secret oasis"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meredith|first1=William|last2=Keating|first2=Corey|title=Beethoven Miscellanea|journal=The Beethoven Journal|date=2009|volume=24|issue=1|pages=48–50}}</ref>
In October 2002 he founded Al Kamandjâti ("the violinist") Association, which aims to bring classical music to impoverished Palestinian children.<ref name="Palestine's secret oasis"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meredith|first1=William|last2=Keating|first2=Corey|title=Beethoven Miscellanea|journal=The Beethoven Journal|date=2009|volume=24|issue=1|pages=48–50}}</ref>


In 2010 he founded the Palestine National Ensemble of Arabic Music, a 30-member ensemble which performs classical Arabic music and original compositions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belkind|first1=Nili|title=Music in Conflict: Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Aesthetic Production (Columbia University thesis)|date=2014|page=91}}</ref>
In 2010 he founded the Palestine National Ensemble of Arabic Music, a 30-member ensemble which performs classical Arabic music and original compositions.<ref>{{harvnb|Belkind|2014|page=91}}</ref> In 2012 he released his solo album, ''Reflections of Palestine'', described by [[David Maine]] as folk-inflected instrumental music.<ref name="popmatters.com"/>

In 2012 he released his solo album, ''Reflections of Palestine'', described by [[David Maine]] as folk-inflected instrumental music.<ref name="popmatters.com"/>


==The different projects of Ramzi Aburedwan==
==The different projects of Ramzi Aburedwan==


=== The Palestine National Ensemble for Arabic Music (PNEAM) ===
=== The Palestine National Ensemble for Arabic Music (PNEAM) ===
Created in 2010 by Ramzi, who also serves as its musical director, The Palestine National Ensemble for Arabic Music (PNEAM) is reviving and breathing new life into the classical Arab musical heritage in Palestine. The 25-30 members of the ensemble, hailing from all parts of historic Palestine—including Ramallah, Jenin, Haifa, Nazareth, Tulkarem, Nablus, and the refugee camps Al Amari, Arrub and Al Fawwar—provide a tangible symbol of Palestinian unity and opportunities for young, talented Palestinian musicians to develop their talent. Through live performances, it renders classical Arabic music traditions accessible to Palestinian audiences of all walks of life.
Created in 2010 by Aburedwan, who also serves as its musical director, The Palestine National Ensemble for Arabic Music (PNEAM) is playing classical Arab musical heritage in Palestine. The 25-30 members of the ensemble, through live performances, renders classical Arabic music traditions accessible to Palestinian audiences of all walks of life.{{fact|date=January 2023}}


=== Dal'Ouna Ensemble ===
=== Dal'Ouna Ensemble ===
Ramzi founded Dal’Ouna in 2000, while living in Angers, thus laying the base for a Franco-Arab fusion band that also reflects Ramzi’s personal and musical voyage. Dal’ouna’s core members include Ramzi on bouzouq and viola, Ziad Ben Youssef (Tunisia/France) on oud and percussion, Edwin Buger (ex-Yugoslavia/France) on accordion and keys, and Tareq Rentisi (Palestine) on percussion. The band has extensively toured in Europe, the Middle East, the Gulf countries and the United States. But it is in Palestine that the band tours most often, bringing its message to Palestinian cities, villages and refugee camps, and mentoring young performers who they invite to join their performances.
Ramzi founded Dal’Ouna in 2000, while living in Angers, thus laying the base for a Franco-Arab fusion band. Dal’ouna’s core members include Ramzi on bouzouq and viola, Ziad Ben Youssef (Tunisia/France) on oud and percussion, Edwin Buger (ex-Yugoslavia/France) on accordion and keys, and Tareq Rentisi (Palestine) on percussion.{{fact|date=January 2023}} The ensemble has released four albums.{{fact|date=January 2023}} The new repertoire Dal'Ouna is paying tribute to Ramzi's ancestors, the Natufians.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

The ensemble has released four albums to date. Dal’Ouna’s latest album (Reflections of Palestine, World Music Network 2012), featuring Ramzi’s compositions, was the winner of the 2012 Indie Acoustic Project (IAP) in the World Music category.

The new repertoire Dal'Ouna is paying tribute to Ramzi's ancestors, the Natufians.


=== Al Manara Ensemble ===
=== Al Manara Ensemble ===
Al Manara (meaning The Beacon) is a Belgian-Palestinian ensemble built on the collaborative juices and musical dialogue occurring between Ramzi and the Belgian pianist, conductor and composer Éloi Baudimont. The pair was introduced by Yanic Samzun, Secretary General of Cultural Presence and Action, who viewed the two artists as possessing both great passion and the ability to cross musical boundaries. The repertoire builds on Ramzi’s and Éloi’s compositions, poems of the beloved Mahmoud Darwish, and an East-West blending of Palestinian melodies, European polyphony, big-band harmonies, Arabic and European instruments, and a host of historic and contemporary influences that have taken Ramzi into a yet-uncharted exploration of the possibilities brought to life by the bouzouq. The ensemble has toured France, Belgium and Palestine and has released one CD to date.
Al Manara (meaning The Beacon) is a Belgian-Palestinian ensemble built between Aburedwan and the Belgian pianist, conductor and composer Éloi Baudimont. The ensemble has toured France, Belgium and Palestine and released one CD.{{fact|date=January 2023}}


=== Jerusalem Sufi Ensemble ===
=== Jerusalem Sufi Ensemble ===
The Jerusalem Sufi Ensemble is dedicated to the documentation and revival of Sufi traditions in the city that for centuries has provided a home and inspiration to these traditions. Its members are documenting the endangered local Sufi heritage, but are also broadening the tradition by including classical and folkloric repertoire from Palestine and the Arab worldalong withoriginal compositions. The ensemble features the vocal talents of Palestine-based muezzins along with instrumental fusions of Arabic and Sufi traditions. The voice-centered tradition is here enhanced by an ensemble that includes bouzouq, oud, qanun, nay and percussion.The ensemble’s current performance project, titled “Forgiveness,” explores an international body of Sufi poetry that includes Mansur Al-Hallaj (Persia), Muhammed Ibn-Arabi (Andalusia), Jalal Ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (Persia), Imam Al-Busiri (Morocco & Egypt), Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (Bukhara) and Ibn Al-Farid (Syria & Egypt) among others.
The Jerusalem Sufi Ensemble is dedicated to the documentation and revival of [[Sufi]] traditions. The voice-centered tradition is here enhanced by an ensemble that includes bouzouq, oud, qanun, nay and percussion.The ensemble’s current performance project, titled “Forgiveness,” explores an international body of Sufi poetry that includes Mansur Al-Hallaj (Persia), Muhammed Ibn-Arabi (Andalusia), Jalal Ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (Persia), Imam Al-Busiri (Morocco & Egypt), Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (Bukhara) and Ibn Al-Farid (Syria & Egypt).{{fact|date=January 2023}}


=== Arab-Andalusian Orchestra from Anjou ===
=== Arab-Andalusian Orchestra from Anjou ===
Conducted by Ramzi Aburedwan, the Arab-Andalusian Orchestra is made up of artists from all over Anjou, of all ages, in an intergenerational and multicultural dynamic. They have a vast repertoire ranging from the Levant (Middle East) to Eastern Europe via Africa and Asia. It is above all the compositions of the members of the orchestra that gradually constitutes the repertoire. The themes addressed revolve around the Andalusian lyrical imagination, and are conveyed through courtly love, wine, and gardens.
Conducted by Aburedwan, the Arab-Andalusian Orchestra is made up of artists from all over Anjou, of all ages. They have a repertoire ranging from the Levant (Middle East) to Eastern Europe via Africa and Asia. The themes addressed revolve around the Andalusian lyrical imagination, and are conveyed through courtly love, wine, and gardens.{{fact|date=January 2023}}


=== Other projets ===
=== Other projects ===
Ramzi Aburedwan has composed and arranged for orchestra for the [https://fesfestival.com/ World Sacred music festival of Fes] under the artistic direction of Alain Weber in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2022. These pluri-disciplinary creations of a great dimension are presented at the opening of the festival. Featuring giant projection mapping and musicians from different traditions, we are invited on a journey enhanced by music and images displayed on the ancient walls of Bab Al Makina.
Aburedwan has composed and arranged for orchestra for the [https://fesfestival.com/ World Sacred music festival of Fes] under the artistic direction of [[Alain Weber]] in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2022.{{fact|date=January 2023}}


Ramzi Aburedwan is also the music director of two unique performances presented at the Philharmonie of Paris: "Tribute to the Great Divas", featuring songs from [[:fr:Oum_Kalthoum|Oum Kalsoum]], [[:fr:Fairuz|Fairouz]], [[:fr:Asmahan|Asmahan]], [[:fr:Leila_Mourad|Leila Mourad]], Mayada Alhenawy, Warda al Djazaïra, and "Ma valise est mon pays"<ref>{{cite web|title=Ma valise est mon pays {{!}} Philharmonie de Paris|url=https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/fr/activite/spectacle/20410-ma-valise-est-mon-pays|website=philharmoniedeparis.fr|language=fr|access-date=2022-11-01|publication-date=}}</ref>, tribute to the great poet [[:fr:Mahmoud_Darwich|Mahmoud Darwich]] with on stage [[:fr:Kamilya_Jubran|Kamilya Jubran]], [[:fr:Rodolphe_Burger|Rodolphe Burger]] and [[:fr:Rachida_Brakni|Rachida Brakni]].
Aburedwan is also the music director of two performances presented at the Philharmonie of Paris: "Tribute to the Great Divas", featuring songs from [[Umm Kulthum]], [[Fairuz]], [[Asmahan]], [[Leila Mourad]], Mayada Alhenawy, Warda al Djazaïra, and "Ma valise est mon pays",<ref>{{cite web|title=Ma valise est mon pays |website= Philharmonie de Paris|url=https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/fr/activite/spectacle/20410-ma-valise-est-mon-pays|language=fr|access-date=10 June 2024|publication-date=}}</ref> tribute to the poet [[Mahmoud Darwish]] with on stage [[Kamilya Jubran]], [[:fr:Rodolphe_Burger|Rodolphe Burger]] and [[Rachida Brakni]].{{fact|date=January 2023}}


==Discography==
==Discography==
* Reflections of Palestine (2012)
* Reflections of Palestine (2012)
* Marvels of the Arab world (Live) (2018)
* Marvels of the Arab world (Live) (2018){{fact|date=November 2023}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
Line 71: Line 65:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
* {{cite thesis |last1=Belkind|first1=Nili|title=Music in Conflict: Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Aesthetic Production |publisher=Columbia University |date=2014|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/de323275ae0d53fd650dad97a2136c54/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 84: Line 81:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aburedwan, Ramzi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aburedwan, Ramzi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jordanian violinists]]
[[Category:Jordanian violists]]
[[Category:Jordanian composers]]
[[Category:Palestinian violinists]]
[[Category:Palestinian violinists]]
[[Category:Palestinian violists]]
[[Category:Palestinian violists]]

Latest revision as of 19:41, 10 June 2024

Ramzi Aburedwan
رمزي أبو رضوان
Background information
Born1979 (age 44–45)
Bethlehem, West Bank
Genresclassical, folk
Occupation(s)Musician, composer, educator
Instrument(s)viola, buzuq
Years active1998–present
Websitewww.ramziaburedwan.com

Ramzi Aburedwan (Arabic:رمزي أبو رضوان, born 1979) is a Palestinian composer, arranger, educator; and viola and buzuq player. He is the founder of Ensemble Dal’Ouna and the Palestine National Ensemble of Arabic Music. He founded the al Kamandjâti music centre and has collaborated with international and renowned musicians.[1][2] He first studied at the Edward Said National Conservatory of Music and then in the Regional Conservatory of Angers (France). Documentaries have been made of his life, including Its Not a Gun (2005) and Just Play (2012).[3][4] He is the main subject of the book Children of the Stone: The Power of Music in a Hard Land by Sandy Tolan (2015).[5]

Biography

[edit]

Aburedwan was born in Bethlehem in 1979 and raised in the Am'ari refugee camp in Ramallah.[1][6] As an eight-year-old he participated in the first intifada and became an inspiration due to a widely circulated photograph showing him poised to throw a stone at a tank.[7] He lost a brother, a cousin, and many of his friends during the intifada.[8]

In October 2002 he founded Al Kamandjâti ("the violinist") Association, which aims to bring classical music to impoverished Palestinian children.[1][9]

In 2010 he founded the Palestine National Ensemble of Arabic Music, a 30-member ensemble which performs classical Arabic music and original compositions.[10] In 2012 he released his solo album, Reflections of Palestine, described by David Maine as folk-inflected instrumental music.[7]

The different projects of Ramzi Aburedwan

[edit]

The Palestine National Ensemble for Arabic Music (PNEAM)

[edit]

Created in 2010 by Aburedwan, who also serves as its musical director, The Palestine National Ensemble for Arabic Music (PNEAM) is playing classical Arab musical heritage in Palestine. The 25-30 members of the ensemble, through live performances, renders classical Arabic music traditions accessible to Palestinian audiences of all walks of life.[citation needed]

Dal'Ouna Ensemble

[edit]

Ramzi founded Dal’Ouna in 2000, while living in Angers, thus laying the base for a Franco-Arab fusion band. Dal’ouna’s core members include Ramzi on bouzouq and viola, Ziad Ben Youssef (Tunisia/France) on oud and percussion, Edwin Buger (ex-Yugoslavia/France) on accordion and keys, and Tareq Rentisi (Palestine) on percussion.[citation needed] The ensemble has released four albums.[citation needed] The new repertoire Dal'Ouna is paying tribute to Ramzi's ancestors, the Natufians.[citation needed]

Al Manara Ensemble

[edit]

Al Manara (meaning The Beacon) is a Belgian-Palestinian ensemble built between Aburedwan and the Belgian pianist, conductor and composer Éloi Baudimont. The ensemble has toured France, Belgium and Palestine and released one CD.[citation needed]

Jerusalem Sufi Ensemble

[edit]

The Jerusalem Sufi Ensemble is dedicated to the documentation and revival of Sufi traditions. The voice-centered tradition is here enhanced by an ensemble that includes bouzouq, oud, qanun, nay and percussion.The ensemble’s current performance project, titled “Forgiveness,” explores an international body of Sufi poetry that includes Mansur Al-Hallaj (Persia), Muhammed Ibn-Arabi (Andalusia), Jalal Ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (Persia), Imam Al-Busiri (Morocco & Egypt), Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (Bukhara) and Ibn Al-Farid (Syria & Egypt).[citation needed]

Arab-Andalusian Orchestra from Anjou

[edit]

Conducted by Aburedwan, the Arab-Andalusian Orchestra is made up of artists from all over Anjou, of all ages. They have a repertoire ranging from the Levant (Middle East) to Eastern Europe via Africa and Asia. The themes addressed revolve around the Andalusian lyrical imagination, and are conveyed through courtly love, wine, and gardens.[citation needed]

Other projects

[edit]

Aburedwan has composed and arranged for orchestra for the World Sacred music festival of Fes under the artistic direction of Alain Weber in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2022.[citation needed]

Aburedwan is also the music director of two performances presented at the Philharmonie of Paris: "Tribute to the Great Divas", featuring songs from Umm Kulthum, Fairuz, Asmahan, Leila Mourad, Mayada Alhenawy, Warda al Djazaïra, and "Ma valise est mon pays",[11] tribute to the poet Mahmoud Darwish with on stage Kamilya Jubran, Rodolphe Burger and Rachida Brakni.[citation needed]

Discography

[edit]
  • Reflections of Palestine (2012)
  • Marvels of the Arab world (Live) (2018)[citation needed]

Further reading

[edit]
  • S. Tolan, Children of the Stone:The Power of Music in a Hard Land, Bloomsbury, 2015. ISBN 9781608198139[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Flood, Zoe (8 December 2008). "Palestine's secret oasis". New Statesman. 137 (4926): 56–57.
  2. ^ Belkind 2014, p. 77
  3. ^ Belkind 2014, p. 63
  4. ^ Chimenti, Dimitri (Director) (1 November 2012). Just Play (Documentary, Adventure, Music). Event occurs at 58 min.
  5. ^ a b Tolan, Sandy (2015). Children of the Stone. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781608198139. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  6. ^ Gray, Louise (September 2012). "Reflections of Palestine". New Internationalist (455): 34.
  7. ^ a b Maine, David (7 January 2013). "Ramzi Aburedwan: Reflections of Palestine". popmatters. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  8. ^ Belkind 2014, p. 61
  9. ^ Meredith, William; Keating, Corey (2009). "Beethoven Miscellanea". The Beethoven Journal. 24 (1): 48–50.
  10. ^ Belkind 2014, p. 91
  11. ^ "Ma valise est mon pays". Philharmonie de Paris (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2024.

Works Cited

[edit]
[edit]
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