The Eighty (Vichy France): Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 22:30, 10 June 2024

The Eighty (Les Quatre-Vingts) were a group of elected French parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted against the constitutional change that effectively dissolved the Third Republic and established the authoritarian regime of then-Prime Minister Philippe Pétain. Their efforts failed, and Pétain consolidated his regime into the client state of Nazi Germany now known as Vichy France.

Some of the Vichy 80, like Léon Blum, would go on to be imprisoned by regime, while others managed to join the French Resistance, through groups like the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans and the Brutus network. Several of the Eighty, including Vincent Auriol and Paul Ramadier, would play key roles in the establishment of the French Fourth Republic after the end of World War II.

Background

Nazi Germany invaded France on 10 May 1940, and Paris fell a month later. Prime Minister Paul Reynaud was opposed to asking for armistice terms, and upon losing the cabinet vote, resigned. President Albert Lebrun appointed Marshal Philippe Pétain as his replacement. France capitulated on 22 June 1940. Under the terms of the armistice, the northern and Atlantic coast region of France was to be militarily occupied by Germany. The remainder would remain unoccupied, with the French Government remaining at Vichy, remaining responsible for all civil government in France, occupied and unoccupied.

Pétain began a revision of the constitution of the discredited Third Republic. This process was completed with a vote of the combined houses of the parliament on 10 July 1940.

Vote

27 deputies and senators did not take part in the vote. They had fled Metropolitan France on 21 June, from Bordeaux to Algiers, on board the liner SS Massilia, and they are referred to as the Massilia absentees. They were considered traitors by the collaborationist government,^[1] although they were seen as heroes after the war.^[2]

The result of the vote was a constitutional amendment that created the new French government. The eighty deputies and senators who opposed the change are referred to as the Vichy 80 (French: "les quatre-vingts"), and they are now famous for their decision to oppose the vote.^[3]

Most of the eighty votes against the change were lodged by Socialists or Radical-Socialists.^[4] Sixty-one communist parliamentarians had previously had their rights to serve as deputies and senators denied to them in January 1940, as the Soviet Union was a co-belligerent of Nazi Germany at the time.^[5] Using data collected from the biographies of parliamentarians, Jean Lacroix, Pierre-Guillaume Méon, and Kim Oosterlinck observe that members of a democratic dynasty, defined as a dynasty whose founder was a defender of democratic ideals, were 9.6 to 15.1 percentage points more likely to oppose the act than other parliamentarians.^[6]

The historian Richard Vinen has observed that "the implications of supporting Pétain in July 1940 were not clear. This was not, for all its subsequent mythology, a vote that divided Pétaininsts and/or collaborators from resisters." He highlights the cases of Joseph Laniel who voted in favour of Pétain's inauguration but was subsequently a leading member of the French resistance and the Conseil national de la Résistance. Isidore Thrivier, by contrast, who was among the 80 to vote against, subsequently embraced the Vichy regime and became a member of Vichy's National Council.^[7]

Vote tally

	Deputies	Senators	Total
Total	544	302	846
Voting	414	235	649
For	357	212	569
Against	57	23	80
Voluntary abstaining	12	8	20
Massilia absentees	26	1	27
Other abstaining	92	57	149
Not voting		1	1

List of the 80

Name	House	Département	Parliamentary group
Marcel Astier	Senate	Ardèche	Radical-Socialist
Jean-Fernand Audeguil	Chamber of Deputies	Gironde	SFIO
Vincent Auriol	Chamber of Deputies	Haute-Garonne	SFIO
Alexandre Bachelet	Senate	Seine	SFIO
Vincent Badie	Chamber of Deputies	Hérault	Radical-Socialist
Camille Bedin	Chamber of Deputies	Dordogne	SFIO
Émile Bender	Senate	Rhône	Radical-Socialist
Jean Biondi	Chamber of Deputies	Oise	SFIO
Léon Blum	Chamber of Deputies	Aude	SFIO
Laurent Bonnevay	Chamber of Deputies	Rhône	AD
Paul Boulet	Chamber of Deputies	Hérault	LJR
Georges Bruguier	Senate	Gard	SFIO
Séraphin Buisset	Chamber of Deputies	Isère	SFIO
Gaston Cabannes	Chamber of Deputies	Gironde	SFIO
François Camel [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Ariège	SFIO
Pierre de Chambrun	Senate	Lozère	Independent
Auguste Champetier de Ribes	Senate	Basses-Pyrénées	Independent
Pierre Chaumié	Senate	Lot-et-Garonne	Radical-Socialist
Arthur Chaussy	Chamber of Deputies	Seine-et-Marne	SFIO
Joseph Collomp []	Chamber of Deputies	Var	SFIO
Octave Crutel []	Chamber of Deputies	Seine-Inférieure	Radical-Socialist
Achille Daroux	Chamber of Deputies	Vendée	Radical-Socialist
Maurice Delom-Sorbé [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Basses-Pyrénées	Independent Left
Joseph Depierre [fr]	Senate	Rhône	SFIO
Marx Dormoy	Senate	Allier	SFIO
Alfred Elmiger [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Rhône	Independent Left
Paul Fleurot [fr]	Senate	Seine	Radical-Socialist
Émile Fouchard	Chamber of Deputies	Seine-et-Marne	UPF
Édouard Froment [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Ardèche	SFIO
Paul Giaccobi [fr]	Senate	Corse	Radical-Socialist
Justin Godart	Senate	Rhône	Radical-Socialist
Félix Gouin	Chamber of Deputies	Bouches-du-Rhône	SFIO
Henri Gout	Chamber of Deputies	Aude	Radical-Socialist
Louis Gros [fr]	Senate	Vaucluse	SFIO
Amédée Guy [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Haute-Savoie	SFIO
Jean Hennessy	Chamber of Deputies	Alpes-Maritimes	Independent Left
Lucien Hussel [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Isère	SFIO
André Isoré [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Pas-de-Calais	Radical-Socialist
Eugène Jardon [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Allier	UPF
Jean-Alexis Jaubert [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Corrèze	Radical-Socialist
Claude Jordery [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Rhône	SFIO
François Labrousse	Senate	Corrèze	Radical-Socialist
Albert Le Bail [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Finistère	Radical-Socialist
Joseph Lecacheux [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Manche	AD
Victor Le Gorgeu	Senate	Finistère	Radical-Socialist
Justin Luquot [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Gironde	SFIO
Augustin Malroux	Chamber of Deputies	Tarn	SFIO
Gaston Manent [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Hautes-Pyrénées	Radical-Socialist
Alfred Margaine [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Marne	Radical-Socialist
Léon Martin [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Isère	SFIO
Robert Mauger [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Loir-et-Cher	SFIO
Jean Mendiondou [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Basses-Pyrénées	Radical-Socialist
Jules Moch	Chamber of Deputies	Hérault	SFIO
Maurice Montel [fr]	Chamber of Deputies	Cantal	Independent Left
Léonel de Moustier	Chamber of Deputies	Doubs	Républicain indépendant
Marius Moutet	Chamber of Deputies	Drôme	SFIO
René Nicod	Chamber of Deputies	Ain	UPF
Louis Noguères	Chamber of Deputies	Pyrénées-Orientales	SFIO
Jean Odin	Senate	Gironde	Radical-Socialist
Joseph Paul-Boncour	Senate	Loir-et-Cher	Socialist Republican Union (USR)
Jean Perrot	Chamber of Deputies	Finistère	Radical-Socialist
Georges Pézières	Senate	Pyrénées-Orientales	SFIO
André Philip	Chamber of Deputies	Rhône	SFIO
Marcel Plaisant	Senate	Cher	Radical-Socialist
François Tanguy-Prigent	Chamber of Deputies	Finistère	SFIO
Paul Ramadier	Chamber of Deputies	Aveyron	Independent
Joseph-Paul Rambaud	Senate	Ariège	Radical-Socialist
René Renout	Senate	Var	Radical-Socialist
Léon Roche	Chamber of Deputies	Haute-Vienne	SFIO
Camille Rolland	Senate	Rhône	Radical-Socialist
Jean-Louis Rolland	Chamber of Deputies	Finistère	SFIO
Joseph Rous	Chamber of Deputies	Pyrénées-Orientales	SFIO
Jean-Emmanuel Roy	Chamber of Deputies	Gironde	Radical-Socialist
Henry Sénès	Senate	Var	SFIO
Philippe Serre	Chamber of Deputies	Meurthe-et-Moselle	Independent Left
Paul Simon	Chamber of Deputies	Finistère	Popular Democrat
Gaston Thiébaut	Chamber of Deputies	Meuse	Radical-Socialist
Isidore Thivrier	Chamber of Deputies	Allier	SFIO
Pierre Trémintin	Chamber of Deputies	Finistère	Popular Democrat
Michel Zunino	Chamber of Deputies	Var	SFIO

References

^ "21 juin 1940 : le "Massilia" quitte la France pour Alger" (in French). memoire.net. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
^ For the complete list of Massilia's passengers, see Louis-Georges Planes and Robert Dufourg, Bordeaux, Capitale tragique, mai-juin 1940, Loos: Editions Medicis, 4-page unnumbered inset between pages 188 and 189.
^ "Proposition de Loi n° 729" (in French). Retrieved 2007-09-10.
^ Judt, Tony (1998). The burden of responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French twentieth century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226414195.
^ "Les Quatre-vingts qui dirent non, 10 juillet 1940, France, MJP".
^ Lacroix, Jean; Meon, Pierre-Guillaume; Oosterlinck, Kim (2019-07-01). "A Positive Effect of Political Dynasties: The Case of France's 1940 Enabling Act". Rochester, NY. SSRN 3428395. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Vinen, Richard (2006). The unfree French: life under the Occupation. London: Allen Lane. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-713-99496-4.

External links

List of the MPs
Original vote
Le vote du 10 Juillet 1940 (an account in French of the circumstances surrounding the vote)
An account and statistical analysis of the vote and of the role played by dynastic parliamentarians (in English).

[1] "21 juin 1940 : le "Massilia" quitte la France pour Alger" (in French). memoire.net. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-10.

[2] For the complete list of Massilia's passengers, see Louis-Georges Planes and Robert Dufourg, Bordeaux, Capitale tragique, mai-juin 1940, Loos: Editions Medicis, 4-page unnumbered inset between pages 188 and 189.

[3] "Proposition de Loi n° 729" (in French). Retrieved 2007-09-10.

[4] Judt, Tony (1998). The burden of responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French twentieth century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226414195.

[5] "Les Quatre-vingts qui dirent non, 10 juillet 1940, France, MJP".

[6] Lacroix, Jean; Meon, Pierre-Guillaume; Oosterlinck, Kim (2019-07-01). "A Positive Effect of Political Dynasties: The Case of France's 1940 Enabling Act". Rochester, NY. SSRN 3428395. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[7] Vinen, Richard (2006). The unfree French: life under the Occupation. London: Allen Lane. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-713-99496-4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|French parliamentarians opposed to dissolution of the Third Republic}}
-'''The Eighty''' (''Les Quatre-Vingts'') were a group of elected [[France|French]] parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted against the [[French Constitutional Law of 1940|constitutional change]] that effectively dissolved the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] and established the [[authoritarian regime]] of [[Philippe Pétain]] now referred to as [[Vichy France]].
+'''The Eighty''' (''Les Quatre-Vingts'') were a group of elected [[France|French]] parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted against the [[French Constitutional Law of 1940|constitutional change]] that effectively dissolved the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] and established the [[authoritarian regime]] of then-[[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] [[Philippe Pétain]]. Their efforts failed, and Pétain consolidated his regime into the [[client state]] of [[Nazi Germany]] now known as [[Vichy France]].
+Some of the Vichy 80, like [[Léon Blum]], would go on to be imprisoned by regime, while others managed to join the [[French Resistance]], through groups like the [[Francs-Tireurs et Partisans]] and the [[Brutus network]]. Several of the Eighty, including [[Vincent Auriol]] and [[Paul Ramadier]], would play key roles in the establishment of the [[French Fourth Republic]] after the end of [[World War II]].
+== Background ==
 [[Nazi Germany]] invaded France on 10 May 1940, and [[Paris]] fell a month later. Prime Minister [[Paul Reynaud]] was opposed to asking for [[armistice]] terms, and upon losing the cabinet vote, resigned. President [[Albert Lebrun]] appointed Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] as his replacement. France capitulated on 22 June 1940.  Under the terms of the armistice, the northern and Atlantic coast region of France was to be militarily occupied by Germany. The remainder would remain unoccupied, with the French Government remaining at [[Vichy]], remaining responsible for all civil government in France, occupied and unoccupied.
-Pétain began a revision of the constitution of the discredited Third Republic. This process was completed with a vote of the combined houses of the parliament on 10 July 1940.  The result was a [[French Constitutional Law of 1940|constitutional amendment]] that created the new French government. The eighty [[Chamber of Deputies of France|deputies]] and [[French Senate|senators]] who opposed the change are referred to as the Vichy 80 ([[French language|French]]: ''"les quatre-vingts"''), and they are now famous for their decision to oppose the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/propositions/pion0729.asp |title=Proposition de Loi n° 729 |language=French|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref>
+Pétain began a revision of the constitution of the discredited Third Republic. This process was completed with a vote of the combined houses of the parliament on 10 July 1940.
+== Vote ==
+{{Main|French Constitutional Law of 1940}}
+deputies and senators did not take part in the vote. They had fled [[Metropolitan France]] on 21 June, from [[Bordeaux]] to [[Algiers]], on board the liner [[SS Massilia|SS ''Massilia'']], and they are referred to as the Massilia absentees. They were considered traitors by the collaborationist government,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.memoire-net.org/article.php3?id_article=144|title= 21 juin 1940 : le "Massilia" quitte la France pour Alger|publisher= memoire.net|language= French|access-date= 2007-09-10|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034829/http://www.memoire-net.org/article.php3?id_article=144|archive-date= 2007-09-27}}</ref> although they were seen as heroes after the war.<ref>For the complete list of Massilia's passengers, see Louis-Georges Planes and Robert Dufourg, ''Bordeaux, Capitale tragique, mai-juin 1940'', Loos: Editions Medicis, 4-page unnumbered inset between pages 188 and 189.</ref>
+The result of the vote was a [[French Constitutional Law of 1940|constitutional amendment]] that created the new French government. The eighty [[Chamber of Deputies of France|deputies]] and [[French Senate|senators]] who opposed the change are referred to as the Vichy 80 ([[French language|French]]: ''"les quatre-vingts"''), and they are now famous for their decision to oppose the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/propositions/pion0729.asp |title=Proposition de Loi n° 729 |language=French|access-date=2007-09-10}}</ref>
+Most of the eighty votes against the change were lodged by [[French Section of the Workers' International|Socialists]] or [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)|Radical-Socialist]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Judt |first1=Tony |author-link=Tony Judt |title=The burden of responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French twentieth century |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226414195}}</ref> Sixty-one [[French Communist Party|communist]] parliamentarians had previously had their rights to serve as deputies and senators denied to them in January 1940, as the [[Soviet Union]] was a [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|co-belligerent]] of Nazi Germany at the time.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/80.htm | title=Les Quatre-vingts qui dirent non, 10 juillet 1940, France, MJP }}</ref> Using data collected from the biographies of parliamentarians, Jean Lacroix, Pierre-Guillaume Méon, and Kim Oosterlinck observe that members of a democratic dynasty, defined as a dynasty whose founder was a defender of democratic ideals, were 9.6 to 15.1 percentage points more likely to oppose the act than other parliamentarians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lacroix|first1=Jean|last2=Meon|first2=Pierre-Guillaume|last3=Oosterlinck|first3=Kim|date=2019-07-01|title=A Positive Effect of Political Dynasties: The Case of France's 1940 Enabling Act|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3428395|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3428395}}</ref>
-Additionally, 27 deputies and senators did not take part in the vote. They had fled [[Metropolitan France]] on 21 June, from [[Bordeaux]] to [[Algiers]], on board the liner [[SS Massilia|SS ''Massilia'']], and they are referred to as the Massilia absentees. They were considered traitors by the collaborationist government,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.memoire-net.org/article.php3?id_article=144|title= 21 juin 1940 : le "Massilia" quitte la France pour Alger|publisher= memoire.net|language= French|accessdate= 2007-09-10|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034829/http://www.memoire-net.org/article.php3?id_article=144|archivedate= 2007-09-27}}</ref> although they were seen as heroes after the war.<ref>For the complete list of Massilia's passengers, see Louis-Georges Planes and Robert Dufourg, ''Bordeaux, Capitale tragique, mai-juin 1940'', Loos: Editions Medicis, 4-page unnumbered inset between pages 188 and 189.</ref>
+The historian [[Richard Vinen]] has observed that "the implications of supporting Pétain in July 1940 were not clear. This was not, for all its subsequent mythology, a vote that divided Pétaininsts and/or collaborators from resisters." He highlights the cases of [[Joseph Laniel]] who voted in favour of Pétain's inauguration but was subsequently a leading member of the French resistance and the ''[[Conseil national de la Résistance]]''. [[Isidore Thrivier]], by contrast, who was among the 80 to vote against, subsequently embraced the Vichy regime and became a member of Vichy's [[National Council (Vichy France)|National Council]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vinen |first1=Richard |title=The unfree French: life under the Occupation |date=2006 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-0-713-99496-4 |page=50}}</ref>
-Forty of the eighty votes against the change were lodged by Socialists.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Judt |first1=Tony |author-link=Tony Judt |title=The burden of responsibility : Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French twentieth century |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226414195}}</ref> Sixty-one communist parliamentarians had their rights to serve as deputies and senators denied to them in January 1940.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/80.htm | title=Les Quatre-vingts qui dirent non, 10 juillet 1940, France, MJP }}</ref> Using data collected from the biographies of parliamentarians, Jean Lacroix, Pierre-Guillaume Méon, and Kim Oosterlinck observe that members of a democratic dynasty, defined as a dynasty whose founder was a defender of democratic ideals, were 9.6 to 15.1 percentage points more likely to oppose the act than other parliamentarians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lacroix|first1=Jean|last2=Meon|first2=Pierre-Guillaume|last3=Oosterlinck|first3=Kim|date=2019-07-01|title=A Positive Effect of Political Dynasties: The Case of France's 1940 Enabling Act|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3428395|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3428395}}</ref>
-The Pétain government henceforth ruled under this Act, the constitutional law of 10 July 1940, and they never produced a true constitution until the end of [[World War II]], insisting that it would have to be signed in Paris, once France became unoccupied again. On 30 January 1944, a draft constitution was signed, but it remained without effect. After the French government of Pétain was dissolved, the [[Free French Forces]] contested the legality of the government based at Vichy and they voided most of its acts. More recently, though, some recognition of the responsibility of the French state for the crimes committed under the government based at Vichy has occurred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/l99-353/l99-353_mono.html |title=Proposition de loi relative aux Justes de France |language=French|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref>
 ==Vote tally==
@@ Line 61: / Line 68: @@
 ==List of the 80==
-{| class="wikitable" style="border: 1px solid #999;"
+{| class="wikitable centre sortable" style="border: 1px solid #999;"
 ! width="150px" | Name
 ! width="150px" | House
@@ Line 120: / Line 127: @@
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Hérault]]
-| [[Popular Republican Movement|MRP]]
+| [[Young Republic League|LJR]]
 |-
 | [[Georges Bruguier]]
@@ Line 137: / Line 144: @@
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[François Camel]]
+| {{ill|François Camel|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Ariège (department)|Ariège]]
@@ Line 162: / Line 169: @@
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Joseph Collomp]]
+| {{ill|Joseph Collomp}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Var (département)|Var]]
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Octave Crutel]]
+| {{ill|Octave Crutel}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Seine-Inférieure]]
@@ Line 177: / Line 184: @@
 | [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)|Radical-Socialist]]
 |-
-| [[Maurice Delom-Sorbé]]
+| {{ill|Maurice Delom-Sorbé|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Basses-Pyrénées]]
 | [[Independent Left (France)|Independent Left]]
 |-
-| [[Joseph Depierre]]
+| {{ill|Joseph Depierre|fr}}
 | Senate
 | [[Rhône (département)|Rhône]]
@@ Line 192: / Line 199: @@
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Alfred Elmiger]]
+| {{ill|Alfred Elmiger|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Rhône (département)|Rhône]]
 | [[Independent Left (France)|Independent Left]]
 |-
-| [[Paul Fleurot]]
+| {{ill|Paul Fleurot|fr}}
 | Senate
 | [[Seine (département)|Seine]]
@@ Line 207: / Line 214: @@
 | [[Union populaire française|UPF]]
 |-
-| [[Édouard Froment]]
+| {{ill|Édouard Froment|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Ardèche]]
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Paul Giaccobi]]
+| {{ill|Paul Giaccobi|fr}}
 | Senate
 | [[Corsica|Corse]]
@@ Line 237: / Line 244: @@
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Amédée Guy]]
+| {{ill|Amédée Guy|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Haute-Savoie]]
@@ Line 247: / Line 254: @@
 | [[Independent Left (France)|Independent Left]]
 |-
-| [[Lucien Hussel]]
+| {{ill|Lucien Hussel|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Isère]]
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[André Isoré]]
+| {{ill|André Isoré|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Pas-de-Calais]]
 | [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)|Radical-Socialist]]
 |-
-| [[Eugène Jardon]]
+| {{ill|Eugène Jardon|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Allier]]
 | [[Union populaire française|UPF]]
 |-
-| [[Jean-Alexis Jaubert]]
+| {{ill|Jean-Alexis Jaubert|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Corrèze]]
 | [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)|Radical-Socialist]]
 |-
-| [[Claude Jordery]]
+| {{ill|Claude Jordery|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Rhône (département)|Rhône]]
@@ Line 277: / Line 284: @@
 | [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)|Radical-Socialist]]
 |-
-| [[Albert Le Bail]]
+| {{ill|Albert Le Bail|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Finistère]]
 | [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)|Radical-Socialist]]
 |-
-| [[Joseph Lecacheux]]
+| {{ill|Joseph Lecacheux|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Manche]]
@@ Line 292: / Line 299: @@
 | [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)|Radical-Socialist]]
 |-
-| [[Justin Luquot]]
+| {{ill|Justin Luquot|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Gironde]]
@@ Line 302: / Line 309: @@
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Gaston Manent]]
+| {{ill|Gaston Manent|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Hautes-Pyrénées]]
 | [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (historical)|Radical-Socialist]]
 |-
-| [[Alfred Margaine]]
+| {{ill|Alfred Margaine|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Marne (department)|Marne]]
@@ Line 317: / Line 324: @@
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Robert Mauger]]
+| {{ill|Robert Mauger|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Loir-et-Cher]]
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Jean Mendiondou]]
+| {{ill|Jean Mendiondou|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Basses-Pyrénées]]
@@ Line 332: / Line 339: @@
 | [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
 |-
-| [[Maurice Montel]]
+| {{ill|Maurice Montel|fr}}
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Cantal]]
@@ Line 367: / Line 374: @@
 | [[Socialist Republican Union|Socialist Republican Union (USR)]]
 |-
-| [[Jean Perrot]]
+| [[Jean Perrot (politician)|Jean Perrot]]
 | Chamber of Deputies
 | [[Finistère]]
@@ Line 470: / Line 477: @@
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+*{{cite journal |last1=Sagnes |first1=Jean |title=Le refus républicain : les quatre-vingts parlementaires qui dirent « non » à Vichy le 10 juillet 1940 |journal=Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine |date=1991 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=555–589 |doi=10.3406/rhmc.1991.1607}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 481: / Line 491: @@
 <!-- Constitutionnal links -->
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Vichy 80}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Eighty, The}}
 [[Category:The Vichy 80| ]]
-[[Category:1940 establishments in France]]
+[[Category:1940 in France]]
-[[Category:People of Vichy France]]
+[[Category:Vichy France]]
-[[Category:French Resistance]]
-[[Category:1940s in France]]
 [[Category:Assembly votes]]
-[[Category:Philippe Pétain]]
 [[Category:French anti-fascists]]

v t e French Section of the Workers' International
General Secretary	Louis Dubreuilh (1905−1918) Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (1918−1920) Paul Faure (1920−1940) Vacant (1940−1943) Daniel Mayer (1943−1946) Guy Mollet (1946−1969)
Related articles	Paris Commune French Socialist Party (Federation of the Socialist Workers of France and Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party) Socialist Party of France (French Workers' Party and Socialist Revolutionary Party) Globe Congress Second International L'Humanité Le Populaire Tours Congress French Turn (Trotskyism) Matignon Agreements The Vichy 80 French Resistance (Brutus Network) National Council of Resistance Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress Revolutionary socialism Blanquism Marxism Possibilism Social democracy Democratic socialism Neosocialism
Derivatives	French Communist Party Socialist Party of France – Jean Jaurès Union / Socialist Republican Union / National Popular Rally Internationalist Workers Party Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party Democratic Socialist Party Union of the Socialist Left / Unified Socialist Party / Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left / Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs Socialist Party
Alliances	Lefts Cartel (1924–1934) Popular Front (1936–1938) Tripartisme (1944–1947) Third Force (1947–1958) Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left (1965–1968)