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{{Short description|Extinct Native American tribe of Louisiana}} |
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The '''Chaouacha''' were an indigenous people in [[Louisiana]], best known in history for being the victims of a massacre in retaliation for the [[Natchez revolt]] on French colonists in which they had had no part. When first described, they lived on the east bank of the [[Mississippi River]], just south of [[New Orleans]]. Following an attack by the [[Natchez people|Natchez]] on [[Fort Rosalie]], colonists feared an Indian rebellion, or even worse a combined Indian and slave revolt. Governor of Louisiana [[Étienne Périer (governor)|Étienne Périer]] ordered a force of black slaves to massacre the Chaouacha community.<ref>{{cite book|last= Balvay |first=Arnaud|title=French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630-1815|editor=Robert Englebert |editor2=Guillaume Teasdale |publisher=MSU Press|year=2013|chapter=The French and the Natchez: A Failed Encounter}}</ref> In 1699 they were reported to be allied with the Ouacha/[[Washa]] and the [[Opelousa]]. An 1802 mention by French colonist Baudry de Lozières describes them as "Tchaouachas: Reduced to 40 warriors. A wandering indolent and lazy nation, settled near the French in 1712. Corn is the only assistance one can expect of them."<ref>John R. Swanton. Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin - Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1911. p. 301 [https://books.google.com/books?id=rC4n6RaJ_TEC&pg=PA301&dq=Chaouacha+people&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BkkhUrvqFJe5sAT83YDgBw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Chaouacha%20people&f=false]</ref> |
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{{infobox ethnic group |
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|group = Chaouacha |
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|population = Extinct as a tribe |
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|regions = Louisiana |
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|religions = [[Indigenous religion]] |
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|languages = possibly dialect of [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]] |
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|related = [[Chitimacha]] |
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}} |
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The '''Chaouacha''' (or '''Chawasha''') were an Indigenous people of [[Louisiana]]. They were likely related to the [[Chitimacha]]. |
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The French massacred many of them in retaliation for the [[Natchez revolt]] against French colonists in which they had had no part. |
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== History == |
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=== 17th century === |
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When first written about, they lived on the east bank of the [[Mississippi River]], just south of [[New Orleans]]. In 1699, they were reported to be allied with the Ouacha (or Washa), the [[Okelousa]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swanton |first1=John Reed |title=Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico |date=1911 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtFh6CwE7T0C}}</ref> and the [[Opelousa]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Hunter |first1=Donald G. |last2=Pearson |first2=Charles E. |last3=Reeves |first3=Sally K. |title=An Archaeological Survey of Golden Ranch Plantation, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana |date=1988 |publisher=Coastal Environments Inc. |location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana |url=https://core.tdar.org/document/138996/archaeological-survey-of-golden-ranch-plantation-lafourche-parish-louisiana |page=31}}</ref> |
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=== 18th century === |
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In December 1729, following an attack by the [[Natchez people|Natchez]] on [[Fort Rosalie]] the prior month, French colonists feared a widespread Indian rebellion or a combined revolt by Native Americans and enslaved people. The governor of Louisiana, [[Étienne Perier (governor)|Étienne Perier]], ordered a force of 80 [[slavery|enslaved]] Africans under the command of Louis Tixerant, a Company of the Indies warehouse keeper, to massacre the Chaouacha community,<ref name="EnglebertTeasdale2013">{{cite book |last=Balvay|first=Arnaud|title=French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630-1815 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snY2pDoJHMsC&pg=PA7|year=2013|publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=East Lansing, Michigan|isbn=978-1-60917-360-9 |pages=138–58 |chapter=The French and the Natchez: A Failed Encounter |editor1-last=Englebert|editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Teasdale|editor2-first=Guillaume}}</ref><ref name="Din1999">{{Cite book |last=Din |first=Gilbert C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Op0LNYcABwC&pg=PA16 |title=Spaniards, Planters, and Slaves: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763–1803 |date=1999 |publisher=Texas A & M University Press |isbn=0-585-37685-9 |location=College Station, Texas |pages=15–16 |oclc=48139077 |access-date=2022-07-06}}</ref> rewarding the men by freeing them from slavery.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Free Blacks in a Slave Society: New Orleans, 1718–1812 |last=Ingersoll |first=Thomas N. |date=April 1991 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=48|number=2|page=177|doi=10.2307/2938067|jstor=2938067 }}</ref> The French killed at least seven Chaouacha men and kidnapped women and children whom they took to New Orleans. Survivors from the tribe petitioned Perier to release the prisoners, as the tribe was not involved in the Natchez revolt, which he did.<ref name="Din1999" /> The [[Choctaw]], French allies against the Natchez, objected to Perier's attack on the Chaouacha and encouraged other small tribes in the region to relocate away from the French to lands under Choctaw protection.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Elizabeth N. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9781512823189/html |title=The Great Power of Small Nations |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2022 |isbn=9781512823189 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |pages=155 |doi=10.9783/9781512823189 |url-access=limited}}</ref> |
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Perier reported to his superiors that he had destroyed the Chaouacha, but evidence suggests the tribe remained distinct until the late 18th-century before assimilating into other tribes.<ref name="Din1999" /> |
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=== 19th century === |
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An 1802 mention by French colonist Baudry de Lozières describes them as "Tchaouachas: Reduced to 40 warriors. A wandering indolent and lazy nation, settled near the French in 1712. Corn is the only assistance one can expect of them."<ref name="Swanton1911">{{cite book|last=Swanton|first=John Reed|author-link=John R. Swanton|title=Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtFh6CwE7T0C&pg=PA301|year=1911|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|page=301}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Chitimacha]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in North America]] |
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in North America]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Extinct Native American tribes]] |
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[[Category:History of New France]] |
[[Category:History of New France]] |
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[[Category:Massacres of Native Americans]] |
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[[Category:Native American tribes in Louisiana]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:53, 11 June 2024
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Extinct as a tribe | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Louisiana | |
| Languages | |
| possibly dialect of Chitimacha | |
| Religion | |
| Indigenous religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chitimacha |
The Chaouacha (or Chawasha) were an Indigenous people of Louisiana. They were likely related to the Chitimacha.
The French massacred many of them in retaliation for the Natchez revolt against French colonists in which they had had no part.
History
[edit]17th century
[edit]When first written about, they lived on the east bank of the Mississippi River, just south of New Orleans. In 1699, they were reported to be allied with the Ouacha (or Washa), the Okelousa,[1] and the Opelousa.[2]
18th century
[edit]In December 1729, following an attack by the Natchez on Fort Rosalie the prior month, French colonists feared a widespread Indian rebellion or a combined revolt by Native Americans and enslaved people. The governor of Louisiana, Étienne Perier, ordered a force of 80 enslaved Africans under the command of Louis Tixerant, a Company of the Indies warehouse keeper, to massacre the Chaouacha community,[3][4] rewarding the men by freeing them from slavery.[5] The French killed at least seven Chaouacha men and kidnapped women and children whom they took to New Orleans. Survivors from the tribe petitioned Perier to release the prisoners, as the tribe was not involved in the Natchez revolt, which he did.[4] The Choctaw, French allies against the Natchez, objected to Perier's attack on the Chaouacha and encouraged other small tribes in the region to relocate away from the French to lands under Choctaw protection.[6]
Perier reported to his superiors that he had destroyed the Chaouacha, but evidence suggests the tribe remained distinct until the late 18th-century before assimilating into other tribes.[4]
19th century
[edit]An 1802 mention by French colonist Baudry de Lozières describes them as "Tchaouachas: Reduced to 40 warriors. A wandering indolent and lazy nation, settled near the French in 1712. Corn is the only assistance one can expect of them."[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Swanton, John Reed (1911). Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 30.
- ^ Hunter, Donald G.; Pearson, Charles E.; Reeves, Sally K. (1988). An Archaeological Survey of Golden Ranch Plantation, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana (Report). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Coastal Environments Inc. p. 31.
- ^ Balvay, Arnaud (2013). "The French and the Natchez: A Failed Encounter". In Englebert, Robert; Teasdale, Guillaume (eds.). French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630-1815. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 138–58. ISBN 978-1-60917-360-9.
- ^ a b c Din, Gilbert C. (1999). Spaniards, Planters, and Slaves: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763–1803. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M University Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-585-37685-9. OCLC 48139077. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
- ^ Ingersoll, Thomas N. (April 1991). "Free Blacks in a Slave Society: New Orleans, 1718–1812". The William and Mary Quarterly. 48 (2): 177. doi:10.2307/2938067. JSTOR 2938067.
- ^ Ellis, Elizabeth N. (2022). The Great Power of Small Nations. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 155. doi:10.9783/9781512823189. ISBN 9781512823189.
- ^ Swanton, John Reed (1911). Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 301.