Allocasuarina fraseriana: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of tree}} |
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{{speciesbox |
{{speciesbox |
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|image = Allocasuarina fraseriana 2.jpg |
|image = Allocasuarina fraseriana 2.jpg |
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|image_caption = |
|image_caption = In [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] |
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|genus = Allocasuarina |
|genus = Allocasuarina |
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|species = fraseriana |
|species = fraseriana |
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|authority = ([[Miq.]]) [[L.A.S.Johnson]]<ref name="APC">{{cite web |title=''Allocasuarina fraseriana'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/82268|website=Australian Plant Census|accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> |
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|authority = (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson |
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|status = LC |
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|status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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|status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Allocasuarina fraseriana'' |author=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |name-list-style=amp |page=e.T172665268A172923755 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T172665268A172923755.en |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> |
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|range_map=AllocasuarinafraserianaDistributionMap19.png |
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|range_map_caption=Occurrence data from [[Australasian Virtual Herbarium|AVH]] |
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'''''Allocasuarina fraseriana''''', commonly known as '''western sheoak''', |
'''''Allocasuarina fraseriana''''', commonly known as '''western sheoak''',<ref name="foa">{{cite web |title=''Allocasuarina fraseriana'' |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Allocasuarina%20fraseriana |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> or '''Fraser's sheoak'''<ref name=fqpb>{{cite web|url=http://www.friendsofqueensparkbushland.org.au/allocasuarina-fraseriana/|title=''Allocasuarina fraseriana'' Common name: Fraser's Sheoak|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher= Friends of Queens Park Bushland|year=2011}}</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Casuarinaceae]], and is [[endemic]] to the [[Southwest Australia|south-west]] of Western Australia. |
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The [[Noongar]] peoples know the tree as ''' |
The [[Noongar]] peoples know the tree as '''kondil''',<ref name=KP>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/2014-08-29-05-50-09|title=Noongar glossary; Noongar Words and Definitions|accessdate=6 August 2022|publisher=[[Government of Western Australia]]|year=2022}}</ref>'''condil''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kippleonline.net/bobhoward/plantsframe.html|title=Noongar names for plants|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=kippleonline.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120071826/http://www.kippleonline.net/bobhoward/plantsframe.html|archive-date=2016-11-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''kulli''' or '''gulli'''.<ref name=green>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenskills.org.au/pub/pamph/plants.html|title=Plants of the Denmark walk trails: Traditional Noongar Names and Uses|accessdate=28 May 2017|publisher=Green skills Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712131022/http://www.greenskills.org.au/pub/pamph/plants.html|archive-date=2017-07-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a [[Monoecy|monoecious]] tree that has branchlets up to {{cvt|300|mm}} long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of six to eight, and the mature fruiting cones {{cvt|15–40|mm|sigfig=1}} long, containing winged seeds ([[Samara (fruit)|samaras]]) {{cvt|10|mm|sigfig=1}} long. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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''Allocasuarina fraseriana'' is a monoecious tree that typically grows to a height of {{cvt|5–15|m}}, the trunk with a [[Diameter at breast height|dbh]] of {{cvt|0.5–1|m}}. Its branchlets are more or less erect, up to {{cvt|300|mm}} long, the leaves reduced to spreading, scale-like teeth {{cvt|0.7–1.2|mm|sigfig=1}} long, arranged in whorls of six to eight around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the [[Glossary of botanical terms#article|"articles"]]) are {{cvt|7–15|mm|sigfig=1}} long and {{cvt|0.8–1.3|mm|sigfig=1}} in diameter. Male flowers are arranged in spikes {{cvt|30–80|mm}} long, the [[Stamen#Morphology and terminology|anthers]] {{cvt|0.7–1.2|mm|sigfig=1}} long. Female cones are shortly cylindrical and covered with soft hair when young, the mature cones {{cvt|15–40|mm|sigfig=1}} long and {{cvt|15–22|mm|sigfig=1}} in diameter, the samaras {{cvt|10|mm|sigfig=1}} long. Flowering occurs from May to October.<ref name="foa" /><ref name="fpc" /><ref name=FB>{{FloraBase|name=''Allocasuarina fraseriana''|id=1728}}</ref><ref name=Hallstreet>{{cite book |title=A Field Guide to Australian Trees |last=Holliday |first=Ivan |year=1989 |publisher=Hamlyn Australia |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-0-947334-08-6 |page=44}}</ref> |
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In ideal conditions, Western Sheoak grows to a height of about {{convert|15|m|ft|0}}. Where exposed to salty coastal breezes, however, it is usually somewhat smaller. It usually has a diameter of {{convert|0.5|to|1|m|ft|1}} at breast height.<ref name=fpc>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/node/1001|title=WA sheoak|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Forest Products Commission Western Australia}}</ref> As with other ''[[Allocasuarina]]'' species, its "foliage" consists of slender green branchlets informally referred to as "needles" but more correctly termed [[wikt:cladode|cladodes]]. The cladodes are segmented, and the true leaves are tiny teeth encircling each joint.<ref name=Hallstreet>{{cite book |title=A Field Guide to Australian Trees |last=Holliday |first=Ivan |year=1989 |publisher=Hamlyn Australia |location=Melbourne |isbn=0-947334-08-4 |page=44}}</ref> Male trees have small brown flower spikes at the end of branchlets. Flowering is prolific, giving male trees a rusty brown hue during flowering in late winter and early spring. Female trees bear small flowers on short branchlets of their own. Fertilised flowers develop egg-shaped cones from 1½ to 3½ centimetres in diameter. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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This species of sheoak was first formally described in 1848 by [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel]], who gave it the name ''Casuarina fraseriana'' in ''Revisio critica Casuarinarum''.<ref name=APNI1>{{cite web|title=''Casuarina fraseriana''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/458331|publisher=APNI|access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> It was reclassified in 1982 as ''Allocasuarina fraseriana'' by [[Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson|Lawrie Johnson]] in the ''[[Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens]]''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Allocasuarina fraseriana''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/499311|publisher=APNI|access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> The specific name ''fraseriana'' honours the [[botanist]] [[Charles Fraser (botanist)|Charles Fraser]].<ref name="Sharr">{{cite book |last1=Sharr |first1=Francis Aubi |last2=George |first2=Alex |title=Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings |date=2019 |publisher=Four Gables Press |location=Kardinya, WA |isbn=9780958034180 |page=202 |edition=3rd}}</ref> |
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The tree has a distribution from with the bulk of the population being found in the [[South West (Western Australia)|South West]] hinterland to the [[Great Southern (Western Australia)|Great Southern]] regions of Western Australia with smaller populations being found between [[Jurien, Western Australia|Jurien]] and [[Moora, Western Australia|Moora]].<ref name=fpc/> It grows in [[laterite|lateritic]] soils in the understorey of ''[[Eucalyptus marginata]]'' forest on the [[Darling Range]] and in areas near the coast it is found in sandy soils in woodland and open forest.<ref name=anbg>{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=38629|title=Allocasuarina fraseriana (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 6: 75 (1982) Western Sheoak|work=Flora of Australia Online|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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==History== |
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''Allocasuarina fraseriana'' grows in [[Eucalyptus marginata|jarrah]] woodland and open forest in near-coastal regions between [[Perth]] and [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]], with a [[Disjunct distribution|disjunct]] population between [[Moora, Western Australia|Moora]] and [[Jurien Bay]], in the [[Jarrah Forest]], [[Swan Coastal Plain]] and [[Warren bioregion|Warren]] bioregions of south-west Western Australia.<ref name="foa" /><ref name="FB" /> |
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Western Sheoak was first collected in 1840 by [[Ludwig Preiss|Johann Preiss]]. The specific name ''fraseriana'' honours the [[botanist]] [[Charles Fraser (botanist)|Charles Fraser]]. The species was first formally described as ''Casuarina fraseriana'' by [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel]] in 1848, ''Revisio critica Casuarinarum'' and later revised into the ''Allocasuarina'' genera by [[Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson]] in 1982 in the work ''Notes on Casuarinaceae II'' in the ''Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens''.<ref name=at>{{cite web|url=http://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2915089#names|title=''Allocasuarina fraseriana'' (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson Western Sheoak|accessdate=27 January 2017|work=Atlas of Living Australia|publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility}}</ref> |
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==Conservation status== |
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Western sheoak is listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government [[Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (Western Australia)|Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions]].<ref name="FB" /> |
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==Ecology== |
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The seed of the plant is favoured by [[red-eared firetail]]s (''Stagonopleura oculata''), an endemic grass finch.<ref name="WAM1991">{{cite book |last1=Storr |first1=G. M. |authorlink1=Glenn Storr |title=Birds of the South-west Division of Western Australia |date=1991 |publisher=Western Australian Museum |oclc=24474223 |pages=132–33 |series=Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement no. 35. |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/1.%20Storr_5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928203205/http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/1.%20Storr_5.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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===Indigenous uses=== |
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[[Noongar]] women give birth beneath the tree because of the soft needles. The needles were also used for bedding in shelters and often covered with a kangaroo skin cloak to make a bed.<ref name=green/> |
[[Noongar]] women give birth beneath the tree because of the soft needles. The needles were also used for bedding in shelters and often covered with a kangaroo skin cloak to make a bed.<ref name=green/> The wood was used to make [[boomerang]]s.<ref name=KP/> |
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| ⚫ | Early settlers of Western Australia used sheoak timber for roof shingles. Later it was used in the construction of kegs and casks. Today, the timber is prized for its broad medullary rays, and is often used for wood-turning and carving of decorative ornaments. The sapwood is a pale yellow colour and the heartwood is dark-red to brown. The texture is moderately fine and even. Green wood has a density |
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===Construction=== |
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| ⚫ | Early settlers of Western Australia used sheoak timber for roof shingles. Later it was used in the construction of kegs and casks. Today, the timber is prized for its broad medullary rays, and is often used for wood-turning and carving of decorative ornaments. The sapwood is a pale yellow colour and the heartwood is dark-red to brown. The texture is moderately fine and even. Green wood has a density of about {{cvt|1000|kg/m3}}, and that of air-dried wood is about {{cvt|730|kg/m3}}.<ref name="fpc">{{cite web |title=Species information |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2020-09/FPC-species-information.pdf |page=45 |publisher=Western Australia Forest Products Commission |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery mode="packed"> |
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File:Allocasuarina fraseriana - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg|Fruit (detail) |
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</gallery> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2838505}} |
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{{wikispecies|Allocasuarina fraseriana}} |
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* {{Flora of Australia Online|name=Allocasuarina fraseriana|id=38629}} |
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* {{FloraBase|name=Allocasuarina fraseriana|f=070|id=1728}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Powell, Robert|year=1990|title=Leaf and Branch: Trees and Tall Shrubs of Perth|publisher=Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia|isbn=0-7309-3916-2}} |
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[[Category:Allocasuarina|fraseriana]] |
[[Category:Allocasuarina|fraseriana]] |
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[[Category:Fagales of Australia]] |
[[Category:Fagales of Australia]] |
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[[Category:Plants described in 1848]] |
[[Category:Plants described in 1848]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:57, 11 June 2024
| Allocasuarina fraseriana | |
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| In Albany | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Casuarinaceae |
| Genus: | Allocasuarina |
| Species: | A. fraseriana
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| Binomial name | |
| Allocasuarina fraseriana | |
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| Occurrence data from AVH | |
Allocasuarina fraseriana, commonly known as western sheoak,[3] or Fraser's sheoak[4] is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. The Noongar peoples know the tree as kondil,[5]condil,[6] kulli or gulli.[7] It is a monoecious tree that has branchlets up to 300 mm (12 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of six to eight, and the mature fruiting cones 15–40 mm (0.6–2 in) long, containing winged seeds (samaras) 10 mm (0.4 in) long.
Description
[edit]Allocasuarina fraseriana is a monoecious tree that typically grows to a height of 5–15 m (16–49 ft), the trunk with a dbh of 0.5–1 m (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in). Its branchlets are more or less erect, up to 300 mm (12 in) long, the leaves reduced to spreading, scale-like teeth 0.7–1.2 mm (0.03–0.05 in) long, arranged in whorls of six to eight around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are 7–15 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long and 0.8–1.3 mm (0.03–0.05 in) in diameter. Male flowers are arranged in spikes 30–80 mm (1.2–3.1 in) long, the anthers 0.7–1.2 mm (0.03–0.05 in) long. Female cones are shortly cylindrical and covered with soft hair when young, the mature cones 15–40 mm (0.6–2 in) long and 15–22 mm (0.6–0.9 in) in diameter, the samaras 10 mm (0.4 in) long. Flowering occurs from May to October.[3][8][9][10]
Taxonomy
[edit]This species of sheoak was first formally described in 1848 by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, who gave it the name Casuarina fraseriana in Revisio critica Casuarinarum.[11] It was reclassified in 1982 as Allocasuarina fraseriana by Lawrie Johnson in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.[12] The specific name fraseriana honours the botanist Charles Fraser.[13]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Allocasuarina fraseriana grows in jarrah woodland and open forest in near-coastal regions between Perth and Albany, with a disjunct population between Moora and Jurien Bay, in the Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren bioregions of south-west Western Australia.[3][9]
Conservation status
[edit]Western sheoak is listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.[9]
Ecology
[edit]The seed of the plant is favoured by red-eared firetails (Stagonopleura oculata), an endemic grass finch.[14]
Uses
[edit]Indigenous uses
[edit]Noongar women give birth beneath the tree because of the soft needles. The needles were also used for bedding in shelters and often covered with a kangaroo skin cloak to make a bed.[7] The wood was used to make boomerangs.[5]
Construction
[edit]Early settlers of Western Australia used sheoak timber for roof shingles. Later it was used in the construction of kegs and casks. Today, the timber is prized for its broad medullary rays, and is often used for wood-turning and carving of decorative ornaments. The sapwood is a pale yellow colour and the heartwood is dark-red to brown. The texture is moderately fine and even. Green wood has a density of about 1,000 kg/m3 (1,700 lb/cu yd), and that of air-dried wood is about 730 kg/m3 (1,230 lb/cu yd).[8]
Gallery
[edit]-
Allocasuarina fraseriana woodland in Albany -
Fruit -
Fruit (detail)
References
[edit]- ^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (2020). "Allocasuarina fraseriana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T172665268A172923755. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T172665268A172923755.en. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ^ "Allocasuarina fraseriana". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ a b c "Allocasuarina fraseriana". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ "Allocasuarina fraseriana Common name: Fraser's Sheoak". Friends of Queens Park Bushland. 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Noongar glossary; Noongar Words and Definitions". Government of Western Australia. 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ^ "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 2016-11-20. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Plants of the Denmark walk trails: Traditional Noongar Names and Uses". Green skills Inc. Archived from the original on 2017-07-12. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ a b "Species information" (PDF). Western Australia Forest Products Commission. p. 45. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ a b c "Allocasuarina fraseriana". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ Holliday, Ivan (1989). A Field Guide to Australian Trees. Melbourne: Hamlyn Australia. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-947334-08-6.
- ^ "Casuarina fraseriana". APNI. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ "Allocasuarina fraseriana". APNI. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780958034180.
- ^ Storr, G. M. (1991). Birds of the South-west Division of Western Australia (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement no. 35. Western Australian Museum. pp. 132–33. OCLC 24474223. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-28.