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| type_species_authority = ([[Charles Athanase Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1802)
| type_species_authority = ([[Charles Athanase Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1802)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 285, [[#Species|see text]]
| subdivision = 297, [[#Species|see text]]
}}
}}


'''''Dysdera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Dysderidae|woodlouse hunting spiders]] that was first described by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in 1804.<ref name=Latr1804>{{cite journal| last=Latreille| first=P. A.| year=1804| title=Tableau methodique des Insectes.| journal=Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris| pages=129–295| volume=24}}</ref> They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.
'''''Dysdera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Dysderidae|woodlouse hunting spiders]] that was first described by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in 1804.<ref name=Latr1804>{{cite journal |last=Latreille |first=P. A. |year=1804 |title=Tableau methodique des Insectes |journal=Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris |volume=24 |pages=129–295}}</ref> They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.


The family has gained many common names from their individual species, including the "European garden spider", the "slater-eating spider", the "sow-bug killer", the "woodlouse hunter", and the "woodlouse spider".<ref name=Borg2013>{{cite journal| last=Borges| first=Paulo| display-authors=etal| year=2013| title=Invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods: A general model of endemic vs. exotic species. Journal of Biogeography| volume=33| issue=1 | pages=169–187| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01324.x| hdl=10400.3/1402| hdl-access=free}}</ref>
The family has gained many common names from their individual species, including the "European garden spider", the "slater-eating spider", the "sow-bug killer", the "woodlouse hunter", and the "woodlouse spider".<ref name=Borg2013>{{cite journal |last1=Borges |first1=Paulo |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods: A general model of endemic vs. exotic species |journal=Journal of Biogeography |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01324.x |hdl=10400.3/1402 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=53986568 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=169–187}}</ref>


A bite from one of these spiders can be painful due to their large fangs and wide jaw. It may leave an itchy, swollen, or red bump, but the [[venom]] from one of their bites is not harmful to humans.<ref name=Borg2013 />
A bite from one of these spiders can be painful due to their large fangs and wide jaw. It may leave an itchy, swollen, or red bump, but the [[venom]] from one of their bites is not harmful to humans.<ref name=Borg2013 />


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Dysdera eye group.svg|thumb|The eye arrangement of spiders in the genus ''Dysdera'']]
⚫
Adults have a reddish-brown body and legs, and can grow up to {{convert|2|cm}} long. Females are generally larger growing from {{convert|1.1|to|1.5|cm}}, while males are about {{convert|0.9|to|1|cm}}.<ref name=Jaco2002>{{citation| first=Steve| last=Jacobs| title=Woodlouse Hunter Spider (Department of Entomology)| publisher=Department of Entomology (Penn State University)| year=2002}}</ref> Their six eyes are close together in an oval shape, and they have eight reddish legs, the second pair facing backward.<ref name=Borg2013 />


⚫
Adults have a reddish-brown body and legs, and can grow up to {{convert|2|cm}} long. Females are generally larger growing from {{convert|1.1|to|1.5|cm}}, while males are about {{convert|0.9|to|1|cm}}.<ref name=Jaco2002>{{citation |last=Jacobs |first=Steve |year=2002 |title=Woodlouse Hunter Spider (Department of Entomology) |publisher=Department of Entomology (Penn State University)}}</ref> Their six eyes are close together in an oval shape, and they have eight reddish legs, the second pair facing backward.<ref name=Borg2013 />
⚫
''Dysdera'' live in natural shelters, which they wrap by totally white silk. The inhabitants of hot and humid forest will take any potential shelter on or close to the ground. The shelters are used to hide from predators as well as for keeping the spider warm. During the day, they are commonly found taking shelter under objects like gravel with organic material covering it, stones, bark, and occasionally in suburban gardens.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

⚫
''Dysdera'' live in natural shelters, which they wrap by totally white silk. The inhabitants of hot and humid forest will take any potential shelter on or close to the ground. The shelters are used to hide from predators as well as for keeping the spider warm. During the day, they are commonly found taking shelter under objects like gravel with organic material covering it, in forests beneath bark or leaf litter, and occasionally in suburban gardens.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=J. A. L. |title=A Contribution to the Biology of the British Spiders belonging to the Genus Dysdera |journal=Oikos |date=1965 |volume=16 |issue=1/2 |pages=20–25 |doi=10.2307/3564861 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3564861 |issn=0030-1299}}</ref>


===Diet===
===Diet===
''Dysdera'' are one of the few known arthropods to hunt and prey on [[Woodlouse|woodlice]], one of their main food sources. These spiders have wide jaws and large fangs to help to overcome the solid armor-like shells of [[Woodlouse|woodlice]]. It makes them powerful predators for their size, allowing them to dominate or kill competitors, such as [[centipedes]] or other spiders. ''[[Dysdera crocata|D. crocata]]'' is the only species from the ''Dysdera'' family known to prey on other spiders.<ref name=Mila2007 />
''Dysdera'' are one of the few known arthropods to hunt and prey on [[Woodlouse|woodlice]], one of their main food sources. These spiders have wide jaws and large fangs to help to overcome the solid armor-like shells of [[Woodlouse|woodlice]]. It makes them powerful predators for their size, allowing them to dominate or kill competitors, such as [[centipedes]] or other spiders. ''[[Dysdera crocata|D. crocata]]'' is the only species from the ''Dysdera'' family known to prey on other spiders.<ref name=Mila2007 />


They can also excrete certain enzymes that neutralize the chemical defenses of potential prey, allowing them to subsist on other common ground-dwelling invertebrates, including [[silverfish]], [[earwigs]], [[millipedes]], and small burying beetles. ''[[Dysdera unguimannis|D. unguimannis]]'' is considered the most remarkable case of [[troglomorphism]] (adaptation to cave life) in the genus ''Dysdera''.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
They can also excrete certain enzymes that neutralize the chemical defenses of potential prey, allowing them to subsist on other common ground-dwelling invertebrates, including [[silverfish]], [[earwigs]], [[millipedes]], and small burying beetles.


===Mating===
===Mating===
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==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The ''D. crocata'', ''[[Dysdera ninnii|D. ninnii]]'', ''[[Dysdera dubrovninnii|D. dubrovninnii]]'', ''[[Dysdera hungarica|D. hungarica]]'', and ''[[Dysdera longirostris|D. longirostris]]'' are the five species still found in Central [[Europe]] after the last glacial period.<ref name=Mila2007>{{cite journal| first1=Řezáč| last1=Milan| first2=Král| last2=Jiří| first3=Pekár| last3=Stano| year=2007| title=The Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In Central Europe: Revision And Natural History| journal=Journal of Arachnology| volume=35| issue=3| pages=432–462| doi=10.1636/h06-38.1}}</ref> They are also abundantly found in North African countries like [[Morocco]] and [[Egypt]], but also in [[Ethiopia]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and [[Australia]]. In the [[United States]], ''Dysdera crocata'' is found from [[New England]] down to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and all the way across the country in [[California]]. At least two species inhabit South America: ''[[Dysdera solers|D. solers]]'' in [[Colombia]]- possibly a relict species from the post-miocene era- and ''[[Dysdera magna|D. magna]]'' in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], and the central area of [[Chile]].
The ''D. crocata'', ''[[Dysdera ninnii|D. ninnii]]'', ''[[Dysdera dubrovninnii|D. dubrovninnii]]'', ''[[Dysdera hungarica|D. hungarica]]'', and ''[[Dysdera longirostris|D. longirostris]]'' are the five species still found in Central [[Europe]] after the last glacial period.<ref name=Mila2007>{{cite journal |last1=Milan |first1=Řezáč |last2=Jiří |first2=Král |last3=Stano |first3=Pekár |year=2007 |title=The Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In Central Europe: Revision And Natural History |journal=Journal of Arachnology |doi=10.1636/h06-38.1 |s2cid=86196958 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=432–462 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/229021}}</ref> They are also abundantly found in North African countries like [[Morocco]] and [[Egypt]], but also in [[Ethiopia]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and [[Australia]]. In the [[United States]], ''Dysdera crocata'' is found from [[New England]] down to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and all the way across the country in [[California]]. At least two species inhabit South America: ''[[Dysdera solers|D. solers]]'' in [[Colombia]]- possibly a relict species from the post-miocene era- and ''[[Dysdera magna|D. magna]]'' in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], and the central area of [[Chile]].


===Canary Islands===
===Canary Islands===
''Dysdera'' inhabits all of the [[Macaronesia]]n archipelagos, but the most drastic variety is in the [[Canary Islands]], a 22 million year old volcanic archipelago nearly {{convert|100|km}} off the northwestern coast of [[Africa]]. These islands house over forty endemic species of ''Dysdera'', thirty-six of which likely descended from a single ancestor, and six of which are associated with the oldest eastern island.<ref name=Maci2008>{{cite journal| last1=Macías-Hernández| first1=Nuria| last2=Oromí| first2=Pedro| last3=Arnedo| first3= Miquel A.| date=2008-06-28 |title=Patterns of Diversification on Old Volcanic Islands as Revealed by the Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Eastern Canary Islands| journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society| volume=94 |issue=3| pages=589–615| doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x| doi-access=free}}</ref> On [[Lanzarote]] and [[Fuerteventura]], the spider populations are limited to the highest elevation.
''Dysdera'' inhabits all of the [[Macaronesia]]n archipelagos, but the most drastic variety is in the [[Canary Islands]], a 22 million year old volcanic archipelago nearly {{convert|100|km}} off the northwestern coast of [[Africa]]. These islands house over forty endemic species of ''Dysdera'', thirty-six of which likely descended from a single ancestor, and six of which are associated with the oldest eastern island.<ref name=Maci2008>{{cite journal |last1=Macías-Hernández |first1=Nuria |last2=Oromí |first2=Pedro |last3=Arnedo |first3=Miquel A. |date=2008-06-28 |title=Patterns of Diversification on Old Volcanic Islands as Revealed by the Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Eastern Canary Islands |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x |doi-access=free |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=589–615}}</ref> On [[Lanzarote]] and [[Fuerteventura]], the spider populations are limited to the highest elevation.


The most likely reason that these spiders are so abundant on the Canary Islands is due to the abundance of species on the nearby Iberian Peninsula and North Africas. Groups like ''Dysdera crocata'' and ''Dysdera erythrina'', found on two neighboring lands, are found more often than ''[[Dysdera lata|D. lata]]'' and ''Dysdera longirostris'', found also in North Africa and Iberia.<ref name=Maci2008 /> Over time, these spiders either made their way to the islands, then began evolving separately, or were separated when the islands broke off from the greater land masses.
The most likely reason that these spiders are so abundant on the Canary Islands is due to the abundance of species on the nearby Iberian Peninsula and North Africas. Groups like ''Dysdera crocata'' and ''Dysdera erythrina'', found on two neighboring lands, are found more often than ''[[Dysdera lata|D. lata]]'' and ''Dysdera longirostris'', found also in North Africa and Iberia.<ref name=Maci2008 /> Over time, these spiders either made their way to the islands or diversified when adapting to the different environments found in the islands.


In total, two to four colonization events are assumed. This probably happened by [[rafting]], or even more likely by transport on [[floating island]]s, for ''Dysdera'' is not known to use [[ballooning (spider)|ballooning]]. ''Dydera lancerotensis'' is the only species where an independent origin from continental ancestors is unquestionable; it was originally described as a subspecies of ''Dysdera crocata''.
In total, two to four colonization events are assumed. This probably happened by [[rafting]], or even more likely by transport on [[floating island]]s, for ''Dysdera'' is not known to use [[ballooning (spider)|ballooning]]. ''Dydera lancerotensis'' is the only species where an independent origin from continental ancestors is unquestionable; it was originally described as a subspecies of ''Dysdera crocata''.
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==Species==
==Species==
{{as of|2019|05}} it contains 285 species.<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Dysdera Latreille, 1804| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| access-date=2019-06-02| year=2019| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/825| doi=10.24436/2| last1=Gloor| first1=Daniel| last2=Nentwig| first2=Wolfgang| last3=Blick| first3=Theo| last4=Kropf| first4=Christian}}</ref>
{{as of|2023|01}} it contains 297 species.<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal |last1=Gloor |first1=Daniel |last2=Nentwig |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Blick |first3=Theo |last4=Kropf |first4=Christian |year=2019 |title=Gen. Dysdera Latreille, 1804 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0 |doi=10.24436/2 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/825 |access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>


A study published in 2021 used an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular evidence to describe 8 species new to science as well as re-describing and synonymising some existing species.<ref name="Crespo">{{cite journal|author1=Crespo, Luís C.|author2=Silva, Isamberto|author3=Enguídanos, Alba|author4=Cardoso, Pedro|author5=Arnedo, Miquel A.|title=Integrative taxonomic revision of the woodlouse-hunter spider genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae: Dysderidae) in the Madeira archipelago with notes on its conservation status|year=2021|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=192|issue=2|pages=356-415|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa089|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/192/2/356/6012771}}</ref>
A study published in 2021 used an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular evidence to describe 8 species new to science as well as re-describing and synonymising some existing species.<ref name=Crespo>{{cite journal |last1=Crespo |first1=Luís C. |last2=Silva |first2=Isamberto |last3=Enguídanos |first3=Alba |last4=Cardoso |first4=Pedro |last5=Arnedo |first5=Miquel A. |year=2021 |title=Integrative taxonomic revision of the woodlouse-hunter spider genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae: Dysderidae) in the Madeira archipelago with notes on its conservation status |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa089 |volume=192 |issue=2 |pages=356–415 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/192/2/356/6012771}}</ref>
{{Div col}}
{{Div col}}
*''[[Dysdera aberrans|D. aberrans]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2010</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera aberrans|D. aberrans]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2010</small> – Italy
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*''[[Dysdera centroitalica|D. centroitalica]]'' <small>Gasparo, 1997</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera centroitalica|D. centroitalica]]'' <small>Gasparo, 1997</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera cephalonica|D. cephalonica]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera cephalonica|D. cephalonica]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
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*''[[Dysdera cetophonorum|D. cetophonorum]]'' <small>(Crespo & Arnedo, 2021)</small> – Azores
*''[[Dysdera charitonowi|D. charitonowi]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera charitonowi|D. charitonowi]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera chioensis|D. chioensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera chioensis|D. chioensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera circularis|D. circularis]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera circularis|D. circularis]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
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*''[[Dysdera citauca|D. citauca]]'' <small>(Crespo & Arnedo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera coiffaiti|D. coiffaiti]]'' <small>Denis, 1962</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera coiffaiti|D. coiffaiti]]'' <small>Denis, 1962</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera collucata|D. collucata]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Armenia
*''[[Dysdera collucata|D. collucata]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Armenia
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*''[[Dysdera cribrata|D. cribrata]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France, Italy, Andorra
*''[[Dysdera cribrata|D. cribrata]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France, Italy, Andorra
*''[[Dysdera cristata|D. cristata]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Syria, Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera cristata|D. cristata]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Syria, Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera crocata|D. crocata]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1838</small> – Europe, Caucasus, Iraq, Central Asia. Introduced to North America,<ref name=bugguide>{{cite web| title=Genus Dysdera| publisher=BugGuide| access-date=2019-06-02| url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/3387}}</ref> Chile, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii
*''[[Dysdera crocata|D. crocata]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1838</small> – Europe, Caucasus, Iraq, Central Asia. Introduced to North America,<ref name=bugguide>{{cite web |title=Genus Dysdera |publisher=BugGuide |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/3387 |access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> Chile, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii
**''[[Dysdera crocata|Dysdera c. mutica]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
**''[[Dysdera crocata|Dysdera c. mutica]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
**''[[Dysdera crocata|Dysdera c. parvula]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
**''[[Dysdera crocata|Dysdera c. parvula]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
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*''[[Dysdera dentichelis|D. dentichelis]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera dentichelis|D. dentichelis]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera deserticola|D. deserticola]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera deserticola|D. deserticola]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
*'''''[[Dysdera dissimilis|D. dissimilis]]''''' '''sp. nov.'''<ref name="Crespo"/>
*''[[Dysdera dissimilis|D. dissimilis]]'' <small>[[Crespo & Arnedo, 2021]], 1862</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera diversa|D. diversa]]'' <small>[[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1862</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera diversa|D. diversa]]'' <small>[[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1862</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera dolanskyi|D. dolanskyi]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera dolanskyi|D. dolanskyi]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
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*''[[Dysdera dubrovninnii|D. dubrovninnii]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – SE Europe (Balkans), Romania, Slovakia
*''[[Dysdera dubrovninnii|D. dubrovninnii]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – SE Europe (Balkans), Romania, Slovakia
*''[[Dysdera dunini|D. dunini]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Caucasus (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan)
*''[[Dysdera dunini|D. dunini]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Caucasus (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan)
*''[[Dysdera dushengi|D. dushengi]]'' <small>(Lin, Chang & Li, 2020)</small> – Kazakhstan, China
*''[[Dysdera dysderoides|D. dysderoides]]'' <small>(Caporiacco, 1947)</small> – Ethiopia
*''[[Dysdera dysderoides|D. dysderoides]]'' <small>(Caporiacco, 1947)</small> – Ethiopia
*''[[Dysdera edumifera|D. edumifera]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1983</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera edumifera|D. edumifera]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1983</small> – Spain
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*''[[Dysdera espanoli|D. espanoli]]'' <small>Ribera & Ferrández, 1986</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera espanoli|D. espanoli]]'' <small>Ribera & Ferrández, 1986</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera esquiveli|D. esquiveli]]'' <small>Ribera & Blasco, 1986</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera esquiveli|D. esquiveli]]'' <small>Ribera & Blasco, 1986</small> – Canary Is.
*'''''[[Dysdera exigua|D. exigua]]''''' '''sp. nov.'''<ref name="Crespo"/>
*''[[Dysdera exigua|D. exigua]]'' <small>[[Crespo & Arnedo, 2021]]</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera fabrorum|D. fabrorum]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera fabrorum|D. fabrorum]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera falciformis|D. falciformis]]'' <small>Barrientos & Ferrández, 1982</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera falciformis|D. falciformis]]'' <small>Barrientos & Ferrández, 1982</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera fedtschenkoi|D. fedtschenkoi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1992</small> – Tajikistan
*''[[Dysdera fedtschenkoi|D. fedtschenkoi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1992</small> – Tajikistan
*''[[Dysdera ferghanica|D. ferghanica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1985</small> – Kyrgyzstan
*''[[Dysdera ferghanica|D. ferghanica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1985</small> – Kyrgyzstan
*''[[Dysdera ferrandezi|D. ferrandezi]]'' <small>(Barrientos & Hernández-Corral, 2022)</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera fervida|D. fervida]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France (Corsica), Spain (Balearic Is.)?
*''[[Dysdera fervida|D. fervida]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France (Corsica), Spain (Balearic Is.)?
*''[[Dysdera festai|D. festai]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1929</small> – Greece (Rhodes)
*''[[Dysdera festai|D. festai]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1929</small> – Greece (Rhodes)
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*''[[Dysdera inopinata|D. inopinata]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera inopinata|D. inopinata]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera insulana|D. insulana]]'' <small>Simon, 1883</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera insulana|D. insulana]]'' <small>Simon, 1883</small> – Canary Is.
*'''''[[Dysdera isambertoi|D. isambertoi]]''''' '''sp. nov.'''<ref name="Crespo"/>
*''[[Dysdera isambertoi|D. isambertoi]]'' <small>[[Crespo & Cardoso, 2021]]</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera jana|D. jana]]'' <small>Gasparo & Arnedo, 2009</small> – Italy (Sardinia)
*''[[Dysdera jana|D. jana]]'' <small>Gasparo & Arnedo, 2009</small> – Italy (Sardinia)
*''[[Dysdera karabachica|D. karabachica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera karabachica|D. karabachica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Azerbaijan
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*''[[Dysdera littoralis|D. littoralis]]'' <small>Denis, 1962</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera littoralis|D. littoralis]]'' <small>Denis, 1962</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera longa|D. longa]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera longa|D. longa]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
⚫
*''[[Dysdera longibulbis|D. longibulbis]]'' <small>Denis, 1962</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera longimandibularis|D. longimandibularis]]'' <small>Nosek, 1905</small> – Turkey, Cyprus
*''[[Dysdera longimandibularis|D. longimandibularis]]'' <small>Nosek, 1905</small> – Turkey, Cyprus
*''[[Dysdera longirostris|D. longirostris]]'' <small>Doblika, 1853</small> – Central to south-eastern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus
*''[[Dysdera longirostris|D. longirostris]]'' <small>Doblika, 1853</small> – Central to south-eastern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus
Line 230: Line 235:
*''[[Dysdera meschetiensis|D. meschetiensis]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera meschetiensis|D. meschetiensis]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera microdonta|D. microdonta]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2014</small> – Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Serbia
*''[[Dysdera microdonta|D. microdonta]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2014</small> – Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Serbia
*''[[Dysdera mikhailovi|D. mikhailovi]]'' <small>(Fomichev & Marusik, 2021)</small> – Tajikistan
*''[[Dysdera minairo|D. minairo]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera minairo|D. minairo]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera minuta|D. minuta]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece (Rhodes)
*''[[Dysdera minuta|D. minuta]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece (Rhodes)
Line 263: Line 269:
*''[[Dysdera pradesensis|D. pradesensis]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera pradesensis|D. pradesensis]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera praepostera|D. praepostera]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera praepostera|D. praepostera]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*'''''[[Dysdera precaria|D. precaria]]''''' '''sp. nov.'''<ref name="Crespo"/>
*''[[Dysdera precaria|D. precaria]]'' <small>(Crespo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera presai|D. presai]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera presai|D. presai]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera pretneri|D. pretneri]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Croatia, Montenegro, Greece
*''[[Dysdera pretneri|D. pretneri]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Croatia, Montenegro, Greece
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*''[[Dysdera ratonensis|D. ratonensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera ratonensis|D. ratonensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera ravida|D. ravida]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera ravida|D. ravida]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small> – Morocco
*'''''[[Dysdera recondita|D. recondita]]''''' '''sp. nov.'''<ref name="Crespo"/>
*''[[Dysdera recondita|D. recondita]]'' <small>(Crespo & Arnedo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera richteri|D. richteri]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia
*''[[Dysdera richteri|D. richteri]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia
*''[[Dysdera roemeri|D. roemeri]]'' <small>Strand, 1906</small> – Ethiopia
*''[[Dysdera roemeri|D. roemeri]]'' <small>Strand, 1906</small> – Ethiopia
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*''[[Dysdera rullii|D. rullii]]'' <small>Pesarini, 2001</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera rullii|D. rullii]]'' <small>Pesarini, 2001</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera sanborondon|D. sanborondon]]'' <small>Arnedo, Oromí & Ribera, 2000</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera sanborondon|D. sanborondon]]'' <small>Arnedo, Oromí & Ribera, 2000</small> – Canary Is.
*'''''[[Dysdera sandrae|D. sandrae]]''''' '''sp. nov.'''<ref name="Crespo"/>
*''[[Dysdera sandrae|D. sandrae]]'' <small>(Crespo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera satunini|D. satunini]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera satunini|D. satunini]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera scabricula|D. scabricula]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France, Spain
*''[[Dysdera scabricula|D. scabricula]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France, Spain
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*''[[Dysdera tbilisiensis|D. tbilisiensis]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera tbilisiensis|D. tbilisiensis]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera tenuistyla|D. tenuistyla]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera tenuistyla|D. tenuistyla]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*'''''[[Dysdera teixeirai|D. teixeirai]]''''' '''sp. nov.'''<ref name="Crespo"/>
*''[[Dysdera teixeirai|D. teixeirai]]'' <small>[[Crespo & Cardoso, 2021]]</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera tezcani|D. tezcani]]'' <small>Varol & Akpınar, 2016</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera tezcani|D. tezcani]]'' <small>Varol & Akpınar, 2016</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera tilosensis|D. tilosensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera tilosensis|D. tilosensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*'''''[[Dysdera titanica|D. titanica]]''''' '''sp. nov.'''<ref name="Crespo"/>
*''[[Dysdera titanica|D. titanica]]'' <small>(Crespo & Arnedo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera topcui|D. topcui]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2008</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera topcui|D. topcui]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2008</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera tredecima|D. tredecima]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera tredecima|D. tredecima]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
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*''[[Dysdera unguimmanis|D. unguimmanis]]'' <small>Ribera, Ferrández & Blasco, 1986</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera unguimmanis|D. unguimmanis]]'' <small>Ribera, Ferrández & Blasco, 1986</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera valentina|D. valentina]]'' <small>Ribera, 2004</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera valentina|D. valentina]]'' <small>Ribera, 2004</small> – Spain
⚫
*''[[Dysdera vandeli|D. vandeli]]'' <small>Denis, 1962</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera veigai|D. veigai]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera veigai|D. veigai]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera ventricosa|D. ventricosa]]'' <small>Grasshoff, 1959</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera ventricosa|D. ventricosa]]'' <small>Grasshoff, 1959</small> – Italy
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*''[[Dysdera yozgat|D. yozgat]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera yozgat|D. yozgat]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera zarudnyi|D. zarudnyi]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Central Asia, Afghanistan
*''[[Dysdera zarudnyi|D. zarudnyi]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Central Asia, Afghanistan
*''[[Dysdera zonsteini|D. zonsteini]]'' <small>(Dimitrov, 2021)</small> – Turkmenistan
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

⚫
==Further reading==
⚫
*{{cite journal |last1=Arnedo |first1=M.A. |last2=Oromí |first2=P. |last3=Ribera |first3=C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Radiation of the spider genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: cladistic assessment based on multiple data sets |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |doi=10.1006/clad.2001.0168 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=313–353|doi-access=free }}
⚫
*{{cite journal |last1=Milan |first1=Rezác |last2=Stano |first2=Pekár |year=2007 |title=Evidence For Woodlice-Specialization In Dysdera Spiders: Behavioural Versus Developmental Approaches |journal=Physiological Entomology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00588.x |s2cid=85860858 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=367–371}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://bugguide.net/node/view/3387 Dysdera] at [[BugGuide]]
*[https://bugguide.net/node/view/3387 Dysdera] at [[BugGuide]]

⚫
==Further reading==
⚫
*{{cite journal |author=Arnedo, M.A. |author2=P. Oromí |author3=C. Ribera |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Radiation of the spider genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: cladistic assessment based on multiple data sets |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=313–353 |doi=10.1006/clad.2001.0168 }}
⚫
*{{cite journal | author = Rezác Milan | author2 = Pekár Stano | year = 2007 | title = Evidence For Woodlice-Specialization In Dysdera Spiders: Behavioural Versus Developmental Approaches | journal = Physiological Entomology | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages = 367–371 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00588.x}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2083007}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2083007}}


[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
[[Category:Dysderidae genera]]
[[Category:Dysderidae]]
[[Category:Dysderidae]]
[[Category:Invertebrates of North Africa]]
[[Category:Invertebrates of North Africa]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 11 June 2024

Dysdera
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Dysdera erythrina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Dysderidae
Genus: Dysdera
Latreille, 1804[1]
Type species
D. erythrina
(Walckenaer, 1802)
Species

297, see text

Dysdera is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804.[2] They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.

The family has gained many common names from their individual species, including the "European garden spider", the "slater-eating spider", the "sow-bug killer", the "woodlouse hunter", and the "woodlouse spider".[3]

A bite from one of these spiders can be painful due to their large fangs and wide jaw. It may leave an itchy, swollen, or red bump, but the venom from one of their bites is not harmful to humans.[3]

Description

[edit]
The eye arrangement of spiders in the genus Dysdera

Adults have a reddish-brown body and legs, and can grow up to 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long. Females are generally larger growing from 1.1 to 1.5 centimetres (0.43 to 0.59 in), while males are about 0.9 to 1 centimetre (0.35 to 0.39 in).[4] Their six eyes are close together in an oval shape, and they have eight reddish legs, the second pair facing backward.[3]

Dysdera live in natural shelters, which they wrap by totally white silk. The inhabitants of hot and humid forest will take any potential shelter on or close to the ground. The shelters are used to hide from predators as well as for keeping the spider warm. During the day, they are commonly found taking shelter under objects like gravel with organic material covering it, in forests beneath bark or leaf litter, and occasionally in suburban gardens.[5]

Diet

[edit]

Dysdera are one of the few known arthropods to hunt and prey on woodlice, one of their main food sources. These spiders have wide jaws and large fangs to help to overcome the solid armor-like shells of woodlice. It makes them powerful predators for their size, allowing them to dominate or kill competitors, such as centipedes or other spiders. D. crocata is the only species from the Dysdera family known to prey on other spiders.[6]

They can also excrete certain enzymes that neutralize the chemical defenses of potential prey, allowing them to subsist on other common ground-dwelling invertebrates, including silverfish, earwigs, millipedes, and small burying beetles.

Mating

[edit]

Mating is mainly done during the month of April. The female is the main caregiver for the young. After mating, the male has minimal to no role in the child rearing process.[6] Before laying the eggs, females will make a silk pouch to protect and give them shelter. She can lay up to seventy eggs at once,[4] and will stay in the silk pouch with the eggs, protecting them and waiting for them to hatch.

Distribution

[edit]

The D. crocata, D. ninnii, D. dubrovninnii, D. hungarica, and D. longirostris are the five species still found in Central Europe after the last glacial period.[6] They are also abundantly found in North African countries like Morocco and Egypt, but also in Ethiopia, the Iberian Peninsula, and Australia. In the United States, Dysdera crocata is found from New England down to Georgia, and all the way across the country in California. At least two species inhabit South America: D. solers in Colombia- possibly a relict species from the post-miocene era- and D. magna in Brazil, Uruguay, and the central area of Chile.

Canary Islands

[edit]

Dysdera inhabits all of the Macaronesian archipelagos, but the most drastic variety is in the Canary Islands, a 22 million year old volcanic archipelago nearly 100 kilometres (62 mi) off the northwestern coast of Africa. These islands house over forty endemic species of Dysdera, thirty-six of which likely descended from a single ancestor, and six of which are associated with the oldest eastern island.[7] On Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the spider populations are limited to the highest elevation.

The most likely reason that these spiders are so abundant on the Canary Islands is due to the abundance of species on the nearby Iberian Peninsula and North Africas. Groups like Dysdera crocata and Dysdera erythrina, found on two neighboring lands, are found more often than D. lata and Dysdera longirostris, found also in North Africa and Iberia.[7] Over time, these spiders either made their way to the islands or diversified when adapting to the different environments found in the islands.

In total, two to four colonization events are assumed. This probably happened by rafting, or even more likely by transport on floating islands, for Dysdera is not known to use ballooning. Dydera lancerotensis is the only species where an independent origin from continental ancestors is unquestionable; it was originally described as a subspecies of Dysdera crocata. While some of the remaining Macaronesian archipelagos have been colonized from the Canaries, the Azores have been independently colonized from the continent.

The radiation of Dysdera is surpassed on the Canary Islands only by the snail genus Napaeus, the millipede genus Dolichoiulus, and the beetle genera Attalus and Laparocerus.

Species

[edit]

As of January 2023 it contains 297 species.[1]

A study published in 2021 used an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular evidence to describe 8 species new to science as well as re-describing and synonymising some existing species.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2019). "Gen. Dysdera Latreille, 1804". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  2. ^ Latreille, P. A. (1804). "Tableau methodique des Insectes". Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 24: 129–295.
  3. ^ a b c Borges, Paulo; et al. (2013). "Invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods: A general model of endemic vs. exotic species". Journal of Biogeography. 33 (1): 169–187. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01324.x. hdl:10400.3/1402. S2CID 53986568.
  4. ^ a b Jacobs, Steve (2002), Woodlouse Hunter Spider (Department of Entomology), Department of Entomology (Penn State University)
  5. ^ Cooke, J. A. L. (1965). "A Contribution to the Biology of the British Spiders belonging to the Genus Dysdera". Oikos. 16 (1/2): 20–25. doi:10.2307/3564861. ISSN 0030-1299.
  6. ^ a b c Milan, Řezáč; Jiří, Král; Stano, Pekár (2007). "The Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In Central Europe: Revision And Natural History". Journal of Arachnology. 35 (3): 432–462. doi:10.1636/h06-38.1. S2CID 86196958.
  7. ^ a b Macías-Hernández, Nuria; Oromí, Pedro; Arnedo, Miquel A. (2008-06-28). "Patterns of Diversification on Old Volcanic Islands as Revealed by the Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Eastern Canary Islands". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 94 (3): 589–615. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x.
  8. ^ Crespo, Luís C.; Silva, Isamberto; Enguídanos, Alba; Cardoso, Pedro; Arnedo, Miquel A. (2021). "Integrative taxonomic revision of the woodlouse-hunter spider genus Dysdera (Araneae: Dysderidae) in the Madeira archipelago with notes on its conservation status". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 192 (2): 356–415. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa089.
  9. ^ "Genus Dysdera". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-06-02.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dysdera&oldid=1228491571"