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{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Palaeogene|present}}
| name = ''Dysdera''
| image = Dysdera fg03.jpg
| taxon = Dysdera
| image = Dysdera_fg03.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Dysdera erythrina]]''
| image_caption = ''Dysdera erythrina''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804<ref name=NMBE />
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| type_species = ''[[Dysdera erythrina|D. erythrina]]''
| classis = [[Arachnid]]a
| type_species_authority = ([[Charles Athanase Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1802)
| ordo = [[Spider|Araneae]]
| subordo = [[Araneomorphae]]
| familia = [[Dysderidae]]
| genus = '''''Dysdera'''''
| genus_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804
| diversity_link = List of Dysderidae species#Dysdera
| diversity = 237 species
| range_map =
| range_map_width = 250px
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = 297, [[#Species|see text]]
''[[Dysdera crocata|D. crocata]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera fuscipes|D. fuscipes]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera mucronata|D. mucronata]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera seclusa|D. seclusa]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera scabricula|D. scabricula]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera vivesi|D. vivesi]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera atlantica|D. atlantica]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera caeca|D. caeca]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera drescoi|D. drescoi]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera lucidipes|D. lucidipes]]''<br />
''[[Dysdera mauritanica|D. mauritanica]]''<br />
&nbsp;hundreds more (check the [[World Spider Catalog]] for a more complete list)
}}
}}


'''''Dysdera''''' is a genus of [[spider]]s from the family [[Dysderidae]]. They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.
'''''Dysdera''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Dysderidae|woodlouse hunting spiders]] that was first described by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in 1804.<ref name=Latr1804>{{cite journal |last=Latreille |first=P. A. |year=1804 |title=Tableau methodique des Insectes |journal=Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris |volume=24 |pages=129–295}}</ref> They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.


The family has gained many common names from their individual species, including the "European garden spider", the "slater-eating spider", the "sow-bug killer", the "woodlouse hunter", and the "woodlouse spider".<ref name=Borg2013>{{cite journal |last1=Borges |first1=Paulo |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods: A general model of endemic vs. exotic species |journal=Journal of Biogeography |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01324.x |hdl=10400.3/1402 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=53986568 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=169–187}}</ref>
== Distribution ==
''[[Woodlouse spider|Dysdera crocata]]'', ''Dysdera ninnii'', ''Dysdera dubrovninnii'', ''Dysdera hungarica'' and ''Dysdera longirostris'' are the five species still found in Central [[Europe]] after the last glacial period.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|url = |title = The Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In Central Europe: Revision And Natural History.|last = |first = |date = 11 March 2015|journal = Journal of Arachnology|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> They are also abundantly found in North African countries like [[Morocco]] and [[Egypt]], but also in [[Ethiopia]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and [[Australia]]. Some species are found in the U.S., ''Dysdera crocata'' is found from New England down to Georgia and all the way across the country in California. However, at least two species inhabit South America (''[[Dysdera solers]]'' in [[Colombia]], (possibly a relict species from the post-miocene era) and ''[[Dysdera magna]]'' in [[Brazil]] and [[Uruguay]], they are also very common in the central area of [[Chile]]). While ''Dysdera'' inhabits all of the Macaronesian archipelagos, the most drastic change from strictly the [[Canary Islands]]. Researches have discovered around 50 species just on the [[Canary Islands]], six of those 50 are associated with the oldest eastern island.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Diversification On Old Volcanic Islands As Revealed By The Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In The Eastern Canary Islands.|last = |first = |date = 11 March 2015|journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x|pmid = |access-date = |volume=94 |pages=589–615}}</ref> The spider population are limited to the highest elevation on [[Lanzarote]] and [[Fuerteventura]] islands. The most likely reason why ''Dysdera'' are abundantly found on the Canary Islands is due to 27 species found on the close shores of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. Groups like ''Dysdera crocata'' and ''Dysdera erythrina'' found on the two neighboring lands are found more often than ''[[Dysdera lata]]'' and ''Dysdera longirostis'', which are also found in North Africa and Iberia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Patterns Of Diversification On Old Volcanic Islands As Revealed By The Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In The Eastern Canary Islands.|last = |first = |date = 11 March 2015|journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|doi =10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x |pmid = |access-date = |volume=94 |pages=589–615}}</ref> This family of spiders from their separate species have many common names; European garden spider, slater-eating spider, sow-bug killer, woodlouse hunter, and woodlouse spider.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods: a general model of endemic vs. exotic species.|last = |first = |date = 11 March 2015|journal = Journal of Biogeography|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01324.x|pmid = |access-date = }}</ref>


A bite from one of these spiders can be painful due to their large fangs and wide jaw. It may leave an itchy, swollen, or red bump, but the [[venom]] from one of their bites is not harmful to humans.<ref name=Borg2013 />
== Shelter ==
''Dysdera'' are unable to produce webs for shelter causing them to be limited to the ground and natural shelters. ''Dysdera'' inhabit hot humid forest, or potentially any shelter on and close to the ground. They search for objects to hide under not only because they are ground dwellers but due to the moist earth's footing and keeping the spider warm. ''Dysdera'' shelter under objects like gravel with organic material covering it, stones, bark, also sometimes found in suburban gardens, anything to keep them protected from predators during the day. ''Dysdera unguimannis'' is considered the most remarkable case of [[troglomorphism]] (adaptation to cave life) in the genus ''Dysdera''. They shelter under or in anything they can find but, only during the day due to strictly hunting prey at night.<ref name=":4"/>


== Description ==
==Description==
[[File:Dysdera eye group.svg|thumb|The eye arrangement of spiders in the genus ''Dysdera'']]
These spiders can be up to 2&nbsp;cm long, Females are, on average, larger, 1.1 to 1.5&nbsp;cm, while males are generally 0.9 to 1&nbsp;cm. Both have a reddish-brown color.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Woodlouse Hunter Spider|last = |first = |date = 11 March 2015|journal = Department of Entomology|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> Their six eyes are close together, in an oval shape, with reddish legs, a pale abdomen, and a brown cephalothorax. The spider has 8 legs, 3 pairs(6) of legs facing forward and one pair(2) facing backwards.<ref name=":3" />


Adults have a reddish-brown body and legs, and can grow up to {{convert|2|cm}} long. Females are generally larger growing from {{convert|1.1|to|1.5|cm}}, while males are about {{convert|0.9|to|1|cm}}.<ref name=Jaco2002>{{citation |last=Jacobs |first=Steve |year=2002 |title=Woodlouse Hunter Spider (Department of Entomology) |publisher=Department of Entomology (Penn State University)}}</ref> Their six eyes are close together in an oval shape, and they have eight reddish legs, the second pair facing backward.<ref name=Borg2013 />
== Behavior ==
Mating is mainly done during the month of April, after mating the male has minimal to no role in the new baby spiders life.<ref name=":4" /> The female is the main caregiver for the young, before laying the eggs she will make a silk pouch to protect and give shelter to the eggs, up to 70 eggs can be produced at once.<ref name=":5" /> The female will stay in the silk pouch with the eggs, protecting, and waiting for them to hatch. After hatching the mother cares for her new babies and will stay together until they are ready to go out on their own. The spider's bite is not poisonous to people but is painful due to their large fangs and wide jaw. However, the bite does leave an itchy, swollen, red bump.<ref name=":3" />


''Dysdera'' live in natural shelters, which they wrap by totally white silk. The inhabitants of hot and humid forest will take any potential shelter on or close to the ground. The shelters are used to hide from predators as well as for keeping the spider warm. During the day, they are commonly found taking shelter under objects like gravel with organic material covering it, in forests beneath bark or leaf litter, and occasionally in suburban gardens.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=J. A. L. |title=A Contribution to the Biology of the British Spiders belonging to the Genus Dysdera |journal=Oikos |date=1965 |volume=16 |issue=1/2 |pages=20–25 |doi=10.2307/3564861 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3564861 |issn=0030-1299}}</ref>
== Diet ==
Dysdera are one of the few known arthropods to hunt and prey on woodlice, which is their main food source. Their wide jaws and large fangs help to overcome [[Woodlouse|woodlice]] hard armor-like shells, as well as their ability to release chemicals to keep them out of harm's way. These adaptations also enable them to prey on other common ground-dwelling invertebrates such as [[silverfish]], [[earwigs]], [[millipedes]], and small burying beetles. Dysdera crocata is the only species from the Dysdera family to prey on other spiders.<ref name=":4" /> Dysdera spiders' huge, sharp fangs make them very powerful predators for their size, allowing them to dominate, and sometimes kill, competitors such as [[centipedes]] and other spiders.


===Diet===
== Radiation in the Canary Islands ==
''Dysdera'' are one of the few known arthropods to hunt and prey on [[Woodlouse|woodlice]], one of their main food sources. These spiders have wide jaws and large fangs to help to overcome the solid armor-like shells of [[Woodlouse|woodlice]]. It makes them powerful predators for their size, allowing them to dominate or kill competitors, such as [[centipedes]] or other spiders. ''[[Dysdera crocata|D. crocata]]'' is the only species from the ''Dysdera'' family known to prey on other spiders.<ref name=Mila2007 />
The [[Canary Islands]] are from 22 million years ([[Fuerteventura]]) to 0.8 million years ([[El Hierro]]) old.

43 endemic species of ''Dysdera'' are found on the volcanic archipelago of the [[Canary Islands]], 100&nbsp;km off the northwestern coast of [[Africa]]. 36 of these species probably descended from a single ancestor; in total two to four colonization events are assumed. This probably happened by [[rafting]], or even more likely by transport on [[floating island]]s, for ''Dysdera'' is not known to use [[ballooning (spider)|ballooning]]. ''Dydera lancerotensis'' is the only species where an independent origin from continental ancestors is unquestionable; it was originally described as a subspecies of ''Dysdera crocata''.
They can also excrete certain enzymes that neutralize the chemical defenses of potential prey, allowing them to subsist on other common ground-dwelling invertebrates, including [[silverfish]], [[earwigs]], [[millipedes]], and small burying beetles.

===Mating===
Mating is mainly done during the month of April. The female is the main caregiver for the young. After mating, the male has minimal to no role in the child rearing process.<ref name=Mila2007 /> Before laying the eggs, females will make a silk pouch to protect and give them shelter. She can lay up to seventy eggs at once,<ref name=Jaco2002 /> and will stay in the silk pouch with the eggs, protecting them and waiting for them to hatch.

==Distribution==
The ''D. crocata'', ''[[Dysdera ninnii|D. ninnii]]'', ''[[Dysdera dubrovninnii|D. dubrovninnii]]'', ''[[Dysdera hungarica|D. hungarica]]'', and ''[[Dysdera longirostris|D. longirostris]]'' are the five species still found in Central [[Europe]] after the last glacial period.<ref name=Mila2007>{{cite journal |last1=Milan |first1=Řezáč |last2=Jiří |first2=Král |last3=Stano |first3=Pekár |year=2007 |title=The Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In Central Europe: Revision And Natural History |journal=Journal of Arachnology |doi=10.1636/h06-38.1 |s2cid=86196958 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=432–462 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/229021}}</ref> They are also abundantly found in North African countries like [[Morocco]] and [[Egypt]], but also in [[Ethiopia]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and [[Australia]]. In the [[United States]], ''Dysdera crocata'' is found from [[New England]] down to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and all the way across the country in [[California]]. At least two species inhabit South America: ''[[Dysdera solers|D. solers]]'' in [[Colombia]]- possibly a relict species from the post-miocene era- and ''[[Dysdera magna|D. magna]]'' in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], and the central area of [[Chile]].

===Canary Islands===
''Dysdera'' inhabits all of the [[Macaronesia]]n archipelagos, but the most drastic variety is in the [[Canary Islands]], a 22 million year old volcanic archipelago nearly {{convert|100|km}} off the northwestern coast of [[Africa]]. These islands house over forty endemic species of ''Dysdera'', thirty-six of which likely descended from a single ancestor, and six of which are associated with the oldest eastern island.<ref name=Maci2008>{{cite journal |last1=Macías-Hernández |first1=Nuria |last2=Oromí |first2=Pedro |last3=Arnedo |first3=Miquel A. |date=2008-06-28 |title=Patterns of Diversification on Old Volcanic Islands as Revealed by the Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Eastern Canary Islands |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x |doi-access=free |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=589–615}}</ref> On [[Lanzarote]] and [[Fuerteventura]], the spider populations are limited to the highest elevation.

The most likely reason that these spiders are so abundant on the Canary Islands is due to the abundance of species on the nearby Iberian Peninsula and North Africas. Groups like ''Dysdera crocata'' and ''Dysdera erythrina'', found on two neighboring lands, are found more often than ''[[Dysdera lata|D. lata]]'' and ''Dysdera longirostris'', found also in North Africa and Iberia.<ref name=Maci2008 /> Over time, these spiders either made their way to the islands or diversified when adapting to the different environments found in the islands.

In total, two to four colonization events are assumed. This probably happened by [[rafting]], or even more likely by transport on [[floating island]]s, for ''Dysdera'' is not known to use [[ballooning (spider)|ballooning]]. ''Dydera lancerotensis'' is the only species where an independent origin from continental ancestors is unquestionable; it was originally described as a subspecies of ''Dysdera crocata''.
While some of the remaining [[Macaronesia]]n archipelagos have been colonized from the Canaries, the [[Azores]] have been independently colonized from the continent.
While some of the remaining [[Macaronesia]]n archipelagos have been colonized from the Canaries, the [[Azores]] have been independently colonized from the continent.


The radiation of ''Dysdera'' is surpassed on the Canary Islands by the [[snail]] genus ''[[Napaeus]]'' ([[Stylommatophora]]: [[Enidae]]) with more than 50 endemic species, the millipede genus ''[[Dolichoiulus]]'' ([[Julidae]]) with 46, and the beetle genera ''[[Attalus (beetle)|Attalus]]'' ([[Malachiidae]]) with 51 and ''[[Laparocerus]]'' ([[Curculionidae]]) with 68 endemic species.
The radiation of ''Dysdera'' is surpassed on the Canary Islands only by the [[snail]] genus ''[[Napaeus]]'', the [[millipede]] genus ''[[Julidae#Classification|Dolichoiulus]]'', and the [[beetle]] genera ''[[Malachiinae#Overview of genera|Attalus]]'' and ''[[Laparocerini#Genera|Laparocerus]]''.


== Notes ==
==Species==
{{as of|2023|01}} it contains 297 species.<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal |last1=Gloor |first1=Daniel |last2=Nentwig |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Blick |first3=Theo |last4=Kropf |first4=Christian |year=2019 |title=Gen. Dysdera Latreille, 1804 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0 |doi=10.24436/2 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/825 |access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>

A study published in 2021 used an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular evidence to describe 8 species new to science as well as re-describing and synonymising some existing species.<ref name=Crespo>{{cite journal |last1=Crespo |first1=Luís C. |last2=Silva |first2=Isamberto |last3=Enguídanos |first3=Alba |last4=Cardoso |first4=Pedro |last5=Arnedo |first5=Miquel A. |year=2021 |title=Integrative taxonomic revision of the woodlouse-hunter spider genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae: Dysderidae) in the Madeira archipelago with notes on its conservation status |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa089 |volume=192 |issue=2 |pages=356–415 |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/192/2/356/6012771}}</ref>
{{Div col}}
*''[[Dysdera aberrans|D. aberrans]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2010</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera aciculata|D. aciculata]]'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1882</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera aculeata|D. aculeata]]'' <small>Kroneberg, 1875</small> – Central Asia, Iran? Introduced to Croatia
*''[[Dysdera adriatica|D. adriatica]]'' <small>[[Władysław Kulczyński|Kulczyński]], 1897</small> – Austria, Balkans
*''[[Dysdera affinis|D. affinis]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1996</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera afghana|D. afghana]]'' <small>Denis, 1958</small> – Afghanistan
*''[[Dysdera akpinarae|D. akpinarae]]'' <small>Varol, 2016</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera alegranzaensis|D. alegranzaensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera alentejana|D. alentejana]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1996</small> – Portugal
*''[[Dysdera ambulotenta|D. ambulotenta]]'' <small>Ribera, Ferrández & Blasco, 1986</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera anatoliae|D. anatoliae]]'' <small>[[Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold|Deeleman-Reinhold]], 1988</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera ancora|D. ancora]]'' <small>Grasshoff, 1959</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera andamanae|D. andamanae]]'' <small>Arnedo & Ribera, 1997</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera andreini|D. andreini]]'' <small>[[Lodovico di Caporiacco|Caporiacco]], 1928</small> – Italy, Albania
*''[[Dysdera aneris|D. aneris]]'' <small>Macías-Hernández & Arnedo, 2010</small> – Selvagens Is.
*''[[Dysdera anonyma|D. anonyma]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera apenninica|D. apenninica]]'' <small>Alicata, 1964</small> – Italy
**''[[Dysdera apenninica|Dysdera a. aprutiana]]'' <small>Alicata, 1964</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera arabiafelix|D. arabiafelix]]'' <small>Gasparo & van Harten, 2006</small> – Yemen
*''[[Dysdera arabica|D. arabica]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Oman
*''[[Dysdera arabisenen|D. arabisenen]]'' <small>Arnedo & Ribera, 1997</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera argaeica|D. argaeica]]'' <small>Nosek, 1905</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera arganoi|D. arganoi]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2004</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera armenica|D. armenica]]'' <small>[[Dmitry Kharitonov|Charitonov]], 1956</small> – Armenia, Georgia
*''[[Dysdera arnedoi|D. arnedoi]]'' <small>Lissner, 2017</small> – Spain (Majorca)
*''[[Dysdera arnoldii|D. arnoldii]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Central Asia
*''[[Dysdera asiatica|D. asiatica]]'' <small>Nosek, 1905</small> – Turkey, Iran (?)
*''[[Dysdera atlantea|D. atlantea]]'' <small>Denis, 1954</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera atlantica|D. atlantica]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera aurgitana|D. aurgitana]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1996</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera azerbajdzhanica|D. azerbajdzhanica]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Caucasus (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan)
*''[[Dysdera baetica|D. baetica]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera balearica|D. balearica]]'' <small>[[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1873</small> – Spain (Majorca)
*''[[Dysdera bandamae|D. bandamae]]'' <small>[[Günter Schmidt (arachnologist)|Schmidt]], 1973</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera baratellii|D. baratellii]]'' <small>Pesarini, 2001</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera beieri|D. beieri]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera bellimundi|D. bellimundi]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Montenegro, Albania
*''[[Dysdera bernardi|D. bernardi]]'' <small>Denis, 1966</small> – Libya
*''[[Dysdera bicolor|D. bicolor]]'' <small>[[Władysław Taczanowski|Taczanowski]], 1874</small> – French Guiana
*''[[Dysdera bicornis|D. bicornis]]'' <small>Fage, 1931</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera bidentata|D. bidentata]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera bogatschevi|D. bogatschevi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Georgia, Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera borealicaucasica|D. borealicaucasica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Russia (Caucasus)
*''[[Dysdera bottazziae|D. bottazziae]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1951</small> – Italy, Croatia
*''[[Dysdera breviseta|D. breviseta]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera brevispina|D. brevispina]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera brignoliana|D. brignoliana]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2000</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera brignolii|D. brignolii]]'' <small>Dunin, 1989</small> – Turkmenistan
*''[[Dysdera caeca|D. caeca]]'' <small>Ribera, 1993</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera calderensis|D. calderensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1987</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera castillonensis|D. castillonensis]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1996</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera catalonica|D. catalonica]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera cechica|D. cechica]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia?
*''[[Dysdera centroitalica|D. centroitalica]]'' <small>Gasparo, 1997</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera cephalonica|D. cephalonica]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera cetophonorum|D. cetophonorum]]'' <small>(Crespo & Arnedo, 2021)</small> – Azores
*''[[Dysdera charitonowi|D. charitonowi]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera chioensis|D. chioensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera circularis|D. circularis]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera citauca|D. citauca]]'' <small>(Crespo & Arnedo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera coiffaiti|D. coiffaiti]]'' <small>Denis, 1962</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera collucata|D. collucata]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Armenia
*''[[Dysdera concinna|D. concinna]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Carl Christian Koch|L. Koch]], 1878</small> – Azerbaijan, Iran (?)
*''[[Dysdera corallina|D. corallina]]'' <small>Risso, 1826</small> – Spain, France
*''[[Dysdera corfuensis|D. corfuensis]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Albania, Greece (Corfu)
*''[[Dysdera cornipes|D. cornipes]]'' <small>[[Ferdinand Karsch|Karsch]], 1881</small> – Libya
*''[[Dysdera cribellata|D. cribellata]]'' <small>Simon, 1883</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera cribrata|D. cribrata]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France, Italy, Andorra
*''[[Dysdera cristata|D. cristata]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Syria, Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera crocata|D. crocata]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1838</small> – Europe, Caucasus, Iraq, Central Asia. Introduced to North America,<ref name=bugguide>{{cite web |title=Genus Dysdera |publisher=BugGuide |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/3387 |access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> Chile, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii
**''[[Dysdera crocata|Dysdera c. mutica]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
**''[[Dysdera crocata|Dysdera c. parvula]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera crocolita|D. crocolita]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera curviseta|D. curviseta]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1987</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera cylindrica|D. cylindrica]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1885</small> – Pakistan
*''[[Dysdera daghestanica|D. daghestanica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Russia (Caucasus)
*''[[Dysdera dentichelis|D. dentichelis]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera deserticola|D. deserticola]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera dissimilis|D. dissimilis]]'' <small>[[Crespo & Arnedo, 2021]], 1862</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera diversa|D. diversa]]'' <small>[[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1862</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera dolanskyi|D. dolanskyi]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera drescoi|D. drescoi]]'' <small>Ribera, 1983</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera dubrovninnii|D. dubrovninnii]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – SE Europe (Balkans), Romania, Slovakia
*''[[Dysdera dunini|D. dunini]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Caucasus (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan)
*''[[Dysdera dushengi|D. dushengi]]'' <small>(Lin, Chang & Li, 2020)</small> – Kazakhstan, China
*''[[Dysdera dysderoides|D. dysderoides]]'' <small>(Caporiacco, 1947)</small> – Ethiopia
*''[[Dysdera edumifera|D. edumifera]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1983</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera enghoffi|D. enghoffi]]'' <small>Arnedo, Oromí & Ribera, 1997</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera enguriensis|D. enguriensis]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera erythrina|D. erythrina]]'' <small>(Walckenaer, 1802)</small> ([[Type species|type]]) – Southwestern and Western to Central Europe
*''[[Dysdera espanoli|D. espanoli]]'' <small>Ribera & Ferrández, 1986</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera esquiveli|D. esquiveli]]'' <small>Ribera & Blasco, 1986</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera exigua|D. exigua]]'' <small>[[Crespo & Arnedo, 2021]]</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera fabrorum|D. fabrorum]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera falciformis|D. falciformis]]'' <small>Barrientos & Ferrández, 1982</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera fedtschenkoi|D. fedtschenkoi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1992</small> – Tajikistan
*''[[Dysdera ferghanica|D. ferghanica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1985</small> – Kyrgyzstan
*''[[Dysdera ferrandezi|D. ferrandezi]]'' <small>(Barrientos & Hernández-Corral, 2022)</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera fervida|D. fervida]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France (Corsica), Spain (Balearic Is.)?
*''[[Dysdera festai|D. festai]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1929</small> – Greece (Rhodes)
*''[[Dysdera flagellata|D. flagellata]]'' <small>Grasshoff, 1959</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera flagellifera|D. flagellifera]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1947</small> – Italy
**''[[Dysdera flagellifera|Dysdera f. aeoliensis]]'' <small>Alicata, 1973</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera flavitarsis|D. flavitarsis]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera fragaria|D. fragaria]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece (Rhodes)
*''[[Dysdera furcata|D. furcata]]'' <small>Varol & Danışman, 2018</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera fuscipes|D. fuscipes]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Portugal, Spain, France
*''[[Dysdera fustigans|D. fustigans]]'' <small>Alicata, 1966</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera galinae|D. galinae]]'' <small>Dimitrov, 2018</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera gamarrae|D. gamarrae]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera garrafensis|D. garrafensis]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera gemina|D. gemina]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Israel
*''[[Dysdera ghilarovi|D. ghilarovi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1987</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera gibbifera|D. gibbifera]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera gigas|D. gigas]]'' <small>[[Carl Friedrich Roewer|Roewer]], 1928</small> – Greece (Crete)
*''[[Dysdera gmelini|D. gmelini]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera gollumi|D. gollumi]]'' <small>Ribera & Arnedo, 1994</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera gomerensis|D. gomerensis]]'' <small>[[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1911</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera graia|D. graia]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – France
*''[[Dysdera granulata|D. granulata]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1897</small> – Italy, Balkans, Albania
*''[[Dysdera gruberi|D. gruberi]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera guayota|D. guayota]]'' <small>Arnedo & Ribera, 1999</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera halkidikii|D. halkidikii]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Macedonia, Greece
*''[[Dysdera hamifera|D. hamifera]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
**''[[Dysdera hamifera|Dysdera h. macellina]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera hattusas|D. hattusas]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera helenae|D. helenae]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1996</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera hernandezi|D. hernandezi]]'' <small>Arnedo & Ribera, 1999</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera hiemalis|D. hiemalis]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece (Crete)
*''[[Dysdera hirguan|D. hirguan]]'' <small>Arnedo, Oromí & Ribera, 1997</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera hirsti|D. hirsti]]'' <small>Denis, 1945</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera hungarica|D. hungarica]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1897</small> – Central Europe to Azerbaijan
**''[[Dysdera hungarica|Dysdera h. atra]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia, Azerbaijan
**''[[Dysdera hungarica|Dysdera h. subalpina]]'' <small>Dunin, 1992</small> – Russia (Caucasus)
*''[[Dysdera iguanensis|D. iguanensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1987</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera imeretiensis|D. imeretiensis]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera incertissima|D. incertissima]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera incognita|D. incognita]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Russia (Europe, Caucasus)
*''[[Dysdera inermis|D. inermis]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera inopinata|D. inopinata]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera insulana|D. insulana]]'' <small>Simon, 1883</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera isambertoi|D. isambertoi]]'' <small>[[Crespo & Cardoso, 2021]]</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera jana|D. jana]]'' <small>Gasparo & Arnedo, 2009</small> – Italy (Sardinia)
*''[[Dysdera karabachica|D. karabachica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera kati|D. kati]]'' <small>Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera kollari|D. kollari]]'' <small>Doblika, 1853</small> – Italy, Balkans, Greece, Turkey
*''[[Dysdera krisis|D. krisis]]'' <small>Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016</small> – Greece, Turkey
*''[[Dysdera kronebergi|D. kronebergi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1992</small> – Tajikistan
*''[[Dysdera kropfi|D. kropfi]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Switzerland
*''[[Dysdera kugitangica|D. kugitangica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1992</small> – Turkmenistan
*''[[Dysdera kulczynskii|D. kulczynskii]]'' <small>Simon, 1914</small> – France, Italy
*''[[Dysdera kusnetsovi|D. kusnetsovi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1989</small> – Turkmenistan
*''[[Dysdera labradaensis|D. labradaensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera lagrecai|D. lagrecai]]'' <small>Alicata, 1964</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera lancerotensis|D. lancerotensis]]'' <small>Simon, 1907</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera lantosquensis|D. lantosquensis]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France, Italy
*''[[Dysdera lata|D. lata]]'' <small>Reuss, 1834</small> – Mediterranean to Georgia
*''[[Dysdera laterispina|D. laterispina]]'' <small>Pesarini, 2001</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera leprieuri|D. leprieuri]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera levipes|D. levipes]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1987</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera ligustica|D. ligustica]]'' <small>Gasparo, 1997</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera limitanea|D. limitanea]]'' <small>Dunin, 1985</small> – Turkmenistan
*''[[Dysdera limnos|D. limnos]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera liostetha|D. liostetha]]'' <small>Simon, 1907</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera littoralis|D. littoralis]]'' <small>Denis, 1962</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera longa|D. longa]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera longimandibularis|D. longimandibularis]]'' <small>Nosek, 1905</small> – Turkey, Cyprus
*''[[Dysdera longirostris|D. longirostris]]'' <small>Doblika, 1853</small> – Central to south-eastern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus
*''[[Dysdera lubrica|D. lubrica]]'' <small>Simon, 1907</small> – Egypt
*''[[Dysdera lucidipes|D. lucidipes]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Algeria
**''[[Dysdera lucidipes|Dysdera l. melillensis]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera lusitanica|D. lusitanica]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1915</small> – Portugal, Spain
*''[[Dysdera machadoi|D. machadoi]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1996</small> – Portugal, Spain
*''[[Dysdera macra|D. macra]]'' <small>Simon, 1883</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera madai|D. madai]]'' <small>Arnedo, 2007</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera mahan|D. mahan]]'' <small>Macías-Hernández & Arnedo, 2010</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera maronita|D. maronita]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2003</small> – Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera martensi|D. martensi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Caucasus (Russia, Georgia)
*''[[Dysdera mauritanica|D. mauritanica]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small> – Morocco
**''[[Dysdera mauritanica|Dysdera m. aurantiaca]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera maurusia|D. maurusia]]'' <small>Thorell, 1873</small> – Algeria, Hungary?, Slovakia?, USA?
*''[[Dysdera mazini|D. mazini]]'' <small>Dunin, 1991</small> – Armenia, Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera meschetiensis|D. meschetiensis]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera microdonta|D. microdonta]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2014</small> – Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Serbia
*''[[Dysdera mikhailovi|D. mikhailovi]]'' <small>(Fomichev & Marusik, 2021)</small> – Tajikistan
*''[[Dysdera minairo|D. minairo]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera minuta|D. minuta]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece (Rhodes)
*''[[Dysdera minutissima|D. minutissima]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera mixta|D. mixta]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera montanetensis|D. montanetensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera monterossoi|D. monterossoi]]'' <small>Alicata, 1964</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera moravica|D. moravica]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2014</small> – Germany to Romania
*''[[Dysdera mucronata|D. mucronata]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Morocco, Spain
*''[[Dysdera murphyorum|D. murphyorum]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Albania, Greece (Corfu)
*''[[Dysdera nakhchivanica|D. nakhchivanica]]'' <small>Beydizade, Shafaie & Guseinov, 2018</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera nenilini|D. nenilini]]'' <small>Dunin, 1989</small> – Turkmenistan
*''[[Dysdera neocretica|D. neocretica]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece (Crete), Turkey
*''[[Dysdera nesiotes|D. nesiotes]]'' <small>Simon, 1907</small> – Selvagens Is., Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera nicaeensis|D. nicaeensis]]'' <small>Thorell, 1873</small> – France, Italy
*''[[Dysdera ninnii|D. ninnii]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Canestrini|Canestrini]], 1868</small> – Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia
*''[[Dysdera nomada|D. nomada]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Tunisia
*''[[Dysdera nubila|D. nubila]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France (Corsica), Italy
*''[[Dysdera orahan|D. orahan]]'' <small>Arnedo, Oromí & Ribera, 1997</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera ortunoi|D. ortunoi]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1996</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera osellai|D. osellai]]'' <small>Alicata, 1973</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera paganettii|D. paganettii]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera pamirica|D. pamirica]]'' <small>Dunin, 1992</small> – Tajikistan
*''[[Dysdera pandazisi|D. pandazisi]]'' <small>Hadjissarantos, 1940</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera paucispinosa|D. paucispinosa]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera pavani|D. pavani]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1941</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera pectinata|D. pectinata]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece
*''[[Dysdera pharaonis|D. pharaonis]]'' <small>Simon, 1907</small> – Egypt
*''[[Dysdera pococki|D. pococki]]'' <small>Dunin, 1985</small> – Turkmenistan
*''[[Dysdera pominii|D. pominii]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1947</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera portisancti|D. portisancti]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1995</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera portsensis|D. portsensis]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera pradesensis|D. pradesensis]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera praepostera|D. praepostera]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera precaria|D. precaria]]'' <small>(Crespo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera presai|D. presai]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera pretneri|D. pretneri]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Croatia, Montenegro, Greece
*''[[Dysdera pristiphora|D. pristiphora]]'' <small>Pesarini, 2001</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera punctata|D. punctata]]'' <small>C. L. Koch, 1838</small> – Southern Europe, Slovakia?, Georgia?
*''[[Dysdera punctocretica|D. punctocretica]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece (Corfu)
*''[[Dysdera pyrenaica|D. pyrenaica]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera quindecima|D. quindecima]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera raddei|D. raddei]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera ramblae|D. ramblae]]'' <small>Arnedo, Oromí & Ribera, 1997</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera ratonensis|D. ratonensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera ravida|D. ravida]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera recondita|D. recondita]]'' <small>(Crespo & Arnedo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera richteri|D. richteri]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia
*''[[Dysdera roemeri|D. roemeri]]'' <small>Strand, 1906</small> – Ethiopia
*''[[Dysdera romana|D. romana]]'' <small>Gasparo & Di Franco, 2008</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera romantica|D. romantica]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera rostrata|D. rostrata]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera rubus|D. rubus]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Turkey, Greece
*''[[Dysdera rudis|D. rudis]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France
*''[[Dysdera rugichelis|D. rugichelis]]'' <small>Simon, 1907</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera rullii|D. rullii]]'' <small>Pesarini, 2001</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera sanborondon|D. sanborondon]]'' <small>Arnedo, Oromí & Ribera, 2000</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera sandrae|D. sandrae]]'' <small>(Crespo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera satunini|D. satunini]]'' <small>Dunin, 1990</small> – Azerbaijan
*''[[Dysdera scabricula|D. scabricula]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – France, Spain
*''[[Dysdera sciakyi|D. sciakyi]]'' <small>Pesarini, 2001</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera seclusa|D. seclusa]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera sefrensis|D. sefrensis]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera septima|D. septima]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera shardana|D. shardana]]'' <small>Opatova & Arnedo, 2009</small> – Italy (Sardinia)
*''[[Dysdera sibyllina|D. sibyllina]]'' <small>Arnedo, 2007</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera sibyllinica|D. sibyllinica]]'' <small>Kritscher, 1956</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera silana|D. silana]]'' <small>Alicata, 1965</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera silvatica|D. silvatica]]'' <small>Schmidt, 1981</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera simbeque|D. simbeque]]'' <small>Macías-Hernández & Arnedo, 2010</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera simoni|D. simoni]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Syria, Israel, Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera snassenica|D. snassenica]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Morocco, Algeria
**''[[Dysdera snassenica|Dysdera s. collina]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera soleata|D. soleata]]'' <small>Karsch, 1881</small> – Libya
*''[[Dysdera solers|D. solers]]'' <small>Walckenaer, 1837</small> – Colombia
*''[[Dysdera spasskyi|D. spasskyi]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera spinicrus|D. spinicrus]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Balkans, Greece, Syria
*''[[Dysdera spinidorsa|D. spinidorsa]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera stahlavskyi|D. stahlavskyi]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – France
*''[[Dysdera subcylindrica|D. subcylindrica]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Central Asia
*''[[Dysdera subnubila|D. subnubila]]'' <small>Simon, 1907</small> – Italy, Tunisia, Egypt
*''[[Dysdera subsquarrosa|D. subsquarrosa]]'' <small>Simon, 1914</small> – France, Italy
*''[[Dysdera sultani|D. sultani]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece, Turkey
*''[[Dysdera sutoria|D. sutoria]]'' <small>Denis, 1945</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera tartarica|D. tartarica]]'' <small>Kroneberg, 1875</small> – Central Asia
*''[[Dysdera tbilisiensis|D. tbilisiensis]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1979</small> – Georgia
*''[[Dysdera tenuistyla|D. tenuistyla]]'' <small>Denis, 1961</small> – Morocco
*''[[Dysdera teixeirai|D. teixeirai]]'' <small>[[Crespo & Cardoso, 2021]]</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera tezcani|D. tezcani]]'' <small>Varol & Akpınar, 2016</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera tilosensis|D. tilosensis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera titanica|D. titanica]]'' <small>(Crespo & Arnedo, 2021)</small> – Madeira
*''[[Dysdera topcui|D. topcui]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2008</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera tredecima|D. tredecima]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera turcica|D. turcica]]'' <small>Varol, 2016</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera tystshenkoi|D. tystshenkoi]]'' <small>Dunin, 1989</small> – Turkmenistan
*''[[Dysdera ukrainensis|D. ukrainensis]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Georgia
*''[[Dysdera undecima|D. undecima]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2018</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera unguimmanis|D. unguimmanis]]'' <small>Ribera, Ferrández & Blasco, 1986</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera valentina|D. valentina]]'' <small>Ribera, 2004</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera veigai|D. veigai]]'' <small>Ferrández, 1984</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera ventricosa|D. ventricosa]]'' <small>Grasshoff, 1959</small> – Italy
*''[[Dysdera vermicularis|D. vermicularis]]'' <small>[[Lucien Berland|Berland]], 1936</small> – Cape Verde Is.
*''[[Dysdera verneaui|D. verneaui]]'' <small>Simon, 1883</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera vesiculifera|D. vesiculifera]]'' <small>Simon, 1882</small> – Algeria
*''[[Dysdera vignai|D. vignai]]'' <small>Gasparo, 2003</small> – Lebanon
*''[[Dysdera vivesi|D. vivesi]]'' <small>Ribera & Ferrández, 1986</small> – Spain
*''[[Dysdera volcania|D. volcania]]'' <small>Ribera, Ferrández & Blasco, 1986</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera werneri|D. werneri]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Greece
*''[[Dysdera westringi|D. westringi]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872</small> – Eastern Mediterranean, Iraq
*''[[Dysdera yguanirae|D. yguanirae]]'' <small>Arnedo & Ribera, 1997</small> – Canary Is.
*''[[Dysdera yozgat|D. yozgat]]'' <small>Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988</small> – Turkey
*''[[Dysdera zarudnyi|D. zarudnyi]]'' <small>Charitonov, 1956</small> – Central Asia, Afghanistan
*''[[Dysdera zonsteini|D. zonsteini]]'' <small>(Dimitrov, 2021)</small> – Turkmenistan
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== References ==
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Arnedo |first1=M.A. |last2=Oromí |first2=P. |last3=Ribera |first3=C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Radiation of the spider genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: cladistic assessment based on multiple data sets |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |doi=10.1006/clad.2001.0168 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=313–353|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite web |author=Norman I. Platnick |author-link=Norman I. Platnick |year=2008 |url=http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html |title=The world spider catalog, version 8.5 |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Milan |first1=Rezác |last2=Stano |first2=Pekár |year=2007 |title=Evidence For Woodlice-Specialization In Dysdera Spiders: Behavioural Versus Developmental Approaches |journal=Physiological Entomology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00588.x |s2cid=85860858 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=367–371}}
*{{cite journal |author=Arnedo, M.A. |author2=P. Oromí |author3=C. Ribera |last-author-amp=yes |year=2001 |title=Radiation of the spider genus ''Dysdera'' (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: cladistic assessment based on multiple data sets |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=313–353 |doi=10.1006/clad.2001.0168 |url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2001.tb00129.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=cla}}

*{{cite journal | author = Macías-Hernández Nuria | author2 = Orom Pedro | author3 = Arnedo Miquel A. | year = 2008 | title = Patterns Of Diversification On Old Volcanic Islands As Revealed By The Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In The Eastern Canary Islands | url = | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 94 | issue = 3| pages = 589–615 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x}}
==External links==
*{{cite journal | author = | year = 2008 | title = Diversification On Old Volcanic Islands As Revealed By The Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In The Eastern Canary Islands | url = | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 94 | issue = 3| pages = 589–615 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x}}
*[https://bugguide.net/node/view/3387 Dysdera] at [[BugGuide]]
*{{cite journal | author = Řezáč Milan | author2 = Král Jiří | author3 = Pekár Stano | year = 2007 | title = The Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In Central Europe: Revision And Natural History | url = | journal = Journal of Arachnology | volume = 35 | issue = 3| pages = 432–462 | doi=10.1636/h06-38.1}}
*{{cite journal | author = Rezác Milan | author2 = Pekár Stano | year = 2007 | title = Evidence For Woodlice-Specialization In Dysdera Spiders: Behavioural Versus Developmental Approaches | url = | journal = Physiological Entomology | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages = 367–371 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00588.x}}
*{{cite journal | author = Borges P.A.V. | author2 = Lobo J.M. | author3 = Azevedo E. B. | author4 = Gaspar C. | author5 = Melo C. | author6 = Nunes L.V. | year = 2006 | title = Invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods: a general model of endemic vs. exotic species | url = | journal = Journal of Biogeography | volume = 33 | issue = | pages = 169–187 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01324.x}}
*"Woodlouse Hunter Spider (Department of Entomology)." Department of Entomology (Penn State University). Steve Jacobs, Mar.-Apr. 2002. Web. 09 Nov. 2015.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2083007}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2083007}}


[[Category:Dysderidae genera]]
[[Category:Dysderidae]]
[[Category:Dysderidae]]
[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
[[Category:Invertebrates of North Africa]]
[[Category:Fauna of North Africa]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spiders of Africa]]
[[Category:Spiders of Africa]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 11 June 2024

Dysdera
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Dysdera erythrina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Dysderidae
Genus: Dysdera
Latreille, 1804[1]
Type species
D. erythrina
(Walckenaer, 1802)
Species

297, see text

Dysdera is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804.[2] They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.

The family has gained many common names from their individual species, including the "European garden spider", the "slater-eating spider", the "sow-bug killer", the "woodlouse hunter", and the "woodlouse spider".[3]

A bite from one of these spiders can be painful due to their large fangs and wide jaw. It may leave an itchy, swollen, or red bump, but the venom from one of their bites is not harmful to humans.[3]

Description

[edit]
The eye arrangement of spiders in the genus Dysdera

Adults have a reddish-brown body and legs, and can grow up to 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long. Females are generally larger growing from 1.1 to 1.5 centimetres (0.43 to 0.59 in), while males are about 0.9 to 1 centimetre (0.35 to 0.39 in).[4] Their six eyes are close together in an oval shape, and they have eight reddish legs, the second pair facing backward.[3]

Dysdera live in natural shelters, which they wrap by totally white silk. The inhabitants of hot and humid forest will take any potential shelter on or close to the ground. The shelters are used to hide from predators as well as for keeping the spider warm. During the day, they are commonly found taking shelter under objects like gravel with organic material covering it, in forests beneath bark or leaf litter, and occasionally in suburban gardens.[5]

Diet

[edit]

Dysdera are one of the few known arthropods to hunt and prey on woodlice, one of their main food sources. These spiders have wide jaws and large fangs to help to overcome the solid armor-like shells of woodlice. It makes them powerful predators for their size, allowing them to dominate or kill competitors, such as centipedes or other spiders. D. crocata is the only species from the Dysdera family known to prey on other spiders.[6]

They can also excrete certain enzymes that neutralize the chemical defenses of potential prey, allowing them to subsist on other common ground-dwelling invertebrates, including silverfish, earwigs, millipedes, and small burying beetles.

Mating

[edit]

Mating is mainly done during the month of April. The female is the main caregiver for the young. After mating, the male has minimal to no role in the child rearing process.[6] Before laying the eggs, females will make a silk pouch to protect and give them shelter. She can lay up to seventy eggs at once,[4] and will stay in the silk pouch with the eggs, protecting them and waiting for them to hatch.

Distribution

[edit]

The D. crocata, D. ninnii, D. dubrovninnii, D. hungarica, and D. longirostris are the five species still found in Central Europe after the last glacial period.[6] They are also abundantly found in North African countries like Morocco and Egypt, but also in Ethiopia, the Iberian Peninsula, and Australia. In the United States, Dysdera crocata is found from New England down to Georgia, and all the way across the country in California. At least two species inhabit South America: D. solers in Colombia- possibly a relict species from the post-miocene era- and D. magna in Brazil, Uruguay, and the central area of Chile.

Canary Islands

[edit]

Dysdera inhabits all of the Macaronesian archipelagos, but the most drastic variety is in the Canary Islands, a 22 million year old volcanic archipelago nearly 100 kilometres (62 mi) off the northwestern coast of Africa. These islands house over forty endemic species of Dysdera, thirty-six of which likely descended from a single ancestor, and six of which are associated with the oldest eastern island.[7] On Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the spider populations are limited to the highest elevation.

The most likely reason that these spiders are so abundant on the Canary Islands is due to the abundance of species on the nearby Iberian Peninsula and North Africas. Groups like Dysdera crocata and Dysdera erythrina, found on two neighboring lands, are found more often than D. lata and Dysdera longirostris, found also in North Africa and Iberia.[7] Over time, these spiders either made their way to the islands or diversified when adapting to the different environments found in the islands.

In total, two to four colonization events are assumed. This probably happened by rafting, or even more likely by transport on floating islands, for Dysdera is not known to use ballooning. Dydera lancerotensis is the only species where an independent origin from continental ancestors is unquestionable; it was originally described as a subspecies of Dysdera crocata. While some of the remaining Macaronesian archipelagos have been colonized from the Canaries, the Azores have been independently colonized from the continent.

The radiation of Dysdera is surpassed on the Canary Islands only by the snail genus Napaeus, the millipede genus Dolichoiulus, and the beetle genera Attalus and Laparocerus.

Species

[edit]

As of January 2023 it contains 297 species.[1]

A study published in 2021 used an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular evidence to describe 8 species new to science as well as re-describing and synonymising some existing species.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2019). "Gen. Dysdera Latreille, 1804". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  2. ^ Latreille, P. A. (1804). "Tableau methodique des Insectes". Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 24: 129–295.
  3. ^ a b c Borges, Paulo; et al. (2013). "Invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods: A general model of endemic vs. exotic species". Journal of Biogeography. 33 (1): 169–187. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01324.x. hdl:10400.3/1402. S2CID 53986568.
  4. ^ a b Jacobs, Steve (2002), Woodlouse Hunter Spider (Department of Entomology), Department of Entomology (Penn State University)
  5. ^ Cooke, J. A. L. (1965). "A Contribution to the Biology of the British Spiders belonging to the Genus Dysdera". Oikos. 16 (1/2): 20–25. doi:10.2307/3564861. ISSN 0030-1299.
  6. ^ a b c Milan, Řezáč; Jiří, Král; Stano, Pekár (2007). "The Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) In Central Europe: Revision And Natural History". Journal of Arachnology. 35 (3): 432–462. doi:10.1636/h06-38.1. S2CID 86196958.
  7. ^ a b Macías-Hernández, Nuria; Oromí, Pedro; Arnedo, Miquel A. (2008-06-28). "Patterns of Diversification on Old Volcanic Islands as Revealed by the Woodlouse-Hunter Spider Genus Dysdera (Araneae, Dysderidae) in the Eastern Canary Islands". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 94 (3): 589–615. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01007.x.
  8. ^ Crespo, Luís C.; Silva, Isamberto; Enguídanos, Alba; Cardoso, Pedro; Arnedo, Miquel A. (2021). "Integrative taxonomic revision of the woodlouse-hunter spider genus Dysdera (Araneae: Dysderidae) in the Madeira archipelago with notes on its conservation status". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 192 (2): 356–415. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa089.
  9. ^ "Genus Dysdera". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-06-02.

Further reading

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dysdera&oldid=1228491571"