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Coordinates: 34°16′35″N 58°29′15″E / 34.27639°N 58.48750°E / 34.27639; 58.48750
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{{short description|Ruined castle in Iran, Iranian national heritage site}}
{{short description|Ruined castle in Iran, Iranian national heritage site}}

{{rough translation}}


{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
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|map_alt=
|map_alt=
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|coordinates = {{Coord|51.0023|N|0.5435|E|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{Coord|34|16|35|N|58|29|15|E|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
|gridref ={{gbmapping|TQ785256}}
|gridref ={{gbmapping|TQ785256}}
|image=Castle of zibad from the top of shahneshin castle of the last shelter of yazdgerd3.JPG
|image=Castle of zibad from the top of shahneshin castle of the last shelter of yazdgerd3.JPG
|alt=Castle of zibad from the top of the Shahab shahneshin castle of the last shelter of yazdgerdIII
|alt=Castle of zibad from the top of the Shahab shahneshin castle of the last shelter of yazdgerdIII
|builder= [[Sasanian Empire]]
|builder= [[Sasanian Empire]]
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[[File:Zibad.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Zibad Castle]]
[[File:Zibad.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Zibad Castle]]
[[File:Zeebad.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Zibad Castle]]
[[File:Zeebad.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Zibad Castle]]
'''Zibad Castle''' is one of the four historical monuments of [[Zibad]] village. Zibad Castle was registered in 2001 as national property in Iran, which is related to the history of pre-Islamic [[Iran]], and is located in [[Gonabad]] city, [[Kakhk]] district, in the residential area of Zibad. It has been registered as national heritage . In addition to the castle of Zibad, there are also the royal castle of Zibad nationally registered under the name of Shahab Castle in 2002.
'''Zibad Castle''' is one of the four historical monuments of [[Zibad|Zibad, Iran]], located in the [[Kakhk]] district of [[Gonabad]] County, in the Razavi Khorasan Province. It is believed to be the last refuge of [[Yazdegerd III]], whose death signaled the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and the conquest of pre-Islamic [[Iran]]. In 2001, the castle was registered as a national heritage property. Zibad Castle has also been nationally registered under the name of Shahab Castle since 2002.


== Last shelter of the last Persian emperor==
== Last shelter of the last Sasanian emperor ==
In 651, [[Yazdegerd III]] was defeated by the Muslim Arabs in the city of [[Gonabad]] in the province of [[Merv]]. His heavy [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[cavalry]] was too sluggish and systematized to contain them; if he had employed lightly-armed Arab or East Iranian mercenaries from [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Transoxiana]] he would have been much more successful.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=489–499}}
[[Yazdegerd III ]] some historian had wrote After his defeat, he sought refuge at a miller near [[Marv]] , who, however, murdered in 651. the miller had reportedly killed Yazdegerd in order to obtain his jewelry,{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=285}} whilst [[the Cambridge History of Iran]] states that the miller was sent by [[Mahoe Suri]].{{sfn|Zarrinkub|1975|p=25}} According to the history of Belazari, [[Yazdegerd III ]] was defeated in a war in province of Merv in the city of Gonabad. Nizak the army chief of [[Mahoe Suri]] in the [[Gonabad]] and according to the new research the war occurred in [[zibad]] of [[gonabad]]. Regardless, the death of Yazdegerd marked the end of the Sasanian Empire, and made it less difficult for the Arabs to conquer the rest of Iran. All of [[Khorasan]] was soon conquered by the Arabs, who would use it as a base to [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|attack Transoxiana]].{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=285}} The death of Yazdegerd thus marked the end of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire after more than 400 years of rule. An empire–which had a generation earlier briefly conquered [[Sasanian conquest of Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Shahin's invasion of Asia Minor (615)|Asia Minor]], even [[Siege of Constantinople (626)|reaching as a far as Constantinople]], fell to a force of lightly equipped Arabs that were used to skirmishes and desert warfare. The heavy Sasanian cavalry was too sluggish and systematized to contain them; employed light-armed Arab or East Iranian mercenaries from Khorasan and Transoxiana would have been much more successful.{{sfn|Shahbazi |1986|pp=489–499}}
Shortly after this, Yazdegerd III was murdered, leaving several different and contradictory narratives about his death.


One source reports he sought refuge with a miller, who killed him to obtain his jewelry{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=285}} on the orders of [[Mahoe Suri]].{{sfn|Zarrinkub|1975|p=25}}
Several different and contradictory narratives about the death of Yazdgerd III have been left in historical books. According to the excavations of Zibd-Gonabad Fortress and according to oral narrations and the report of Blazeri and Habib Abdolhai, Dr Ajam and Abas Zmani(historical study magazin 1974) it seems that the narration related to the murder of Yazdgerd in [[Merw]] Mill is more mythical than the truth and what is closer to the truth is the narration of [[Al-Baladhuri]] in [[Kitab Futuh al-Buldan]]. that Yazdgerd was killed in Gonabad .The main text of Blazeri's book The Fate of Yazdgerd III:


The narration of [[Al-Baladhuri]] in [[Kitab Futuh al-Buldan]] suggests that Yazdgerd was killed in Gonabad. The main text of Blazeri's book ''The Fate of Yazdgerd III'':
Then he went to [[Khorasan]], then he went to Janabad ([[Gonabad]]) he was welcomed and ruler of Merv send Nizak Trkhan to welcome him in Gonabad. but after weeks he asked the emperor to marry his daughter and the emperor refused and this caused a war and at the end Nizak attacked and defeated the king army and Destroyed and captured the remnants of the imperial forces. the battle was occurred in [[zibad]] [[gonabad]].<ref>فتوح‌البلدان،[[Al-Baladhuri]] in [[Kitab Futuh al-Buldan]] p569 صص ۵۶۸–۵۶۹</ref>


Mahoe was probably from the [[House of Suren]], one of the [[seven Parthian clans]] of the Sasanian state.{{sfn|Zarrinkub|1975|p=25}} During the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Islamic invasion of Iran]], Yazdegerd III went to refuge in [[Marv]]; in his way to Merv he stayed in Gonabad Mahoe envoy warmly received them in Gonabad.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|pp=261-262}} Mahoe used opportunity to secretly plot with the [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalite]] ruler Nizak against Yazdegerd.{{sfn|Zarrinkub|1975|p=25}}
{{quote|During the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Islamic invasion of Iran]], Yazdegerd III went to refuge in Merv; on his way to Merv he stayed in Gonabad. Mahoe's envoy warmly received him in Gonabad.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|pp=261-262}} Mahoe used the opportunity to secretly plot with the [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalite]] ruler Nizak against Yazdegerd.{{sfn|Zarrinkub|1975|p=25}}}}


The death of Yazdegerd marked the end of the Sasanian Empire, the last Persian imperial dynasty before the arrival of Islam (224-651). All of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] was soon conquered by the Arabs, who would use it as a base to [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|attack Transoxiana]].{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=285}}
⚫
== Sufeh Pir ==

⚫
Sufeh Pir is a cave believe to be the tomb of [[Piran Viseh]] in the [[Kūh-Zibad]] mountain. He is a [[Turan|Turanian]] figure in [[Shahnameh]], the [[national epic]] of [[Greater Iran]]. Beside Shahnameh, Piran is also mentioned in other sources such as [[History of the Prophets and Kings|Tabari]] and [[Al-Tha'ālibī|Tha'ālibī]]. He is the king of [[Khotan]] and the [[spahbed]] of [[Afrasiab]], the king of Turan.
⚫
== Sufeh Pir ==
⚫
Sufeh Pir is a cave believed to be the tomb of [[Piran Viseh]] in [[Kūh-Zibad]] mountain. He was a [[Turan|Turanian]] figure in [[Shahnameh]], the [[national epic]] of [[Greater Iran]]. Beside Shahnameh, Piran is also mentioned in other sources such as [[History of the Prophets and Kings|Tabari]] and [[Al-Tha'ālibī|Tha'ālibī]]. He was the king of [[Khotan]] and the [[spahbed]] of [[Afrasiab]], the king of [[Turan]].


According to the book of Dr Abas Zamani [[Piran Viseh]] was buried in the cave of Sofe [[Zibad]] now called DarSufa Pir. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414080357/http://parssea.org/?p=274]
According to the book of Dr Abas Zamani [[Piran Viseh]] was buried in the cave of Sofe [[Zibad]] now called DarSufa Pir. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414080357/http://parssea.org/?p=274]
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*[[Zibad]]
*[[Zibad]]
*[[Davazdah Rokh]]
*[[Davazdah Rokh]]
*[[Kūh-Zibad]]
*[[Kūh-Zibad]]
*[[Bajestan]]
*[[Bajestan]]
*[[Ferdous]]
*[[Ferdous]]
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==Sources==
==Sources==
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Zarrinkub | first = Abd al-Husain | authorlink = | chapter = The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath | pages = 1–57 | isbn = 978-0-521-20093-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC| ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | last = Zarrinkub | first = Abd al-Husain | chapter = The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath | pages = 1–57 | isbn = 978-0-521-20093-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC}}
*{{cite book|last=Pourshariati|first=Parvaneh|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran|location=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Pourshariati|first=Parvaneh|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran|location=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kia|first1=Mehrdad|title=The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1610693912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&dq=false|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kia|first1=Mehrdad|title=The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1610693912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&q=false}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Army i. Pre-Islamic Iran | last = Shahbazi | first = A. Shapur | authorlink = Alireza Shapour Shahbazi | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-i | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5 | pages = 489–499 | location = London et al. | year = 1986 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Army i. Pre-Islamic Iran | last = Shahbazi | first = A. Shapur | author-link = Alireza Shapour Shahbazi | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-i | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5 | pages = 489–499 | location = London et al. | year = 1986 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran | last = Morony | first = M. | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2 | pages = 203–210 | location = | publisher = | year = 1986 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran | last = Morony | first = M. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2 | pages = 203–210 | year = 1986 }}
*[http://s2.picofile.com/file/7576290000/pan2_2.jpg Report of a Persian magazine]
*[http://s2.picofile.com/file/7576290000/pan2_2.jpg Report of a Persian magazine]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/54272266@N06/ Castle of Shah Nesheen Zibad]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/54272266@N06/ Castle of Shah Nesheen Zibad]
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150416110650/http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/292681 ''3 historical Places in Zibad'']. Persian book
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150416110650/http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/292681 ''3 historical Places in Zibad'']. Persian book
*[http://www.sufi.ws/books/download/farsi/tarikh-geography-gonabad.pdf Geography of Gonabad]
*[http://www.sufi.ws/books/download/farsi/tarikh-geography-gonabad.pdf Geography of Gonabad]
*[http://www.zibad.ir/index.php/dr/154-hgiug/113-oiyhjjug Pangereh Magazine 2012 Castle of Zeibad by Dr Ajam]{{dead link|date=September 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
*[http://www.zibad.ir/index.php/dr/154-hgiug/113-oiyhjjug Pangereh Magazine 2012 Castle of Zeibad by Dr Ajam]{{dead link|date=September 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120307175644/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/14706953 Photo of the castle]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120307175644/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/14706953 Photo of the castle]
*[http://www.zeebad.persianblog.ir Zibad history by Dr Ajam]
*[http://www.zeebad.persianblog.ir Zibad history by Dr Ajam]
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160414080357/http://parssea.org/?p=274 Article in Persian language. ''Parssea'' magazine, 2011]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160414080357/http://parssea.org/?p=274 Article in Persian language. ''Parssea'' magazine, 2011]
*Geography and tribe and minority in Khorasan, Mohammad Ajam, research published 1992, University of Imam Sadegh, Tehran.
*Geography and tribe and minority in Khorasan, Mohammad Ajam, research published 1992, University of Imam Sadegh, Tehran.
==Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Darb Soufeh.zibad a sassanid castle.JPG|DarSoufeh.Zibad

File:Zibad Castle.jpg|thumb|Zibad Castle زیبد
File:Zibad Castle.jpg|Zibad Castle زیبد
File:Zibad Castle 1.jpg|thumb|Zibad Castle قلعه زیبد
File:Zibad Castle 1.jpg|Zibad Castle قلعه زیبد
File:Zibad Rheum or red Rheum Iran.jpg|thumb|Zibad Rheum
File:Zibad Rheum or red Rheum Iran.jpg|Zibad Rheum
File:KarizZibad.jpg|thumb|Kariz Zebad
File:KarizZibad.jpg|Kariz Zebad
File:ZibadTirMahi.jpg|thumb|zibad Mountain
File:ZibadTirMahi.jpg|zibad Mountain
File:Komay Zibad.jpg|thumb|Ferula Zibad
File:Komay Zibad.jpg|Ferula Zibad
File:Zeebad.jpg|thumb|Sassanian Castel
File:Zeebad.jpg|Sassanian Castel
File:Darb Soufeh. a sassanid castel.JPG|thumb|Soufe Zibad
File:Darb Soufeh. a sassanid castel.JPG|Soufe Zibad
File:Saffron Field.JPG|مزرعه کشت زعفران|thumb|left|250px]]
File:Saffron Field.JPG
File:RivasIranZibad.JPG|thumb|Rivas zibad]]
File:RivasIranZibad.JPG|Rivas zibad
File:تیرمهیtirMahiZibad.jpg|thumb| [[Kūh-Zibad]]Zibad Gonabad
File:تیرمهیtirMahiZibad.jpg|[[Kūh-Zibad]]Zibad Gonabad
File:YaldaZibad.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A photograph of [[Yaldā Night]].]]
File:YaldaZibad.jpg|A photograph of [[Yaldā Night]].
File:Ancient water clock used in qanat of gonabad 2500 years ago.JPG|thumb|Ancient water clock used in [[qanat]] of gonabad 2500 years ago
File:Ancient water clock used in qanat of gonabad 2500 years ago.JPG|Ancient water clock used in [[qanat]] of gonabad 2500 years ago
File:میرآب.JPG|thumb|Reconstruction of the scene with a real manager of the water clock, Iran
File:میرآب.JPG|Reconstruction of the scene with a real manager of the water clock, Iran
گناباد 16.jpg|
گناباد 16.jpg|
گناباد 17.jpg|
گناباد 17.jpg|
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گناباد 21.jpg|
گناباد 21.jpg|
</gallery>
</gallery>



{{Gonabad County}}
{{Gonabad County}}
{{Shahnameh}}
{{Shahnameh}}




{{Castles in Iran}}
{{Castles in Iran}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuh-e Tir Mahi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuh-e Tir Mahi}}
[[Category:Populated places in Gonabad County]]
[[Category:Populated places in Gonabad County]]
[[Category:Shahnameh stories]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Razavi Khorasan province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Razavi Khorasan Province]]
[[Category:Castles in Iran]]
[[Category:Castles in Iran]]
[[Category:House of Suren]]

Latest revision as of 06:12, 14 June 2024


Zibad Castle
Gonabad
Castle of zibad from the top of the Shahab shahneshin castle of the last shelter of yazdgerdIII
Zibad Castle is located in Iran
Zibad Castle
Zibad Castle
Coordinates34°16′35″N 58°29′15″E / 34.27639°N 58.48750°E / 34.27639; 58.48750
Grid referencegrid reference TQ785256
Site information
OwnerNational heritage Iran
ConditionRuins
Site history
Built bySasanian Empire
MaterialsSandscript stone
DemolishedPost in War
Battles/warsDavazdah Rokh and Nizak tarkhan
Ruins of Zibad Castle
Ruins of Zibad Castle

Zibad Castle is one of the four historical monuments of Zibad, Iran, located in the Kakhk district of Gonabad County, in the Razavi Khorasan Province. It is believed to be the last refuge of Yazdegerd III, whose death signaled the collapse of the Sasanian Empire and the conquest of pre-Islamic Iran. In 2001, the castle was registered as a national heritage property. Zibad Castle has also been nationally registered under the name of Shahab Castle since 2002.

Last shelter of the last Sasanian emperor

[edit]

In 651, Yazdegerd III was defeated by the Muslim Arabs in the city of Gonabad in the province of Merv. His heavy Sasanian cavalry was too sluggish and systematized to contain them; if he had employed lightly-armed Arab or East Iranian mercenaries from Khorasan and Transoxiana he would have been much more successful.[1] Shortly after this, Yazdegerd III was murdered, leaving several different and contradictory narratives about his death.

One source reports he sought refuge with a miller, who killed him to obtain his jewelry[2] on the orders of Mahoe Suri.[3]

The narration of Al-Baladhuri in Kitab Futuh al-Buldan suggests that Yazdgerd was killed in Gonabad. The main text of Blazeri's book The Fate of Yazdgerd III:

During the Islamic invasion of Iran, Yazdegerd III went to refuge in Merv; on his way to Merv he stayed in Gonabad. Mahoe's envoy warmly received him in Gonabad.[4] Mahoe used the opportunity to secretly plot with the Hephthalite ruler Nizak against Yazdegerd.[3]

The death of Yazdegerd marked the end of the Sasanian Empire, the last Persian imperial dynasty before the arrival of Islam (224-651). All of Khorasan was soon conquered by the Arabs, who would use it as a base to attack Transoxiana.[2]

Sufeh Pir

[edit]

Sufeh Pir is a cave believed to be the tomb of Piran Viseh in Kūh-Zibad mountain. He was a Turanian figure in Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran. Beside Shahnameh, Piran is also mentioned in other sources such as Tabari and Tha'ālibī. He was the king of Khotan and the spahbed of Afrasiab, the king of Turan.

According to the book of Dr Abas Zamani Piran Viseh was buried in the cave of Sofe Zibad now called DarSufa Pir. [1]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zibad Castle.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shahbazi 1986, pp. 489–499.
  2. ^ a b Kia 2016, p. 285.
  3. ^ a b Zarrinkub 1975, p. 25.
  4. ^ Pourshariati 2008, pp. 261–262.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
  • DarSoufeh.Zibad
    DarSoufeh.Zibad
  • Zibad Castle زیبد
    Zibad Castle زیبد
  • Zibad Castle قلعه زیبد
    Zibad Castle قلعه زیبد
  • Zibad Rheum
    Zibad Rheum
  • Kariz Zebad
    Kariz Zebad
  • zibad Mountain
    zibad Mountain
  • Ferula Zibad
    Ferula Zibad
  • Sassanian Castel
    Sassanian Castel
  • Soufe Zibad
    Soufe Zibad
  • Rivas zibad
    Rivas zibad
  • Kūh-ZibadZibad Gonabad
    Kūh-ZibadZibad Gonabad
  • A photograph of Yaldā Night.
    A photograph of Yaldā Night.
  • Ancient water clock used in qanat of gonabad 2500 years ago
    Ancient water clock used in qanat of gonabad 2500 years ago
  • Reconstruction of the scene with a real manager of the water clock, Iran
    Reconstruction of the scene with a real manager of the water clock, Iran
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