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{{no footnotes|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 91st Operations Group
|unit_name=91st Operations Group
|image=Missile Combat Crew on alert.jpg
⚫
|image= [[File:91stoperationsgroup-emblem.png|250px]]
|image_size=300
|caption= Emblem of the 91st Operations Group
|caption=Group Minuteman missile crew on alert
|dates= 1942—present
|dates=1942—1945; 1947–1952; 1991–1994; 1996–present
|country= United States
|country={{USA}}
|allegiance=
|branch=[[United States Air Force]]
|branch={{air force|USA}}
|type=
|type=
|role=[[Intercontinental ballistic missile]]
|role=
|size=
|size=
|command_structure=
|command_structure=[[Global Strike Command]]
|current_commander=
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|garrison=[[Minot Air Force Base]], ND
|nickname=The Ragged Irregulars (World War II)<ref name=Freeman242>Freeman, pp. 242-244</ref>{{efn|This was originally "Wray's Ragged Irregulars", after the group's first commander, Col. Stanley T. Wray.}}
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors=
|march=
|march=
|mascot=
|mascot=
|battles=[[European Theater of Operations]]<ref name=91OGfacts>{{Cite web|url= https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432753/91-operations-group-afspc/ |title=Factsheet 90 Operations Group (AFSPC) |last1=Lahue|first1=Melissa|date=1 September 2022|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231205111159/https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432753/91-operations-group-afspc/ |archive-date=December 5, 2023|access-date=June 14, 2024}}</ref>
|battles=
|notable_commanders=
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=[[Distinguished Unit Citation]]<br/>[[Air Force Outstanding Unit Award]]<ref name=91OGfacts/>
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|battle_honours=
<!-- Insignia -->
⚫
|identification_symbol=[[File:91stoperationsgroup-emblem.png|150px]]
|identification_symbol_label=91st Operations Group emblem{{efn|Approved 3 September 2019. The group uses the 91st wing emblem with the group designation on the scroll. AF Instruction 84-105, Organizational Lineage, Honors and History, 27 April 2017, paragraph 3.3.3.}}<ref name=91OGfacts/>
⚫
|identification_symbol_2=[[File:91stbombgroup-emblem.png|thumb|125px|left|Emblem of the 91st Bombardment Group]]
|identification_symbol_2_label=91st Bombardment Group World War II emblem.<ref name=Watkins>Watkins, pp. 34–35</ref>
|identification_symbol_3=<big>'''Triangle A'''</big>
|identification_symbol_3_label=91st Bombardment Group World War II tail marking.<ref name=Watkins/>
}}
}}
⚫
The '''91st Operations Group (91 OG)''' is the operational component of the [[91st Missile Wing]], assigned to the [[Air Force Global Strike Command]] [[Twentieth Air Force]]. It is stationed at [[Minot Air Force Base]], [[North Dakota]].


⚫
The '''91st Operations Group''' is the operational component of the [[91st Missile Wing]], assigned to the [[Air Force Global Strike Command]] [[Twentieth Air Force]]. It is stationed at [[Minot Air Force Base]], North Dakota.
The 91 OG is one of three USAF operational missile units, equipped with the [[LGM-30G Minuteman-III]]. Its mission is to defend the United States with safe and secure Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs); ready to immediately put bombs on target.


Activated as the [[World War II]] '''[[91st Bombardment Group]] (Heavy)''', an [[Eighth Air Force]] [[B-17 Flying Fortress]] unit assigned to England, it was one of the first USAAF heavy bomb groups deployed to Europe in 1942. The 91st Bomb Group was stationed at [[RAF Bassingbourn]] and is most noted as the unit in which the bomber [[Memphis Belle (aircraft)|Memphis Belle]] flew, and for having suffered the greatest number of losses of any heavy bomb group in World War II.
The [[group (military aviation unit)|group]] is one of three USAF operational missile units, equipped with the [[LGM-30G Minuteman-III]]. Its mission is to defend the United States with safe and secure Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs); ready to immediately put bombs on target.
Activated as the [[World War II]] '''[[91st Bombardment Group]]''' (Heavy), an [[Eighth Air Force]] [[B-17 Flying Fortress]] unit assigned to England, it was one of the first USAAF heavy bomb groups deployed to Europe in 1942. The 91st Bomb Group was stationed at [[RAF Bassingbourn]] and is most noted as the unit in which the bomber [[Memphis Belle (aircraft)|Memphis Belle]] flew, and for having suffered the greatest number of losses of any heavy bomb group in World War II.


As part of [[Strategic Air Command]] in the early years of the [[Cold War]], the '''91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group''' provided worldwide surveillance. Inactivated in 1952, the group was reactivated as the 91 OG in 1991. Its three missile squadrons, however, have no traditional link to the 91st Bombardment Group and were previously part of the 455th Strategic Missile Wing and 455th Bomb Group.
As part of [[Strategic Air Command]] in the early years of the [[Cold War]], the '''91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group''' provided worldwide surveillance. Inactivated in 1952, the group was reactivated as the 91 OG in 1991. Its three missile squadrons, however, have no traditional link to the 91st Bombardment Group and were previously part of the 455th Strategic Missile Wing and 455th Bomb Group.


==Units==
==Units==
Through its five squadrons, the group remains a key facet of our nation's deterrent force. The five squadrons assigned to the group are the:
Through its four squadrons, the group remains a key facet of our nation's deterrent force. The four squadrons assigned to the group are the:
⚫
* [[740th Missile Squadron]]

* 740th Missile Squadron
* [[741st Missile Squadron]]
* 741st Missile Squadron
* [[742d Missile Squadron]]
⚫
* 742d Missile Squadron
* 91st Operations Support Squadron
* 91st Operations Support Squadron
* 54th Helicopter Squadron


The Missile Squadrons include missile crewmembers, alert facility chefs and facility managers. These squadrons vigilantly maintain the missile force around-the-clock. Each squadron controls 50 launch facilities and five missile alert facilities. Missile squadrons are divided into missile operations flights and an operation support flight.
The missile squadrons include missile crewmembers, alert facility chefs and facility managers. These squadrons vigilantly maintain the missile force around-the-clock. Each squadron controls 50 launch facilities and five missile alert facilities. Missile squadrons are divided into missile operations flights and an operation support flight.


The missile operations flights are staffed by officer crewmembers who, when on alert, are responsible for day-to-day operations, maintenance and security of the missiles within their control and are prepared to launch their missiles at all times. Facility managers are responsible for and ensure the readiness of the missile alert facilities. The alert facility chefs are responsible for providing meals to missile alert facility personnel.
The missile operations flights are staffed by officer crewmembers who, when on alert, are responsible for day-to-day operations, maintenance and security of the missiles within their control and are prepared to launch their missiles at all times. Facility managers are responsible for and ensure the readiness of the missile alert facilities. The alert facility chefs are responsible for providing meals to missile alert facility personnel.


==History==
==History==
: ''For additional lineage and history, see [[91st Missile Wing]]''
: ''For related lineage and history, see [[91st Missile Wing]]''
: ''For additional World War II history, see [[91st Bombardment Group]]''


===World War II===
===World War II===
⚫
[[File:91stbombgroup-emblem.png|thumb|125px|left|Emblem of the 91st Bombardment Group]]
[[File:B-17G-42-102509-91bg-401stbs.jpg|thumb|401st Bomb Squadron Boeing B-17G-50-BO Fortress 42-42-102509 *The Liberty Run* shot down by AAA over Leipzig, Germany 24 August 1944. The crew became prisoners of war.]]
[[File:B-17G-42-102509-91bg-401stbs.jpg|thumb|401st Bomb Squadron Boeing B-17G-50-BO Fortress 42-42-102509 *The Liberty Run* shot down by AAA over Leipzig, Germany 24 August 1944. The crew became prisoners of war.]]
{{Main|91st Bombardment Group}}
Trained with B-17s before moving to England, August–October 1942. Entered combat in November 1942, bombing such targets as submarine pens, airdromes, factories, communication targets, shipbuilding yards, harbors, and dock facilities until mid-1943. When Eighth Air Force heavy bombers first penetrated Germany on 27 January 1943, the group attacked the navy yard at Wilhelmshaven. Earned a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for bombing marshalling yards at Hamm on 4 March 1943, despite adverse weather and heavy opposition. From the middle of 1943 until the war ended, attacked aircraft factories, airfields, oil facilities, chemical industries and ball-bearing factories. Earned a second DUC for attacking vital aircraft factories in central Germany on 11 January 1944 despite inadequate fighter cover, heavy enemy opposition, and bad weather. In June 1944, contributed to the Allied invasion of Normandy by bombing gun emplacements and troop concentrations near the beachhead area. Supported the St. Lo breakthrough by attacking enemy troop positions, 24–25 July 1944. In December 1944 – January 1945, participated in the Battle of the Bulge by attacking enemy communication targets. The group supported the Allied crossing of the Rhine River in the spring of 1945 by striking airfields, bridges, and railroads near the front lines.
Trained with B-17s before moving to England, August–October 1942. Entered combat in November 1942, bombing such targets as submarine pens, airdromes, factories, communication targets, shipbuilding yards, harbors, and dock facilities until mid-1943. When Eighth Air Force heavy bombers first penetrated Germany on 27 January 1943, the group attacked the navy yard at Wilhelmshaven. Earned a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for bombing marshalling yards at Hamm on 4 March 1943, despite adverse weather and heavy opposition. From the middle of 1943 until the war ended, attacked aircraft factories, airfields, oil facilities, chemical industries and ball-bearing factories. Earned a second DUC for attacking vital aircraft factories in central Germany on 11 January 1944 despite inadequate fighter cover, heavy enemy opposition, and bad weather. In June 1944, contributed to the Allied invasion of Normandy by bombing gun emplacements and troop concentrations near the beachhead area. Supported the St. Lo breakthrough by attacking enemy troop positions, 24–25 July 1944. In December 1944 – January 1945, participated in the Battle of the Bulge by attacking enemy communication targets. The group supported the Allied crossing of the Rhine River in the spring of 1945 by striking airfields, bridges, and railroads near the front lines.


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===Cold War===
===Cold War===
[[File:91ststrategicrecongroup-emblem.png|thumb|125px|left|Emblem of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group]]
[[File:RB-45C-48-037-91srg.jpg|thumb|North American RB-45C Tornado 48-037, 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group. Only 33 RB-45s were ever built and the 91st SRG was the main operating unit for this airframe.]]
[[File:RB-45C-48-037-91srg.jpg|thumb|North American RB-45C Tornado 48-037, 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group. Only 33 RB-45s were ever built and the 91st SRG was the main operating unit for this airframe.]]
[[File:Rb-36-3ship-formation-korea.jpg|thumb|Flight of three Convair RB-36D Peacemakers used to fly high altitude reconnaissance over Manchuria.]]
[[File:Rb-36-3ship-formation-korea.jpg|thumb|Flight of three Convair RB-36D Peacemakers used to fly high altitude reconnaissance over Manchuria]]
Activated as a long-range photographic reconnaissance group under Strategic Air Command in July 1947, but was not fully manned until after July 1948. Combat in Korea, November 1950 – July 1953 and conducted surveillance over Sea of Japan. During the Korean War, the 91st SRG eventually flew the largest number of different airframes in the Korean War and had more assigned personnel than any other flying unit in the Korean War. With over 800 assigned personnel, they had six different types of aircraft assigned, to include: the RB-29, RB-50, RB-45, WB-26, KB-29 and RB-36. Throughout the conflict though, the RB-29 and RB-50s were the workhorses of the unit. The RB-50 was a modification of the high altitude bomber built towards the end of World War II to bomb Japan.
It was activated as a long-range photographic reconnaissance group under Strategic Air Command in July 1947, but was not fully manned until after July 1948. It saw combat in Korea from November 1950 until inactivating in May 1952 and conducted surveillance over Sea of Japan. During the Korean War, the 91st SRG eventually flew the largest number of different airframes in the Korean War and had more assigned personnel than any other flying unit in the Korean War. With over 800 assigned personnel, they had six different types of aircraft assigned: the RB-29, RB-50, RB-45, WB-26, KB-29 and RB-36. Throughout the conflict though, the RB-29 and RB-50s were the workhorses of the unit. The RB-50 was a modification of the high-altitude bomber built towards the end of World War II to bomb Japan.


The 91st worked a number of different missions during the Korean War. In addition to bomb damage assessment, targeting and aerial photography for the Bomber Command and FEAF, the 91st conducted ELINT and “ferret” missions in theater. It conducted the first ferret missions ever conducted by the USAF. Overflights of Soviet-controlled Far East islands began in 1951. An example of this type of work was reconnaissance missions which were conducted over Karafuto following reports that the Soviets had built extensive underground installations and missile-launching facilities on the island. In Project 51, 91st SRW RB-45s took off from Yokota AB, Japan to conduct reconnaissance over the southern portions of Sakhalin Island. Photographic and radar reconnaissance overflight missions were also flown over the Murmansk-Kola inlet and Siberia.
The 91st worked a number of different missions during the Korean War. In addition to bomb damage assessment, targeting and aerial photography for the Bomber Command and FEAF, the 91st conducted ELINT and "ferret" missions in theater. It conducted the first ferret missions ever conducted by the USAF. Overflights of Soviet-controlled Far East islands began in 1951. An example of this type of work was reconnaissance missions which were conducted over Karafuto following reports that the Soviets had built extensive underground installations and missile-launching facilities on the island. In Project 51, 91st SRW RB-45s took off from Yokota AB, Japan to conduct reconnaissance over the southern portions of Sakhalin Island. Photographic and radar reconnaissance overflight missions were also flown over the Murmansk-Kola inlet and Siberia.


The unit was also called upon to conducted psychological leaflet drops with its assigned RB-29 aircraft. Not only did the 91st drop Korean “Psyops” leaflets throughout the Korean peninsula and into Manchuria and China but Russian language leaflets were also committed to air bases in the Far East where Russian pilots were suspected of flying from
The unit was also called upon to conduct psychological leaflet drops with its assigned RB-29 aircraft. Not only did the 91st drop Korean "Psyops" leaflets throughout the Korean peninsula and into Manchuria and China but Russian-language leaflets were also committed to air bases in the Far East where Russian pilots were suspected of flying from.


In addition to these missions. 91st aircraft also provided the Air Force’s first air-to-air refueling capability and is credited with the very first refueling conducted in combat. In February 1951, lost most of its personnel when assigned to the parent wing, and was inactivated in May 1952 as part of the Tri-Deputation reorganization.
91st aircraft also provided the Air Force's first air-to-air refueling capability and is credited with the first refueling conducted in combat. In February 1951, it lost most of its personnel when assigned to the parent wing, and was inactivated in May 1952 as part of the Tri-Deputation reorganization.


===Modern era===
=== A new era ===
Between September 1991 and July 1994, and since February 1996, maintained intercontinental ballistic missiles on alert at Minot AFB, ND.
Between September 1991 and July 1994, and since February 1996, maintained intercontinental ballistic missiles on alert at Minot AFB, ND.


===Lineage===
===Lineage===
* Established as '''91st Bombardment Group (Heavy)''' on 28 January 1942
* Established as the '''91st Bombardment Group''' (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
: Activated on 15 April 1942
: Activated on 15 April 1942
: Redesignated '''91st Bombardment Group, Heavy''' on 20 August 1943
: Redesignated '''91st Bombardment Group''', Heavy' on 20 August 1943
: Inactivated on 7 November 1945
: Inactivated on 7 November 1945
* Redesignated '''91st Reconnaissance Group''' on 11 June 1947
* Redesignated '''91st Reconnaissance Group''' on 11 June 1947
: Activated on 1 July 1947
: Activated on 1 July 1947
: Redesignated: '''91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group''' on 10 November 1948
: Redesignated: '''91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group''' on 10 November 1948
: Redesignated: '''91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group, Medium''' on 6 July 1950
: Redesignated: '''91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group''', Medium on 6 July 1950
: Inactivated on 28 May 1952
: Inactivated on 28 May 1952
* Redesignated '''91st Operations Group''' on 29 August 1991
* Redesignated '''91st Operations Group''' on 29 August 1991
: Activated on 1 September 1991
: Activated on 1 September 1991
: Inactivated on 1 July 1994
: Inactivated on 1 July 1994
* Activated on 1 February 1996.
* Activated on 1 February 1996<ref name=91OGfacts/>


===Assignments===
===Assignments===
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* [[II Bomber Command]], c. 28 June 1942
* [[II Bomber Command]], c. 28 June 1942
* [[VIII Bomber Command]], c. 12 September 1942
* [[VIII Bomber Command]], c. 12 September 1942
* [[1st Bombardment Wing (World War II)|1st Bombardment (later, 1st Combat Bombardment) Wing]], September 1942
* [[1st Bombardment Wing]] (later 1st Combat Bombardment Wing), September 1942 (attached to 101st Provisional Heavy Bombardment Combat Wing after 22 May 1943)
⚫
* [[1st Bombardment Division]] (later 1st Air Division), 13 September 1943 – June 1945 (under operational control of 1st Bombardment Wing (later 1st Bombardment Wing))
: Attached to 101st Provisional Heavy Bombardment Combat Wing, 22 May-13 September 1943
⚫
* [[1st Bombardment Division|1st Bombardment (later, 1st Air) Division]], 13 September 1943 – June 1945
: Under operational control of [[1st Bombardment Wing (World War II)|1st Combat Bombardment (later, 1st Bombardment) Wing]], for entire period
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Third Air Force]], 3 July-7 November 1945
* [[Third Air Force]], 3 July-7 November 1945
* [[Strategic Air Command]], 1 July 1947
* [[Strategic Air Command]], 1 July 1947
* [[311th Air Division|311th Reconnaissance Wing (later, 311th Air Division)]], 1 October 1947
* [[311th Reconnaissance Wing]] (later 311th Air Division), 1 October 1947
* [[91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing]], 10 November 1948 – 28 May 1952
* [[91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing]], 10 November 1948 – 28 May 1952 (not operational after 10 February 1951)
* [[91st Missile Wing|91st Missile (later, 91st Space) Wing]], 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994; 1 February 1996–present
* 91st Missile Wing (later 91st Space Wing), 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994
* 91st Space Wing (later 1st Missile Wing), 1 February 1996–present<ref name=91OGfacts/>
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}


===Components===
===Components===
* 16th Photographic Reconnaissance: attached 20 August-9 November 1948
* [[16th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron]]: attached 20 August-9 November 1948
* [[91st Network Warfare Squadron|91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron]]: 25 March 1949 – 16 November 1950
* [[91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron]]: 25 March 1949 – 16 November 1950
* [[91st Air Refueling Squadron]] 16 April 1950 – 28 May 1952. (detached 10 February 1951 – 28 May 1952)
* [[91st Air Refueling Squadron]] 16 April 1950 – 28 May 1952. (detached 10 February 1951 – 28 May 1952)
* [[322d Bombardment Squadron|322d Bombardment (later, 322d Strategic Reconnaissance) Squadron]]: 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945; 6 July 1950-28 May 1952 (detached 10 February 1951 – 28 May 1952)
* [[322d Bombardment Squadron]] (later 322d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron): 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945; 6 July 1950 – 28 May 1952 (attached to 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing after 10 February 1951)
* [[323d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron|323d Bombardment (later, 323d Reconnaissance, 323d Strategic Reconnaissance) Squadron]]: 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945; 1 July 1947-10 November 1948; 1 June 1949 – 28 May 1952 (detached 19 September-10 October 1949 and 10 February 1951 – 28 May 1952)
* [[323d Bombardment Squadron]] (later 323d Reconnaissance Squadron, 323d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron): 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945; 1 July 1947 – 10 November 1948; 1 June 1949 – 28 May 1952 (detached 19 September-10 October 1949 and attached to 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing after 10 February 1951)
* [[324th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron|324th Bombardment (later, 324th Reconnaissance, 324th Strategic Reconnaissance) Squadron]]: 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945; 1 July 1947-28 May 1952 (detached 10 February 1951 – 28 May 1952)
* [[324th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron|324th Bombardment (later, 324th Reconnaissance, 324th Strategic Reconnaissance) Squadron]]: 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945; 1 July 1947 – 28 May 1952 (attached to 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing after 10 February 1951)
* [[701st Tactical Air Support Squadron|11th Reconnaissance (later, 401st Bombardment) Squadron]]: 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945
* 11th Reconnaissance Squadron (later [[401st Bombardment Squadron]]): 15 April 1942 – 7 November 1945
* [[740th Missile Squadron]]: 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994; 1 February 1996–present
* [[740th Missile Squadron]]: 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994; 1 February 1996–present
* [[741st Missile Squadron]]: 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994; 1 February 1996–present
* [[741st Missile Squadron]]: 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994; 1 February 1996–present
* [[742d Missile Squadron]]: 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994; 1 February 1996–present
* [[742d Missile Squadron]]: 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994; 1 February 1996–present<ref name=91OGfacts/>


===Stations===
===Stations===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Harding Army Air Field]], [[Louisiana]], 15 April 1942
* [[Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport|Harding Field]], Louisiana, 15 April 1942
* [[MacDill Field]], Florida, 16 May 1942
* [[MacDill Field]], Florida, 16 May 1942
* [[Walla Walla Army Air Base]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], c. 28 June-24 August 1942
* [[Walla Walla Army Air Base]], Washington, c. 28 June-24 August 1942
* [[RAF Kimbolton]] (AAF-117), England, 13 September 1942 (ground echelon), early October 1942 (air echelon)
* [[RAF Kimbolton]] (AAF-117), England, 13 September 1942 (ground echelon), early October 1942 (air echelon)
* [[RAF Bassingbourn]] (AAF-121), England, 14 October 1942 – 23 June 1945
* [[RAF Bassingbourn]] (AAF-121), England, 14 October 1942 – 23 June 1945
* [[Drew Field]], Florida, 3 July-7 November 1945
* [[Drew Field]], Florida, 3 July-7 November 1945
* [[Andrews AFB|Andrews Field (later, AFB)]], [[Maryland]], 1 July 1947
* [[Andrews Field]] (later Andrews Air Force Base), Maryland, 1 July 1947
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* [[McGuire AFB]], [[New Jersey]], 20 July 1948
* [[McGuire Air Force Base]], New Jersey, 20 July 1948
* [[Barksdale AFB]], [[Louisiana]], 1 October 1949
* [[Barksdale Air Force Base]], Louisiana, 1 October 1949
: Elements deployed to [[Johnson AB]] and [[Yokota AB]], Japan July 1950, remaining until group's inactivation in 1952.
: Elements deployed to [[Johnson Air Base]] and [[Yokota Air Base]], Japan July 1950, remaining until group's inactivation in 1952.
* [[Lockbourne AFB]], [[Ohio]], 11 September 1951 – 28 May 1952
* [[Lockbourne Air Force Base]], Ohio, 11 September 1951 – 28 May 1952
* [[Minot AFB]], [[North Dakota]], 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994; 1 February 1996–present
* Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, 1 September 1991 – 1 July 1994
* Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, 1 February 1996–present<ref name=91OGfacts/>
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}


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==References==
==References==
===Notes===
{{Portal|United States Air Force|Military of the United States}}
; Explanatory notes
{{notelist}}

; Citations
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{AFHRA}}
{{AFHRA}}
* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|orig-year= 1961|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf|access-date= December 17, 2016|edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher= Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979}}
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|access-date= December 17, 2016|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402}}
⚫
* [http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9838 91st Operations Group Factsheet]
* {{cite book|last=Ravenstein|first=Charles A.|title=Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330257/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-047.pdf|access-date= December 17, 2016|year=1984|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-12-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Watkins|first=Robert|title=Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II |volume=I (VIII) Bomber Command|year=2008|publisher=Shiffer Publishing Ltd.|location=Atglen, PA|isbn=0-7643-1987-6}}
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150504225208/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9838 91st Operations Group Factsheet]
* [http://www.rb-29.net Notations on the History of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron]
* [http://www.rb-29.net Notations on the History of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron]

==External links==


{{Strategic Air Command}}
{{Strategic Air Command}}
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{{USAAF 3d Air Force World War II}}
{{USAAF 3d Air Force World War II}}
}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}


[[Category:Operations groups of the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:Operations groups of the United States Air Force|091]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1991]]

Latest revision as of 06:04, 15 June 2024

91st Operations Group
Group Minuteman missile crew on alert
Active1942—1945; 1947–1952; 1991–1994; 1996–present
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
RoleIntercontinental ballistic missile
Part ofGlobal Strike Command
Garrison/HQMinot Air Force Base, ND
Nickname(s)The Ragged Irregulars (World War II)[1][a]
EngagementsEuropean Theater of Operations[2]
DecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award[2]
Insignia
91st Operations Group emblem[b][2]
91st Bombardment Group World War II emblem.[3]
Emblem of the 91st Bombardment Group
91st Bombardment Group World War II tail marking.[3]Triangle A

The 91st Operations Group is the operational component of the 91st Missile Wing, assigned to the Air Force Global Strike Command Twentieth Air Force. It is stationed at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota.

The group is one of three USAF operational missile units, equipped with the LGM-30G Minuteman-III. Its mission is to defend the United States with safe and secure Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs); ready to immediately put bombs on target.

Activated as the World War II 91st Bombardment Group (Heavy), an Eighth Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress unit assigned to England, it was one of the first USAAF heavy bomb groups deployed to Europe in 1942. The 91st Bomb Group was stationed at RAF Bassingbourn and is most noted as the unit in which the bomber Memphis Belle flew, and for having suffered the greatest number of losses of any heavy bomb group in World War II.

As part of Strategic Air Command in the early years of the Cold War, the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group provided worldwide surveillance. Inactivated in 1952, the group was reactivated as the 91 OG in 1991. Its three missile squadrons, however, have no traditional link to the 91st Bombardment Group and were previously part of the 455th Strategic Missile Wing and 455th Bomb Group.

Units

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Through its four squadrons, the group remains a key facet of our nation's deterrent force. The four squadrons assigned to the group are the:

The missile squadrons include missile crewmembers, alert facility chefs and facility managers. These squadrons vigilantly maintain the missile force around-the-clock. Each squadron controls 50 launch facilities and five missile alert facilities. Missile squadrons are divided into missile operations flights and an operation support flight.

The missile operations flights are staffed by officer crewmembers who, when on alert, are responsible for day-to-day operations, maintenance and security of the missiles within their control and are prepared to launch their missiles at all times. Facility managers are responsible for and ensure the readiness of the missile alert facilities. The alert facility chefs are responsible for providing meals to missile alert facility personnel.

History

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For related lineage and history, see 91st Missile Wing

World War II

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401st Bomb Squadron Boeing B-17G-50-BO Fortress 42-42-102509 *The Liberty Run* shot down by AAA over Leipzig, Germany 24 August 1944. The crew became prisoners of war.
Main article: 91st Bombardment Group

Trained with B-17s before moving to England, August–October 1942. Entered combat in November 1942, bombing such targets as submarine pens, airdromes, factories, communication targets, shipbuilding yards, harbors, and dock facilities until mid-1943. When Eighth Air Force heavy bombers first penetrated Germany on 27 January 1943, the group attacked the navy yard at Wilhelmshaven. Earned a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for bombing marshalling yards at Hamm on 4 March 1943, despite adverse weather and heavy opposition. From the middle of 1943 until the war ended, attacked aircraft factories, airfields, oil facilities, chemical industries and ball-bearing factories. Earned a second DUC for attacking vital aircraft factories in central Germany on 11 January 1944 despite inadequate fighter cover, heavy enemy opposition, and bad weather. In June 1944, contributed to the Allied invasion of Normandy by bombing gun emplacements and troop concentrations near the beachhead area. Supported the St. Lo breakthrough by attacking enemy troop positions, 24–25 July 1944. In December 1944 – January 1945, participated in the Battle of the Bulge by attacking enemy communication targets. The group supported the Allied crossing of the Rhine River in the spring of 1945 by striking airfields, bridges, and railroads near the front lines.

After the war ended, evacuated prisoners from German camps. Returned to the United States, June–July 1945

Cold War

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North American RB-45C Tornado 48-037, 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group. Only 33 RB-45s were ever built and the 91st SRG was the main operating unit for this airframe.
Flight of three Convair RB-36D Peacemakers used to fly high altitude reconnaissance over Manchuria

It was activated as a long-range photographic reconnaissance group under Strategic Air Command in July 1947, but was not fully manned until after July 1948. It saw combat in Korea from November 1950 until inactivating in May 1952 and conducted surveillance over Sea of Japan. During the Korean War, the 91st SRG eventually flew the largest number of different airframes in the Korean War and had more assigned personnel than any other flying unit in the Korean War. With over 800 assigned personnel, they had six different types of aircraft assigned: the RB-29, RB-50, RB-45, WB-26, KB-29 and RB-36. Throughout the conflict though, the RB-29 and RB-50s were the workhorses of the unit. The RB-50 was a modification of the high-altitude bomber built towards the end of World War II to bomb Japan.

The 91st worked a number of different missions during the Korean War. In addition to bomb damage assessment, targeting and aerial photography for the Bomber Command and FEAF, the 91st conducted ELINT and "ferret" missions in theater. It conducted the first ferret missions ever conducted by the USAF. Overflights of Soviet-controlled Far East islands began in 1951. An example of this type of work was reconnaissance missions which were conducted over Karafuto following reports that the Soviets had built extensive underground installations and missile-launching facilities on the island. In Project 51, 91st SRW RB-45s took off from Yokota AB, Japan to conduct reconnaissance over the southern portions of Sakhalin Island. Photographic and radar reconnaissance overflight missions were also flown over the Murmansk-Kola inlet and Siberia.

The unit was also called upon to conduct psychological leaflet drops with its assigned RB-29 aircraft. Not only did the 91st drop Korean "Psyops" leaflets throughout the Korean peninsula and into Manchuria and China but Russian-language leaflets were also committed to air bases in the Far East where Russian pilots were suspected of flying from.

91st aircraft also provided the Air Force's first air-to-air refueling capability and is credited with the first refueling conducted in combat. In February 1951, it lost most of its personnel when assigned to the parent wing, and was inactivated in May 1952 as part of the Tri-Deputation reorganization.

A new era

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Between September 1991 and July 1994, and since February 1996, maintained intercontinental ballistic missiles on alert at Minot AFB, ND.

Lineage

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  • Established as the 91st Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
Activated on 15 April 1942
Redesignated 91st Bombardment Group, Heavy' on 20 August 1943
Inactivated on 7 November 1945
  • Redesignated 91st Reconnaissance Group on 11 June 1947
Activated on 1 July 1947
Redesignated: 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group on 10 November 1948
Redesignated: 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Group, Medium on 6 July 1950
Inactivated on 28 May 1952
  • Redesignated 91st Operations Group on 29 August 1991
Activated on 1 September 1991
Inactivated on 1 July 1994
  • Activated on 1 February 1996[2]

Assignments

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Components

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Stations

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Aircraft and missiles

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References

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Notes

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Explanatory notes
  1. ^ This was originally "Wray's Ragged Irregulars", after the group's first commander, Col. Stanley T. Wray.
  2. ^ Approved 3 September 2019. The group uses the 91st wing emblem with the group designation on the scroll. AF Instruction 84-105, Organizational Lineage, Honors and History, 27 April 2017, paragraph 3.3.3.
Citations
  1. ^ Freeman, pp. 242-244
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lahue, Melissa (1 September 2022). "Factsheet 90 Operations Group (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b Watkins, pp. 34–35

Bibliography

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

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