1901 in South Africa: Difference between revisions

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The following lists events that happened during 1901 in South Africa.

Incumbents

Events

January

9 – Herbert Kitchener reports that Christiaan de Wet has shot a British peace envoy and flogged two more who had gone to his commando to ask the Burghers to halt fighting.^[1]
15 – HMS Sybille, a 3,400-ton Apollo-class cruiser, strikes a reef about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Lamberts Bay.
31 – General Jan Smuts and his commandos capture Modderfontein.

February

1 – Bubonic plague breaks out in Cape Town.^[2]
26 – The Middelburg peace conference fails as Boers continue to demand autonomy.

May

31 – Officially unrecognized Zulu king Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo refuses British instructions to take up arms against the Boers.

June

18 – Emily Hobhouse reports on the high mortality and cruel conditions in the Second Boer War concentration camps^[3]^[4]
25 – Boer armies invaded the Cape Colony and attacked the British settlement of Richmond for a day, then retreated as British forces approached.^[5]

July

2–6 – Nine Boer prisoners-of-war are murdered by Australian members of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Spelonken area near Louis Trichardt.
16 – The Fawcett Commission is established to look at living conditions of women and children, including water supply, sanitation, medical care and the mortality and birth rates in the concentration camps.

August

4 – Lieutenant-general Paul Methuen destroys the village of Schweizer-Reneke under the British scorched earth policy.^[6]
20 – General Koos de la Rey's 84-year-old mother is sent to a concentration camp at Klerksdorp.

September

17 – Commandant-General Louis Botha and General Cecil "Cherry" Cheere Emmett join forces to invade Natal.

October

Mahatma Gandhi embarks at Durban for Mauritius en route to Bombay.

November

1 – Standard Bank opens its second branch in Johannesburg on Eloff Street.
9 – The electric tramline in Cape Town is extended from Sea Point to Camps Bay.
18 – Boer commandos invade the Cape Colony and come to within 50 miles of Cape Town.

December

22 – On Peace Sunday Charles Frederic Aked (1864–1941), a Baptist minister in Liverpool, says: "Great Britain cannot win the battles without resorting to the last despicable cowardice of the most loathsome cur on earth; the act of striking a brave man's heart through his wife's honour and his child's life. The cowardly war has been conducted by methods of barbarism... the concentration camps have been Murder Camps." A crowd follows him home and breaks the windows of his house.^[3]

Births

24 January – Harry Calder, South African cricketer. (d. 1995)
9 September – Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa. (assassinated 1966) (born in the Netherlands)

Deaths

19 May – Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, first president of the South African Republic and founder of Pretoria, at age 81.

Railways

Railway lines opened

13 March – Natal – Stanger to Kearsney, 8 miles (12.9 kilometres).^[7]
27 July – Natal – Mtwalume to North Shepstone, 20 miles 70 chains (33.6 kilometres).^[7]
9 September – Cape Western – Malmesbury to Moorreesburg, 30 miles 51 chains (49.3 kilometres).^[7]^[8]

Locomotives

Cape

Six new Cape gauge locomotive types enter service on the Cape Government Railways (CGR):
- Six 4-4-0 3rd Class Wynberg Tender locomotives in suburban service in Cape Town.^[9]^[10]
- Eight redesigned American-built 6th Class 4-6-0 steam locomotives. In 1912 they would be designated Class 6G on the South African Railways (SAR).^[9]^[10]
- 21 6th Class 4-6-0 steam locomotives, built to the older designs with plate frames. In 1912 they would be reclassified to Class 6H on the SAR.^[9]^[10]
- Ten American-built 6th Class 4-6-0 bar framed locomotives. In 1912 they would be designated Class 6K on the SAR.^[9]^[10]
- Four 6th Class 2-6-2 Prairie type locomotives that are soon modified to a 2-6-4 Adriatic type wheel arrangement. In 1912 they would be designated Class 6Z on the SAR.^[9]^[10]^[11]^: 11
- The first of sixteen 8th Class 2-8-0 Consolidation type locomotives. In 1912 they would be designated Class 8X on the SAR.^[9]^[12]
The Namaqua Copper Company acquires its first locomotive, a 0-4-2 saddle-tank shunting engine named Pioneer.^[13]^: 35–39

Natal

The Natal Government Railways (NGR) rebuilds one of its Class G 4-6-0 tank locomotives to a Class H 4-6-2T Pacific wheel arrangement. In 1912 it would be designated Class C1 on the SAR.^[9]^[10]
The Natal Harbours Department places a single 0-6-0 side-tank locomotive named Edward Innes in service as harbour shunter in Durban Harbour.^[14]
The Zululand Railway Company, contracted for the construction of the line from Verulam to Tugela River, acquires one 2-6-2 tank locomotive.^[9]

Transvaal

The Imperial Military Railways places 35 tank locomotives in service, built to the design of the Reid Tenwheeler of the NGR.^[9]

References

^ Grant, Neil (1993). Chronicle of 20th Century Conflict. New York City: Reed International Books Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-8317-1371-2.
^ "Bubonic Plague in Cape Town" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 February 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Women & Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War". White Concentration Camps: Anglo-Boer War: 1900–1902. South African History Online. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
^ South African History Online – Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War 2, 1900–1902 (Accessed on 22 October 2016)
^ The American Monthly Review of Reviews (August 1901) pp. 153–156
^ South African History Online – Anglo-Boer War 2: Lord Methuen, British general, destroys the village of Schweizer-Reneke (Accessed on 22 October 2016)
^ ^a ^b ^c Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway, Statement No. 19, p. 184, ref. no. 200954-13
^ Report for year ending 31 December 1909, Cape Government Railways, Section VIII - Dates of Opening and the Length of the different Sections in the Cape Colony, from the Year 1873 to 31st December, 1909.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. rp. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 18, 28–29, 41–45. ISBN 0869772112.
^ Durrant, AE (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott: David & Charles. ISBN 0715386387.
^ Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineers' Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 9, 12, 15, 35 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
^ Bagshawe, Peter (2012). Locomotives of the Namaqualand Railway and Copper Mines (1st ed.). Stenvalls. ISBN 978-91-7266-179-0.
^ Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.

[1] Grant, Neil (1993). Chronicle of 20th Century Conflict. New York City: Reed International Books Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-8317-1371-2.

[2] "Bubonic Plague in Cape Town" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 February 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 21 June 2009.

[White_Camps-3] "Women & Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War". White Concentration Camps: Anglo-Boer War: 1900–1902. South African History Online. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2010.

[Black_Camps-4] South African History Online – Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War 2, 1900–1902 (Accessed on 22 October 2016)

[5] The American Monthly Review of Reviews (August 1901) pp. 153–156

[Methuen-6] South African History Online – Anglo-Boer War 2: Lord Methuen, British general, destroys the village of Schweizer-Reneke (Accessed on 22 October 2016)

[SAR_Line_Dates_184-7] Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway, Statement No. 19, p. 184, ref. no. 200954-13

[CGR_Annual_1909-8] Report for year ending 31 December 1909, Cape Government Railways, Section VIII - Dates of Opening and the Length of the different Sections in the Cape Colony, from the Year 1873 to 31st December, 1909.

[Holland_1-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. rp. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.

[Paxton-Bourne-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 18, 28–29, 41–45. ISBN 0869772112.

[Durrant-11] Durrant, AE (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott: David & Charles. ISBN 0715386387.

[SAR_Renumber-12] Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineers' Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 9, 12, 15, 35 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)

[Bagshawe-13] Bagshawe, Peter (2012). Locomotives of the Namaqualand Railway and Copper Mines (1st ed.). Stenvalls. ISBN 978-91-7266-179-0.

[Holland_2-14] Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
 {{Use South African English|date=November 2013}}
 {{Year in South Africa|1901}}
 <!-- IF POSSIBLE, PLEASE USE PRESENT TENSE -->
-The following lists events that happened during '''[[1901]] in [[South Africa]]'''.
+The following lists events that happened during '''1901 in South Africa'''.
+==Incumbents==
+===Cape Colony===
+* [[Cape Colony#Governors of the Cape of Good Hope (1797–1910)|Governor of the Cape of Good Hope]] and [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]]:[[Alfred Milner]] then [[Walter Hely-Hutchinson]] (governor from 6 March but not high commissioner).
+* [[Cape Colony#Prime Ministers of the Cape of Good Hope (1872–1910)|Prime Minister of the Cape of Good Hope]]: [[John Gordon Sprigg]].
+===Natal===
+* [[Colony of Natal#Lieutenant-governors|Governor of the Colony of Natal]]: [[Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell]] (until 6 May), [[Henry Edward McCallum]] (starting 6 May).
+* [[Colony of Natal|Prime Minister of the Colony of Natal]]: [[Albert Henry Hime]].
+===Orange Free State===
+* [[State President of the Orange Free State]]: [[Martinus Theunis Steyn]].
+* Administrator of British-occupied [[Orange River Colony]] and UK [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]]: [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner]].
+===South African Republic===
+* [[State President of the South African Republic]]: [[Paul Kruger]] (in exile);  [[Schalk Willem Burger]] (acting).
+* Administrator of British-occupied [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] and UK [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]]: [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner]].
 ==Events==
 ;January
-* 9 &ndash; [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Herbert Kitchener]] reports that [[Christiaan de Wet]] has shot a British peace envoy and flogged two more who had gone to his commando to ask the Burghers to halt fighting.<ref>{{cite book | last=Grant | first= Neil| authorlink= | title=Chronicle of 20th Century Conflict | year=1993 | publisher=Reed International Books Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc.| location=New York City | isbn=0-8317-1371-2| pages=18–19}}</ref>
+* 9 &ndash; [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Herbert Kitchener]] reports that [[Christiaan de Wet]] has shot a British peace envoy and flogged two more who had gone to his commando to ask the Burghers to halt fighting.<ref>{{cite book | last=Grant | first=Neil | title=Chronicle of 20th Century Conflict | year=1993 | publisher=Reed International Books Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc. | location=New York City | isbn=0-8317-1371-2 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleof20thc00gran/page/18 18–19] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleof20thc00gran/page/18 }}</ref>
-* 15 &ndash; The ''HMS Sybille'', a 3400-ton [[Apollo class cruiser]], strikes a reef about 5&nbsp;km south of [[Lamberts Bay]].
+* 15 &ndash; HMS ''Sybille'', a 3,400-ton {{Sclass|Apollo|cruiser|1}}, strikes a reef about {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Lamberts Bay]].
 * 31 &ndash; General [[Jan Smuts]] and his commandos capture [[Modderfontein (East Rand)|Modderfontein]].
 ;February
-* 1 &ndash; [[Bubonic plague]] breaks out in [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9403E4DE103DEE32A25752C1A9649C946097D6CF|title=''Bubonic Plague in Cape Town|date=11 February 1901|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|pages=7|accessdate=2009-06-21 | format=PDF}}</ref>
+* 1 &ndash; [[Bubonic plague]] breaks out in [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/02/11/118461368.pdf|title=Bubonic Plague in Cape Town|date=11 February 1901|work=[[The New York Times]]|pages=7|access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref>
 * 26 &ndash; The [[Middelburg, Mpumalanga|Middelburg]] peace conference fails as [[Boers]] continue to demand autonomy.
@@ Line 20: / Line 37: @@
 ;June
-* [[Emily Hobhouse#Conditions in the camps|Emily Hobhouse]] reports on the [[genocide]] in the 45 British concentration camps for Boer women and children in which, over an 18-month period, 26,370 people would die, 24,000 of them children under 16. Exact mortality figures in the 64 concentration camps for black displaced farm workers and their families are not known, but likely even worse.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pakenham|1979|loc=}}</ref><ref name="White Camps">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/mainframe-womencamp.htm|title=Women & Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War|work=White Concentration Camps: Anglo-Boer War: 1900–1902|publisher=South African History Online|accessdate=25 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Black Camps">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/black-concentration-camps-during-anglo-boer-war-2-1900-1902 South African History Online – Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War 2, 1900–1902] (Accessed on 22 October 2016)</ref>
+* 18 &ndash; [[Emily Hobhouse]] reports on the high mortality and cruel conditions in the [[Second Boer War concentration camps]]<ref name="White Camps">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/mainframe-womencamp.htm|title=Women & Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War|work=White Concentration Camps: Anglo-Boer War: 1900–1902|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=25 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607091953/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/mainframe-womencamp.htm|archive-date=7 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Black Camps">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/black-concentration-camps-during-anglo-boer-war-2-1900-1902 South African History Online – Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War 2, 1900–1902] (Accessed on 22 October 2016)</ref>
+* 25 &ndash; Boer armies invaded the [[Cape Colony]] and attacked the British settlement of [[Richmond, Northern Cape|Richmond]] for a day, then retreated as British forces approached.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S4BHAAAAYAAJ&q=%22current+events%22&pg=PA1 The American Monthly Review of Reviews] (August 1901) pp. 153–156</ref>
 ;July
@@ Line 39: / Line 57: @@
 * 1 &ndash; [[Standard Bank (historic)|Standard Bank]] opens its second branch in [[Johannesburg]] on Eloff Street.
 * 9 &ndash; The electric tramline in [[Cape Town]] is extended from [[Sea Point]] to [[Camps Bay]].
-* 18 &ndash; Boer commandos invade the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] and come to within 50 miles of [[Cape town]].
+* 18 &ndash; Boer commandos invade the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] and come to within 50 miles of [[Cape Town]].
 ;December
-* 22 &ndash; On Peace Sunday Charles Aked, a Baptist minister in [[Liverpool]], says: "Great Britain cannot win the battles without resorting to the last despicable cowardice of the most loathsome cur on earth; the act of striking a brave man's heart through his wife's honour and his child's life. The cowardly war has been conducted by methods of barbarism... the concentration camps have been Murder Camps." A crowd follows him home and breaks the windows of his house.<ref name="White Camps"/>
+* 22 &ndash; On Peace Sunday [[Charles Frederic Aked]] (1864–1941), a Baptist minister in [[Liverpool]], says: "Great Britain cannot win the battles without resorting to the last despicable cowardice of the most loathsome cur on earth; the act of striking a brave man's heart through his wife's honour and his child's life. The cowardly war has been conducted by methods of barbarism... the concentration camps have been Murder Camps." A crowd follows him home and breaks the windows of his house.<ref name="White Camps"/>
 ==Births==
 * 24 January &ndash; [[Harry Calder]], South African cricketer. (d. 1995)
-* 9 September &ndash; [[Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd]], Prime Minister of South Africa. (assassinated 1966)
+* 9 September &ndash; [[Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd]], Prime Minister of South Africa. (assassinated 1966) (born in the Netherlands)
 ==Deaths==
@@ Line 71: / Line 89: @@
 ** Ten American-built 6th Class [[4-6-0]] bar framed locomotives. In 1912 they would be designated [[South African Class 6K 4-6-0|Class 6K]] on the SAR.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>
 ** Four 6th Class [[2-6-2]] Prairie type locomotives that are soon modified to a {{nowrap|[[2-6-4]]}} Adriatic type wheel arrangement. In 1912 they would be designated [[South African Class 6Z 2-6-4|Class 6Z]] on the SAR.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Durrant">{{Durrant-Twilight}}</ref>{{rp|11}}
-** The first of sixteen 8th Class [[2-8-0|{{nowrap|2-8-0}}]] Consolidation type locomotives. In 1912 they would be designated [[South African Class 8X 2-8-0|Class 8X]] on the SAR.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR Renumber">Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer’s Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 9, 12, 15, 35 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)</ref>
+** The first of sixteen 8th Class [[2-8-0|{{nowrap|2-8-0}}]] Consolidation type locomotives. In 1912 they would be designated [[South African Class 8X 2-8-0|Class 8X]] on the SAR.<ref name="Holland 1"/><ref name="SAR Renumber">Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineers' Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 9, 12, 15, 35 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)</ref>
 * The Namaqua Copper Company acquires its first locomotive, a 0-4-2 saddle-tank shunting engine [[Namaqualand 0-4-2ST Pioneer|named ''Pioneer'']].<ref name="Bagshawe">{{Bagshawe}}</ref>{{rp|35–39}}
@@ Line 83: / Line 101: @@
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
+{{Reflist}}
 {{Africa topic|1901 in|state=collapsed}}
 <!-- {{Year in Africa|1901}} This template is not yet usable since it's far from complete. -->
-[[Category:1901 by country|South Africa]]
 [[Category:1901 in South Africa| ]]
+[[Category:1901 by country|South Africa]]
 [[Category:1900s in South Africa]]
 [[Category:1901 in Africa|South Africa]]

v t e 1901 in Africa
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)