Walla Walla Council: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1855 meeting between the United States and Native Americans}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} |
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[[File:Walla Walla Council.jpg|thumb|The Walla Walla Council.]] |
[[File:Walla Walla Council.jpg|thumb|The Walla Walla Council.]] |
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The '''Walla Walla Council (1855)''' was a meeting in the [[Pacific Northwest]] between the [[United States]] and sovereign tribal nations of the [[Cayuse people|Cayuse]], [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]], [[Umatilla people|Umatilla]], [[Walla Walla people|Walla Walla]], and [[Yakama]].<ref>{{cite journal |
The '''Walla Walla Council (1855)''' was a meeting in the [[Pacific Northwest]] between the [[United States]] and sovereign [[Native Americans in the United States|tribal nations]] of the [[Cayuse people|Cayuse]], [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]], [[Umatilla people|Umatilla]], [[Walla Walla people|Walla Walla]], and [[Yakama]].<ref>{{cite journal |
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| last = Trafzer |
| last = Trafzer |
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| first = Clifford E. |
| first = Clifford E. |
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| date = |
| date =Fall 2005 |
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| url = http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/106.3/trafzer.html |
| url = http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/106.3/trafzer.html |
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| title = Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, |
| title = Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, 1855 |
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| journal = Oregon Historical Quarterly |
| journal = Oregon Historical Quarterly |
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| volume = 106 |
| volume = 106 |
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| issue = 3 |
| issue = 3 |
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| pages = 398–411 |
| pages = 398–411 |
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| doi = 10.1353/ohq.2005.0006 |
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| s2cid = 166019157 |
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| issn = 0030-4727 |
| issn = 0030-4727 |
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}}</ref> The |
}}</ref> The council occurred on May 29 – June 11<!--, 1855-->;<ref>{{Cite web|title = Walla Walla 2020 {{!}} Walla Walla Treaty Council of 1855|url = http://ww2020.net/historic-sites/walla-walla-treaty-council-of-1855/|website = ww2020.net|accessdate = 14 December 2015}}</ref> the treaties signed at this council on June 9<ref>{{Cite web|title = Umatilla Relationships with US - Making Treaties|url = http://www.trailtribes.org/umatilla/making-treaties.htm|website = www.trailtribes.org|accessdate = 14 December 2015}}</ref> were ratified by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] four years later in [[36th United States Congress|1859]].<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = United States Senate |
| last = United States Senate |
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| authorlink = United States Senate |
| authorlink = United States Senate |
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| url = http://memory.loc.gov/ll/llej/011/0000/00840082.tif |
| url = http://memory.loc.gov/ll/llej/011/0000/00840082.tif |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
These treaties codified the constitutional relationship between the people living on the [[Nez Perce]], [[Umatilla Indian Reservation|Umatilla]], and [[Yakama Indian Reservation|Yakama]] reservations; it was one of the earliest treaties obtained in the Pacific Northwest. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | [[Washington Territory]]'s first [[List of governors of Washington|governor]] [[Isaac I. Stevens]] secured this treaty, allowing larger portions of the land to be given to the two largest and most powerful tribes: Yakama and Nez Perce; these reservations encompassed most of their traditional hunting grounds. The smaller tribes moved to the smaller of the three reservations. Stevens was able to acquire {{convert|45000|sqmi|spell=in}} of land.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schwantes|first1=Carlos Arnaldo|title=The Pacific Northwest|date=1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=0-8032-4225-5}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
The United States government later [[List of United States treaties#U.S.–Native American treaties|violated these treaties]], first by failing to pay the agreed sum for the ceded land,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lapwai |first=Mailing Address: Nez Perce National Historical Park 39063 US Hwy 95 |last2=Us |first2=ID 83540-9715 Phone: 208 843-7001 Contact |title=Aftermath - Nez Perce National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/aftermath-of-1855-treaty.htm |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> and later by reducing the Nez Perce reservation by 90% and [[Nez Perce War|forcibly removing the Nez Perce]] from their lands affirmed by the 1855 treaty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty with the Nez Perces 1855 |url=https://critfc.org/member-tribes-overview/nez-perce-tribe/treaty-with-the-nez-perces-1855/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=CRITFC |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
*[[Nez Perce War]] (1877) |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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| title = Treaty with the Nez Perce 1855 |
| title = Treaty with the Nez Perce 1855 |
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| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/treaties/nezperce.htm |
| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/treaties/nezperce.htm |
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| accessdate = |
| accessdate = 12 March 2007 }} |
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*{{cite web |
*{{cite web |
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| title = Treaty with the Walla Walla, Cayuse and Umatilla 1855 |
| title = Treaty with the Walla Walla, Cayuse and Umatilla 1855 |
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| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/primary/treaty.htm |
| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/primary/treaty.htm |
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| accessdate = |
| accessdate = 12 March 2007 }} |
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*{{cite web |
*{{cite web |
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| title = Treaty with the Yakima 1855 |
| title = Treaty with the Yakima 1855 |
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| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/treaties/yakima.htm |
| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/treaties/yakima.htm |
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| accessdate = |
| accessdate = 12 March 2007 }} |
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*{{cite web |
*{{cite web |
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| title = Walla Walla Council of 1855 |
| title = Walla Walla Council of 1855 |
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| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/Native5.htm |
| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/Native5.htm |
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| accessdate = |
| accessdate = 12 March 2007 }} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:United States and Native American treaties]] |
[[Category:United States and Native American treaties]] |
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[[Category:History of Washington (state)]] |
[[Category:History of Washington (state)]] |
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[[Category:1855 treaties]] |
[[Category:1855 treaties]] |
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[[Category:1859 treaties]] |
[[Category:1859 treaties]] |
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[[Category:1855 conferences]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:21, 15 June 2024
The Walla Walla Council (1855) was a meeting in the Pacific Northwest between the United States and sovereign tribal nations of the Cayuse, Nez Perce, Umatilla, Walla Walla, and Yakama.[1] The council occurred on May 29 – June 11;[2] the treaties signed at this council on June 9[3] were ratified by the U.S. Senate four years later in 1859.[4]
These treaties codified the constitutional relationship between the people living on the Nez Perce, Umatilla, and Yakama reservations; it was one of the earliest treaties obtained in the Pacific Northwest.
Washington Territory's first governor Isaac I. Stevens secured this treaty, allowing larger portions of the land to be given to the two largest and most powerful tribes: Yakama and Nez Perce; these reservations encompassed most of their traditional hunting grounds. The smaller tribes moved to the smaller of the three reservations. Stevens was able to acquire forty-five thousand square miles (120,000 km2) of land.[5]
The United States government later violated these treaties, first by failing to pay the agreed sum for the ceded land,[6] and later by reducing the Nez Perce reservation by 90% and forcibly removing the Nez Perce from their lands affirmed by the 1855 treaty.[7]
See also
[edit]- Yakima War (1855–58)
- Palouse War (1858)
- Nez Perce War (1877)
Notes
[edit]- ^ Trafzer, Clifford E. (Fall 2005). "Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, 1855". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 106 (3): 398–411. doi:10.1353/ohq.2005.0006. ISSN 0030-4727. S2CID 166019157.
- ^ "Walla Walla 2020 | Walla Walla Treaty Council of 1855". ww2020.net. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^ "Umatilla Relationships with US - Making Treaties". www.trailtribes.org. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
- ^ United States Senate (1859). Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America v.11. p. 82.
- ^ Schwantes, Carlos Arnaldo (1996). The Pacific Northwest. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4225-5.
- ^ Lapwai, Mailing Address: Nez Perce National Historical Park 39063 US Hwy 95; Us, ID 83540-9715 Phone: 208 843-7001 Contact. "Aftermath - Nez Perce National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Treaty with the Nez Perces 1855". CRITFC. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
External links
[edit]- Stevens Treaty Council of 1855 centennial records at the Whitman College and Northwest Archives, Whitman College.
- "Treaty with the Nez Perce 1855". Center for Columbia River History. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- "Treaty with the Walla Walla, Cayuse and Umatilla 1855". Center for Columbia River History. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- "Treaty with the Yakima 1855". Center for Columbia River History. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- "Walla Walla Council of 1855". Center for Columbia River History. Retrieved 12 March 2007.