Androcalva fraseri: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of tree}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Brush kurrajong |
| name = Brush kurrajong |
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| image = Commersonia fraseri |
| image = Commersonia fraseri.jpg |
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| image_caption = |
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| image_caption = ''Commersonia fraseri'', [[Telegherry River]], near [[Dungog]], Australia |
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| status = |
| status = |
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| status_system = |
| status_system = |
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| genus = |
| genus = Androcalva |
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| species = fraseri |
| species = fraseri |
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| authority = ([[Jaques Étienne Gay|J.Gay]]) [[Carolyn F. Wilkins|C.F.Wilkins]] & [[Barbara Ann Whitlock|Whitlock]]<ref name="APC">{{cite web |title=''Androcalva fraseri'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/236016|website=Australian Plant Census |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref> |
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| authority = [[Jacques Etienne Gay|J.Gay]] |
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" /> |
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|synonyms = |
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* ''Commerconia fraseri'' <small>[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] [[Orthographical variant|orth. var.]]</small> |
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* ''Commersonia fraseri'' <small>J.Gay</small> |
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* ''Commersonia fraseri'' <small>J.Gay</small> var. ''fraseri'' |
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* ''Commersonia fraseri'' var. ''macrophylla'' <small>J.Gay</small> |
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* ''Commersonia fraseri'' var. ''microphylla'' <small>J.Gay</small> |
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* ''Restiaria fraseri'' <small>(Gay) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small> |
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''''' |
'''''Androcalva fraseri''''', commonly known as '''blackfellow's hemp''' or '''brush kurrajong''',<ref name="DES">{{cite web |title=Species profile—''Commersonia fraseri'' |url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=12601 |publisher=Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Malvaceae]] and is [[endemic]] to eastern Australia. It is a small tree or shrub that forms [[basal shoot|suckers]] and has egg-shaped or lance-shaped leaves with serrated edges, and clusters of 13 to 21 white flowers. |
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''Androcalva fraseri'' is a small tree or shrub that typically grows to {{cvt|3–9|m}} high and {{cvt|2–4|m}} wide, forms suckers and has a trunk up to {{cvt|15|cm}} in diameter. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, egg-shaped to broadly triangular, or broadly lance-shaped to heart-shaped, {{cvt|6–160|mm|1}} long and {{cvt|50–80|mm}} wide on a [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] up to {{cvt|15|mm|sigfig=1}} long with [[stipule]]s {{cvt|2–3|mm|sigfig=1}} long at the base but that fall off as the leaves mature. The edges of the leaves are irregularly toothed, the upper surface is dull green and sparsely hairy, the lower surface covered with fine, silvery, star-shaped hairs. The flowers are white, arranged in clusters of 13 to 21 on a [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] {{cvt|30–110|mm}} long, each flower on a [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]] {{cvt|3–8|mm|sigfig=1}} long, with [[bract]]s {{cvt|2–12|mm|sigfig=1}} long at the base. The flowers are {{cvt|6–10|mm|sigfig=1}} wide with 5 white, petal-like [[sepal]]s and 5 petals, the [[ligule]] slightly longer than the sepals. There are 3 [[staminode]]s between each pair of [[stamen]]s, the central one spatula-shaped and the other two linear. Flowering occurs from August to April, with a peak from September to November, and the fruit is a bristly [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] {{cvt|15-20|mm|sigfig=1}} in diameter.<ref name="Blake">{{cite book |last1=Blake |first1=Trevor L. |title=Lantern bushes of Australia ; Thomasias & allied genera : a field and horticultural guide |date=2021 |publisher=Australian Plants Society, Keilor Plains Group |location=Victoria |isbn=9780646839301 |pages=108–109}}</ref><ref name=Fairley>{{cite book|author1=Fairley, Alan |author2=Moore, Philip |title=Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide |year=2000 |edition= 2nd|publisher=Kangaroo Press |page=80|location=Kenthurst, New South Wales |isbn=0-7318-1031-7}}</ref><ref name="RBGS">{{cite web |last1=Harden |first1=Gwen J. |last2=Orme |first2=Andrew E. |title=''Androcalva frseri'' |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Androcalva~fraseri |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Benson">{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=Doug |last2=McDougall |first2=Lyn |title=Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 8: Dicotyledon families Rutaceae to Zygophyllaceae |journal=Cunninghamia |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=388 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/269919#page/236/mode/1up |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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The French naturalist [[ |
The French naturalist [[Jaques Étienne Gay]] was the first to formally describe the species in 1823. He gave it the name ''Commersonia fraseri'' and published the description in the journal, ''Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'' from specimens collected by [[Charles Fraser (botanist)|Charles Fraser]].<ref name=APNI1>{{cite web|title=''Commersonia fraseri''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/487915|publisher=APNI|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Gay">{{cite journal |last1=Gay |first1=Jaques E. |title=Fragment d'une monographie des vraies Buttneriacées |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle |date=1823 |volume=10 |pages=215–216 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23443#page/245/mode/1up |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref> |
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A 2011 molecular analysis of segments of chloroplast DNA found that the genera ''[[Commersonia]]'' and ''[[Rulingia]]'' formed a monophyletic group but that the member species were intermingled, and split out into two hitherto unrecognised clades.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Whitlock, Barbara A. |author2=Hale, Amanda M. |author3=Indorf, Jane L. |author4=Wilkins, Carolyn F. |year=2011|title=Polyphyly of ''Rulingia'' and ''Commersonia'' (Lasiopetaleae, Malvaceae s.l.)|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|volume=24|issue=5|pages= 215–25|doi=10.1071/SB09030}}</ref> |
A 2011 molecular analysis of segments of chloroplast DNA found that the genera ''[[Commersonia]]'' and ''[[Rulingia]]'' formed a monophyletic group but that the member species were intermingled, and split out into two hitherto unrecognised clades.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Whitlock, Barbara A. |author2=Hale, Amanda M. |author3=Indorf, Jane L. |author4=Wilkins, Carolyn F. |year=2011|title=Polyphyly of ''Rulingia'' and ''Commersonia'' (Lasiopetaleae, Malvaceae s.l.)|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|volume=24|issue=5|pages= 215–25|doi=10.1071/SB09030}}</ref> In 2011, [[Carolyn F. Wilkins|Carolyn Wilkins]] and [[Barbara Ann Whitlock|Barbara Whitlock]] transferred the species to ''[[Androcalva]]'' as ''A. fraseri''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Androcalva fraseri''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/726931|publisher=APNI|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Wilkins, Carolyn F. |author2=Whitlock, Barbara A. |year=2011|title=A new Australian genus, ''Androcalva'', separated from ''Commersonia'' (Malvaceae s.l. or Byttneriaceae)|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|volume=24|issue=5|pages=284–349|doi=10.1071/SB10032}}</ref> |
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The [[Botanical name|specific epithet]] honours Charles Fraser, the collector of the [[Type (biology)|type]] specimens and an early New South Wales colonial botanist.<ref name="gnp">{{cite web|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp10/commersonia-fraseri.html|title=Growing Native Plants: ''Commersonia fraseri''|last=Lodder|first=Mark |date=16 December 2003|publisher=Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government|access-date=8 December 2011|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory}}</ref> |
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''Commersonia fraseri'' grows as a {{convert|2|or|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} shrub,<ref name=Fairley>{{cite book|author1=Fairley, Alan |author2=Moore, Philip |title=Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide |year=2000 |edition= 2nd|publisher=Kangaroo Press |page=80|location=Kenthurst, New South Wales |isbn=0-7318-1031-7}}</ref> or small tree to {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} high. Arranged alternately along the stems,<ref name="gnp"/> the ovate leaves have irregularly toothed margins and are {{convert|5|–|17|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|–|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. The leaf undersides are whitish, and covered in a fine fur.<ref name=plantnet/> Flowering peaks in September and continues till November.<ref name=Benson2001>{{cite journal|author1=Benson, Doug |author2=McDougall, Lyn |year=2001|title= Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 8: Dicotyledon families Rutaceaae to Zygophyllaceae|journal= Cunninghamia|volume= 7|issue=2|pages=241–462|url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/58556/Cun7Ben241.pdf}}</ref> The small white flowers are arranged in clusters. Flowering is followed by the development of fruit, {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=Fairley/> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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| ⚫ | ''Androcalva fraseri'' is found in rainforest and wet eucalypt forest along and east of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales<ref name="RBGS" /> and southeastern Queensland.<ref name="gnp"/> In the latter habitat, it is associated with trees, such as rough-barked apple (''[[Angophora floribunda]]''), turpentine (''[[Syncarpia glomulifera]]''), and Sydney blue gum (''[[Eucalyptus saligna]]''). A fast-growing plant, it is able to colonise disturbed ground,<ref name="Benson" /> particularly areas where vegetation has been partly cleared such as under power lines.<ref name="Fairley" /> |
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==Ecology== |
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This species is an adult host plant for the [[chrysomelidae|chrysomelid]] beetle ''[[Podagra submetallica]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hawkeswood, Trevor J.|year=2005|title=Three new host plants for the Australian leaf beetle ''Podagrica submetallica'' (Blackburn, 1894) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)|journal=Calodema|volume=4|pages=19–22|url=http://www.calodema.com/freefiles/291.pdf|access-date=2011-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423181633/http://www.calodema.com/freefiles/291.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==Use in horticulture== |
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==Cultivation== |
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'' |
''Androcalva fraseri'' has been propagated readily from cuttings taken in winter, and grows better with extra moisture in cultivation.<ref name="gnp"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{reflist||colwidth=33em}} |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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==External links== |
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*{{Commons category-inline|Commersonia fraseri|''Commersonia fraseri''}} |
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{{Taxonbar}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q17579647}} |
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[[Category:Malvales of Australia]] |
[[Category:Malvales of Australia]] |
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[[Category:Trees of Australia]] |
[[Category:Trees of Australia]] |
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[[Category:Plants described in 1823]] |
[[Category:Plants described in 1823]] |
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[[Category:Androcalva|fraseri]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Jaques Étienne Gay]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:58, 16 June 2024
| Brush kurrajong | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Androcalva |
| Species: | A. fraseri
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| Binomial name | |
| Androcalva fraseri | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Androcalva fraseri, commonly known as blackfellow's hemp or brush kurrajong,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a small tree or shrub that forms suckers and has egg-shaped or lance-shaped leaves with serrated edges, and clusters of 13 to 21 white flowers.
Description
[edit]Androcalva fraseri is a small tree or shrub that typically grows to 3–9 m (9.8–29.5 ft) high and 2–4 m (6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in) wide, forms suckers and has a trunk up to 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, egg-shaped to broadly triangular, or broadly lance-shaped to heart-shaped, 6–160 mm (0.2–6.3 in) long and 50–80 mm (2.0–3.1 in) wide on a petiole up to 15 mm (0.6 in) long with stipules 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long at the base but that fall off as the leaves mature. The edges of the leaves are irregularly toothed, the upper surface is dull green and sparsely hairy, the lower surface covered with fine, silvery, star-shaped hairs. The flowers are white, arranged in clusters of 13 to 21 on a peduncle 30–110 mm (1.2–4.3 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 3–8 mm (0.1–0.3 in) long, with bracts 2–12 mm (0.08–0.5 in) long at the base. The flowers are 6–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide with 5 white, petal-like sepals and 5 petals, the ligule slightly longer than the sepals. There are 3 staminodes between each pair of stamens, the central one spatula-shaped and the other two linear. Flowering occurs from August to April, with a peak from September to November, and the fruit is a bristly capsule 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) in diameter.[3][4][5][6]
Taxonomy
[edit]The French naturalist Jaques Étienne Gay was the first to formally describe the species in 1823. He gave it the name Commersonia fraseri and published the description in the journal, Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle from specimens collected by Charles Fraser.[7][8]
A 2011 molecular analysis of segments of chloroplast DNA found that the genera Commersonia and Rulingia formed a monophyletic group but that the member species were intermingled, and split out into two hitherto unrecognised clades.[9] In 2011, Carolyn Wilkins and Barbara Whitlock transferred the species to Androcalva as A. fraseri.[10][11]
The specific epithet honours Charles Fraser, the collector of the type specimens and an early New South Wales colonial botanist.[12]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Androcalva fraseri is found in rainforest and wet eucalypt forest along and east of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales[5] and southeastern Queensland.[12] In the latter habitat, it is associated with trees, such as rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), and Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna). A fast-growing plant, it is able to colonise disturbed ground,[6] particularly areas where vegetation has been partly cleared such as under power lines.[4]
Ecology
[edit]This species is an adult host plant for the chrysomelid beetle Podagra submetallica.[13]
Use in horticulture
[edit]Androcalva fraseri has been propagated readily from cuttings taken in winter, and grows better with extra moisture in cultivation.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Androcalva fraseri". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Species profile—Commersonia fraseri". Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ Blake, Trevor L. (2021). Lantern bushes of Australia ; Thomasias & allied genera : a field and horticultural guide. Victoria: Australian Plants Society, Keilor Plains Group. pp. 108–109. ISBN 9780646839301.
- ^ a b Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-7318-1031-7.
- ^ a b Harden, Gwen J.; Orme, Andrew E. "Androcalva frseri". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ a b Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2001). "Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 8: Dicotyledon families Rutaceae to Zygophyllaceae". Cunninghamia. 7 (2): 388. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ "Commersonia fraseri". APNI. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Gay, Jaques E. (1823). "Fragment d'une monographie des vraies Buttneriacées". Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 10: 215–216. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Whitlock, Barbara A.; Hale, Amanda M.; Indorf, Jane L.; Wilkins, Carolyn F. (2011). "Polyphyly of Rulingia and Commersonia (Lasiopetaleae, Malvaceae s.l.)". Australian Systematic Botany. 24 (5): 215–25. doi:10.1071/SB09030.
- ^ "Androcalva fraseri". APNI. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Wilkins, Carolyn F.; Whitlock, Barbara A. (2011). "A new Australian genus, Androcalva, separated from Commersonia (Malvaceae s.l. or Byttneriaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 24 (5): 284–349. doi:10.1071/SB10032.
- ^ a b c Lodder, Mark (16 December 2003). "Growing Native Plants: Commersonia fraseri". Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
- ^ Hawkeswood, Trevor J. (2005). "Three new host plants for the Australian leaf beetle Podagrica submetallica (Blackburn, 1894) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" (PDF). Calodema. 4: 19–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
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