Cligès: Difference between revisions

Cligès
Cligès
Author(s)	Chrétien de Troyes
Language	Old French
Date	c. 1176
Genre	Chivalric romance
Verse form	Octosyllable rhyming couplets
Length	6,664 lines
Subject	Arthurian legend

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Cligès (also Cligés) is a poem by the medieval French poet Chrétien de Troyes, dating from around 1176. It is the second of his five Arthurian romances; Erec and Enide, Cligès, Yvain, Lancelot and Perceval. The poem tells the story of the knight Cligès and his love for his uncle's wife, Fenice.

Background

Cligès has come down to us through seven manuscripts and various fragments. The poem comprises 6,664 octosyllables in rhymed couplets. Prose versions also exist since at least the 15th century.

There are many stylistic techniques that set Chrétien de Troyes and his work Cligès apart from his contemporaries and their work. Chrétien used many Latin writing techniques such as nature topos, portraiture, conjointure, amplificato and interpretatio to convey a realistic romance story.^[1]

Cligès can be better understood by dividing the text into two parts, or two nearly separate stories. The first story consists of Cligès's father's adventures and the second story consists of Cligès's adventures. Cligès scholar Z. P. Zaddy supports the dual story approach, but also divides the text even further as creates a new structure where the two stories are split into eight episodes.^[2] This approach is intended^{[clarification needed]} to make the text read more dramatically.

Synopsis

Cligès begins with the story of the title character's parents, Alexander and Soredamors. Alexander, the son of the Greek emperor (also called Alexander), travels to Britain to become a knight in King Arthur's realm. While at court, Alexander gains favor with King Arthur, is knighted, and assists in retaking Windsor Castle from the traitorous Count Angrès. During his time at court, Alexander meets Arthur's niece, Soredamors; they quickly fall in love, but neither party is able to tell the other how they feel. Queen Guinevere takes notice and encourages them to express their mutual love. They then marry and a child is born, named Cligès.

Alexander and his family then return to Greece and find out that Alexander's brother, Alis, has claimed the Greek throne after their father's death. Although Alexander is the rightful heir to the throne, he concedes to Alis under the condition that Alis not marry or have children, so that the throne will pass to Cligès. Alexander then dies, and Cligès is raised in Greece.

Many years after Alexander's death, Alis is persuaded to marry. He chooses as his bride Fenice, the daughter of the German Emperor. Thus begins the story of Cligès and Fenice. Cligès falls in love with his uncle's wife, who also loves Cligès; he follows in his father's footsteps to Arthur's kingdom to be knighted. Like his father, he does well in King Arthur's court, participating in tournaments and displaying courtly manners. He is knighted and returns home.

As Cligès and Fenice still love each other, Fenice concocts a plan to use magic to trick Alis and allow them to escape. With the help of a potion provided by her governess, she fakes illness so that she could eventually die and reunite with Cligès. However, before she could fake her actual death, three doctors are called in to heal Fenice. Upon realizing Fenice's deception, the three doctors torture Fenice in order to discover what she is hiding. Fenice, however, says nothing and is eventually spirited away by Cligès. Soon, however, they are found in their tower hiding-place by Bertrand, who tells Alis. Cligès goes to Arthur to ask for help in getting his kingdom back from his uncle, but Alis dies while he is away. Cligès and Fenice now are free to marry, and Cligès becomes emperor.^[3]

Analysis

In Cligès and Courtliness, Norris J. Lacy examines the characters found in Cligès and argues that Chrètien uses the story as an ironic presentation of chivalric character. Although Cligès displays the ability to master the social forms and rhetoric of the court, it is without substance. Lacy claims that the actions of Cligès and Fenice may seem to represent courtliness or chivalric traits, but at their core they are not moral. Lacy believes that Chrètien's Cligès is meant to throw doubt on the value and validity of courtliness.^[4]^[5]

The discussion of morality in relation to Fenice's character continues in "The Public and Private Images of 'Cliges' Fenice", written by D. Nelson. Nelson, like Lacy, claims that Fenice's actions are not moral, even though readers are expected to celebrate her happy ending with Cligès. Despite her happy marriage at the end, Nelson notes how Fenice fails in avoiding Iseut's reputation--Iseut, another adulteress who Fenice looks down upon. However, as a result of Fenice's own plotting to maintain her relationship with Cligès, she presents herself as "an adultress who went to any extreme to satisfy her passion"^[6] Instead of being remembered as the heroine, then, Fenice is remembered as a sinner who must atone for her sins. Nelson finds that such atonement takes its form in the presentation of the three doctors who attempt to take care of Fenice when she feigns illness; Nelson claims that the reader "heartily approves" when the doctors start to hurt Fenice in an effort to discover what her true plot is.^[7] Because of such approval, the reader therefore views the torture that Fenice experiences as a form of atonement or necessary punishment for her immoral actions.

Another scholar, Lucie Polak, sees the text as a reworking of Tristan and Isolde, but also suggests that Cligès may be modeled on Narcissus.^[8]

The opening lines of Cligès give some of the only extant information on the creator's biography and earlier work.

Other versions

Another version of the romance is a Middle High German version known from a few fragments and references.^[9] In the 15th century, an unknown Burgundian author created a prose version of Chrétien's Cligès, under the title Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz.^[10] This prose version differs from the original in several aspects, and the story is thought to have been adapted to the cultural and political circumstances of the Burgundian court at the time.^[11] Its first modern prose edition was written by Wendelin Foerster.^[12]

References

^ Luttrell, Claude. The Creation of the First Arthurian Romance: A Quest. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974).
^ Kelly, Douglas (January 1976). "Chrétien Studies: Problems of Form and Meaning in Erec, Yvain, Cliges and the Charrete. Z. P. Zaddy". Speculum. 51 (1): 159–162. doi:10.2307/2851026. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2851026.
^ Chrétien de Troyes; Owen, D. D. R. (translator) (1988). Arthurian Romances. New York: Everyman's Library. ISBN 0-460-87389-X.
^ Lacy, Norris J. "Cligès" and Courtliness". Interpretations, Vol. 15, No. 2 Arthurian Interpretations. 1984, pp 18–24.
^ Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Chrétien de Troyes". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 88–91. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
^ Nelson, D. (1981), "The Public and Private Images of 'Cligès' Fenice", Reading Medieval Studies, VII. pp. 8188. ISSN 0950-3129.
^ Nelson, D. (1981), "The Public and Private Images of 'Cligès' Fenice", Reading Medieval Studies, VII. pp. 8188. ISSN 0950-3129.
^ Polak, Lucie. Chrétien de Troyes: Cligés. (London: Grant & Cutler Ltd, 1982).
^ de Troyes, Chrétien (2006). Cligès, Auf der Grundlage des Textes von Wendelin Foerster (in German). Translated by Kasten, Ingrid. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110201543.
^ Colombo Timelli, Maria. Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz. Genève: Librairie Droz, 2004.
^ "Le Livre de Alixandre empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés son filz : roman en prose du XVe siècle - Librairie Droz". www.droz.org. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
^ de Troyes, Chrétien (2011). Chrétien De Troyes in Prose: The Burgundian Erec and Cligés. Translated by Grimbert, Joan T.; Chase, Carol J. DS Brewer. ISBN 9781843842699.

External links

Cligès by Chrétien de Troyes at Project Gutenberg

Four Arthurian Romances by Chrétien de Troyes at Project Gutenberg (includes Cligès)
Cligès in a freely-distributable PDF document

[1] Luttrell, Claude. The Creation of the First Arthurian Romance: A Quest. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974).

[2] Kelly, Douglas (January 1976). "Chrétien Studies: Problems of Form and Meaning in Erec, Yvain, Cliges and the Charrete. Z. P. Zaddy". Speculum. 51 (1): 159–162. doi:10.2307/2851026. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2851026.

[3] Chrétien de Troyes; Owen, D. D. R. (translator) (1988). Arthurian Romances. New York: Everyman's Library. ISBN 0-460-87389-X.

[4] Lacy, Norris J. "Cligès" and Courtliness". Interpretations, Vol. 15, No. 2 Arthurian Interpretations. 1984, pp 18–24.

[5] Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Chrétien de Troyes". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 88–91. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.

[6] Nelson, D. (1981), "The Public and Private Images of 'Cligès' Fenice", Reading Medieval Studies, VII. pp. 8188. ISSN 0950-3129.

[7] Nelson, D. (1981), "The Public and Private Images of 'Cligès' Fenice", Reading Medieval Studies, VII. pp. 8188. ISSN 0950-3129.

[8] Polak, Lucie. Chrétien de Troyes: Cligés. (London: Grant & Cutler Ltd, 1982).

[9] Troyes, Chrétien (2006). Cligès, Auf der Grundlage des Textes von Wendelin Foerster (in German). Translated by Kasten, Ingrid. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110201543.

[10] Colombo Timelli, Maria. Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz. Genève: Librairie Droz, 2004.

[11] "Le Livre de Alixandre empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés son filz : roman en prose du XVe siècle - Librairie Droz". www.droz.org. Retrieved 2018-12-11.

[12] Troyes, Chrétien (2011). Chrétien De Troyes in Prose: The Burgundian Erec and Cligés. Translated by Grimbert, Joan T.; Chase, Carol J. DS Brewer. ISBN 9781843842699.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{inline|date=December 2018}}
 {{Italic title}}
+{{Infobox medieval text
-{{French literature sidebar}}
+<!----------Name---------->
+| name                  = Cligès
+<!----------Image---------->
+| image                 =
+| caption               =
+<!----------Information---------->
+| original title        =
+| author(s)             = [[Chrétien de Troyes]]
+| compiled by           =
+| illustrated by        =
+| patron                =
+| dedicated to          =
+| audience              =
+| language              = [[Old French]]
+| date                  = {{circa}} 1176
+| date of issue         =
+| provenance            =
+| series                =
+| manuscript(s)         =
+| principal manuscript(s)=
+| first printed edition =
+<!----------Form and content---------->
+| verse form            = [[Octosyllable]] [[Couplet|rhyming couplets]]
+| length                = 6,664 lines
+| illustration(s)       =
+| genre                 = [[Chivalric romance]]
+| subject               = [[Arthurian legend]]
+| setting               =
+| personages            =
+| personages (long list)=
+| sources               =
+| below                 =
+}}
-'''''Cligès''''' is a poem by the [[medieval]] [[France|French]] poet [[Chrétien de Troyes]], dating from around 1176. It is the second of his five Arthurian romances; ''[[Erec and Enide]]'', ''Cligès'', ''[[Yvain, the Knight of the Lion|Yvain]]'', ''[[Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart|Lancelot]]'' and ''[[Perceval, the Story of the Grail|Perceval]]''. The poem tells the story of the knight Cligès and his love for his uncle's wife, Fenice.
+'''''Cligès''''' (also '''''Cligés''''') is a poem by the [[medieval]] [[France|French]] poet [[Chrétien de Troyes]], dating from around 1176. It is the second of his five Arthurian romances; ''[[Erec and Enide]]'', ''Cligès'', ''[[Yvain, the Knight of the Lion|Yvain]]'', ''[[Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart|Lancelot]]'' and ''[[Perceval, the Story of the Grail|Perceval]]''. The poem tells the story of the knight [[Knights of the Round Table#Cligès|Cligès]] and his love for his uncle's wife, Fenice.
 ==Background==
-''Cligès'' has come down to us through seven manuscripts and various fragments. The poem comprises 6,664 [[octosyllable]]s in [[rhyme]]d [[couplet]]s. A 15th century prose version also exists. The first modern edition of ''Cligès'' was in 1884 by Wendelin Foerster.
+''Cligès'' has come down to us through seven manuscripts and various fragments. The poem comprises 6,664 [[octosyllable]]s in [[rhyme]]d [[couplet]]s. Prose versions also exist since at least the 15th century.
-There are many stylistic techniques that set Chrétien de Troyes and his work ''Cligès'' apart from his contemporaries and their work. Chrétien used many Latin writing techniques such as nature ''topos'', ''portraiture'', ''conjointure'', ''amplificato'' and ''interpretatio'' to convey a realistic romance story.
+There are many stylistic techniques that set Chrétien de Troyes and his work ''Cligès'' apart from his contemporaries and their work. Chrétien used many Latin writing techniques such as nature {{lang|la|topos}}, {{lang|la|portraiture}}, {{lang|la|conjointure}}, {{lang|la|amplificato}} and {{lang|la|interpretatio}} to convey a realistic romance story.<ref>Luttrell, Claude. ''The Creation of the First Arthurian Romance: A Quest.'' (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974).</ref>
-''Cligès'' can be better understood by dividing the text into two parts, or two nearly separate stories. The first story consists of Cligès's father's adventures and the second story consists of Cligès's adventures. ''Cligès'' scholar Z.P. Zaddy supports the dual story approach, but also divides the text even further. Zaddy creates a new structure where the two stories are divided into 8 episodes. This approach is intended to make the text read more dramatically.
+''Cligès'' can be better understood by dividing the text into two parts, or two nearly separate stories. The first story consists of [[Knights of the Round Table#Cligès|Cligès]]'s father's adventures and the second story consists of Cligès's adventures. ''Cligès'' scholar Z. P. Zaddy supports the dual story approach, but also divides the text even further as creates a new structure where the two stories are split into eight episodes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Douglas|date=January 1976|title=Chrétien Studies: Problems of Form and Meaning in Erec, Yvain, Cliges and the Charrete. Z. P. Zaddy|journal=Speculum|volume=51|issue=1|pages=159–162|doi=10.2307/2851026|issn=0038-7134|jstor=2851026}}</ref> This approach is intended{{clarification needed|date=June 2024}} to make the text read more dramatically.
 ==Synopsis==
-''Cligès'' begins with the story of the title character's parents, Alexander and Soredamors. Alexander, the son of the Greek emperor (also called Alexander), travels to Britain to become a knight in [[King Arthur]]'s realm. While at court, Alexander gains favor with King Arthur, is knighted, and assists in retaking [[Windsor Castle]] when it is taken by the traitor, Count Angrès. During his time at court, Alexander meets Arthur's niece, Soredamors and falls in love but is unable to express his feelings to her. She feels the same, but neither party is able to tell the other how they feel. Queen [[Guinevere]] takes notice and encourages them to express their mutual love. They immediately marry and a child is born. This child is Cligès.
+''Cligès'' begins with the story of [[Knights of the Round Table#Cligès|the title character]]'s parents, Alexander and Soredamors. Alexander, the son of the Greek emperor (also called Alexander), travels to Britain to become a knight in [[King Arthur]]'s realm. While at court, Alexander gains favor with King Arthur, is knighted, and assists in retaking [[Windsor Castle]] from the traitorous Count Angrès. During his time at court, Alexander meets Arthur's niece, Soredamors; they quickly fall in love, but neither party is able to tell the other how they feel. Queen [[Guinevere]] takes notice and encourages them to express their mutual love. They then marry and a child is born, named Cligès.
-Alexander and his family then return to Greece and find out that Alexander's brother, Alis, has claimed the throne to Greece since their father has died. Although Alexander is the rightful heir to the throne, he concedes to Alis with the condition that Alis will not marry or have children so that the throne will pass to Cligès. Alexander dies and Cligès is raised in Greece.
+Alexander and his family then return to Greece and find out that Alexander's brother, Alis, has claimed the Greek throne after their father's death. Although Alexander is the rightful heir to the throne, he concedes to Alis under the condition that Alis not marry or have children, so that the throne will pass to Cligès. Alexander then dies, and Cligès is raised in Greece.
-Many years after Alexander's death, Alis is persuaded to marry and he chooses the daughter of the German Emperor, Fenice. Thus begins the story of Cligès and Fenice. Cligès falls in love with his uncle Alis' wife. She also loves Cligès but he follows in his father's footsteps to Arthur's kingdom to be knighted. Like his father, he does well in King Arthur's court, participating in tournaments and displaying courtly manners. He is knighted and returns home.
+Many years after Alexander's death, Alis is persuaded to marry. He chooses as his bride Fenice, the daughter of the German Emperor. Thus begins the story of Cligès and Fenice. Cligès falls in love with his uncle's wife, who also loves Cligès; he follows in his father's footsteps to Arthur's kingdom to be knighted. Like his father, he does well in King Arthur's court, participating in tournaments and displaying courtly manners. He is knighted and returns home.
-Cligès and Fenice still love each other and Fenice concocts a plan to use magic to trick Alis to escape. Using the magic of her governess, she fakes her death so that she and Cligès can runaway together. They succeed and hide in a tower but are found by Bertrand, who tells Alis; Cligès goes to Arthur to ask for help in getting his kingdom back from his uncle, but Alis dies while he is away. Cligès and Fenice are free to marry and Cligès is now emperor.
+As Cligès and Fenice still love each other, Fenice concocts a plan to use magic to trick Alis and allow them to escape. With the help of a potion provided by her governess, she fakes illness so that she could eventually die and reunite with Cligès. However, before she could fake her actual death, three doctors are called in to heal Fenice. Upon realizing Fenice's deception, the three doctors torture Fenice in order to discover what she is hiding. Fenice, however, says nothing and is eventually spirited away by Cligès. Soon, however, they are found in their tower hiding-place by Bertrand, who tells Alis. Cligès goes to Arthur to ask for help in getting his kingdom back from his uncle, but Alis dies while he is away. Cligès and Fenice now are free to marry, and Cligès becomes emperor.<ref>Chrétien de Troyes; Owen, D. D. R. (translator) (1988). ''Arthurian Romances''. New York: [[Everyman's Library]]. {{ISBN|0-460-87389-X}}.</ref>
 ==Analysis==
-In ''Cligès and Courtliness'', [[Norris J. Lacy]] examines the characters found in Cligès and argues that Chrètien uses the story as an ironic presentation of chivalric character. Although Cligès displays the ability to master the social forms and rhetoric of the court, it is without substance. Lacy claims that the actions of Cligès and Fenice may seem to represent courtliness or chivalric traits, but at their core they are not moral. Lacy believes that Chrètien's ''Cligès'' is meant to throw doubt on the value and validity of courtliness.
+In ''Cligès and Courtliness'', [[Norris J. Lacy]] examines the characters found in Cligès and argues that Chrètien uses the story as an ironic presentation of [[Chivalry|chivalric]] character. Although Cligès displays the ability to master the social forms and rhetoric of the court, it is without substance. Lacy claims that the actions of Cligès and Fenice may seem to represent courtliness or chivalric traits, but at their core they are not moral. Lacy believes that Chrètien's ''Cligès'' is meant to throw doubt on the value and validity of courtliness.<ref>Lacy, Norris J. "Cligès" and Courtliness". Interpretations, Vol. 15, No. 2 ''Arthurian Interpretations.'' 1984, pp 18–24.</ref><ref>Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Chrétien de Troyes". In [[Norris J. Lacy]], ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', pp.&nbsp;88–91. New York: Garland. {{ISBN|0-8240-4377-4}}.</ref>
+The discussion of morality in relation to Fenice's character continues in "The Public and Private Images of 'Cliges' Fenice", written by D. Nelson. Nelson, like Lacy, claims that Fenice's actions are not moral, even though readers are expected to celebrate her happy ending with Cligès. Despite her happy marriage at the end, Nelson notes how Fenice fails in avoiding Iseut's reputation--Iseut, another adulteress who Fenice looks down upon. However, as a result of Fenice's own plotting to maintain her relationship with Cligès, she presents herself as "an adultress who went to any extreme to satisfy her passion"<ref> Nelson, D. (1981), "The Public and Private Images of 'Cligès' Fenice", ''Reading Medieval Studies'', VII. pp. 8188. ISSN 0950-3129. </ref> Instead of being remembered as the heroine, then, Fenice is remembered as a sinner who must atone for her sins. Nelson finds that such atonement takes its form in the presentation of the three doctors who attempt to take care of Fenice when she feigns illness; Nelson claims that the reader "heartily approves" when the doctors start to hurt Fenice in an effort to discover what her true plot is.<ref> Nelson, D. (1981), "The Public and Private Images of 'Cligès' Fenice", ''Reading Medieval Studies'', VII. pp. 8188. ISSN 0950-3129. </ref> Because of such approval, the reader therefore views the torture that Fenice experiences as a form of atonement or necessary punishment for her immoral actions.
-''Cligès'' scholar Lucie Polak verifies the ''[[Tristan and Isolde]]'' reworking found in the text, but also suggests that Cligès may be modeled after Ovid's character Narcissus. ''Cligès'' opening lines give some of the only extant information on the creator's biography and earlier work.
+Another scholar, Lucie Polak, sees the text as a reworking of ''[[Tristan and Isolde]]'', but also suggests that Cligès may be modeled on [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]].<ref>Polak, Lucie. ''Chrétien de Troyes: Cligés''. (London: Grant & Cutler Ltd, 1982).</ref>
-==Other appearances==
-Another version of the romance is known from a few fragments of a German version. In the 15th century, an unknown Burgundian author created a prose version of Chrétien's ''Cligés'', under the title ''Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz''. This prose version differs from the original in several aspects, and the story is thought to have been adapted to the cultural and political circumstances of the Burgundian court at the time.
+The opening lines of ''Cligès'' give some of the only extant information on the creator's biography and earlier work.
-The character Cligès himself appears in other stories. In the First Continuation of Chrétien's ''[[Perceval, the Story of the Grail|Perceval]]'', the father of Cligès named as King Lac. In the ''[[Romanz du reis Yder]]'', Cligès serves Queen Guenloie but is expelled from her court after he openly criticizes her affection for Yder, but Yder later promises to reconcile them. In ''Les Merveilles de Rigomer'', Cligès comes from Greece and participates in the quest to conquer Rigomer Castle. In ''Claris et Laris'', Cligès carries Arthur's standard in battle.
+==Other versions==
+Another version of the romance is a [[Middle High German]] version known from a few fragments and references.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cligès, Auf der Grundlage des Textes von Wendelin Foerster |first=Chrétien |last=de Troyes |translator-first=Ingrid |translator-last=Kasten |date=2006 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110201543|location=Berlin, Boston |language=de}}</ref> In the 15th century, an unknown [[Burgundian Netherlands|Burgundian]] author created a prose version of Chrétien's ''Cligès'', under the title ''Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz''.<ref>Colombo Timelli, Maria. ''Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz.'' Genève: Librairie Droz, 2004.</ref> This prose version differs from the original in several aspects, and the story is thought to have been adapted to the cultural and political circumstances of the Burgundian court at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.droz.org/eur/en/1682-9782600008914.html|title=Le Livre de Alixandre empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés son filz : roman en prose du XVe siècle - Librairie Droz|website=www.droz.org|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref> Its first modern prose edition was written by [[Wendelin Förster|Wendelin Foerster]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2WYIWq11KAC&pg=PA10 |title=Chrétien De Troyes in Prose: The Burgundian Erec and Cligés|last=de Troyes |first=Chrétien |translator-first=Joan T. |translator-last=Grimbert |translator-first2=Carol J. |translator-last2=Chase|date=2011 |publisher=DS Brewer |isbn=9781843842699 |language=en}}</ref>
 ==See also==
-*[[Sir Cleges]]
+*''[[Sir Cleges]]''
 ==References==
+{{reflist}}
-*Chrétien de Troyes; Owen, D. D. R. (translator) (1988). ''Arthurian Romances''. New York: [[Everyman's Library]]. {{ISBN|0-460-87389-X}}.
-*Colombo Timelli, Maria. ''Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz.'' Genève: Librairie Droz, 2004.
-*Lacy, Norris J. "Cligès" and Courtliness". Interpretations, Vol. 15, No. 2 ''Arthurian Interpretations'' Spring 1984, pp 18–24.
-*[[Norris J. Lacy|Lacy, Norris J.]] (1991). "Chrétien de Troyes". In [[Norris J. Lacy]], ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', pp.&nbsp;88–91. New York: Garland. {{ISBN|0-8240-4377-4}}.
-*Luttrell, Claude. ''The Creation of the First Arthurian Romance: A Quest.''(Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974)
-*Polak, Lucie. ''Chrétien de Troyes: Cligés''. (London: Grant & Cutler Ltd, 1982).
-*Zaddy, Z.P. ''Chrétien Studies: Problems of Form and Meaning in Erec, Yvain, Cligés and the Charrete''. (Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press, 1973), 159-183.
 ==External links==
-{{wikisource|Cliges|''Cliges''}}
+{{wikisource|Cliges|''Cligès''}}
-{{Gutenberg|no=2414|name=Cliges ''by Chrétien de Troyes'}}
+{{Gutenberg|no=2414|name=Cligès ''by Chrétien de Troyes''}}
-{{Gutenberg|no=831|name=Four Arthurian Romances ''by Chrétien de Troyes'}} (includes ''Cliges'')
+{{Gutenberg|no=831|name=Four Arthurian Romances ''by Chrétien de Troyes''}} (includes ''Cligès'')
-*[http://www.heroofcamelot.com/docs/Cliges.pdf ''Cliges'' in a freely-distributable PDF document]
+*[http://www.heroofcamelot.com/docs/Cliges.pdf ''Cligès'' in a freely-distributable PDF document]
 {{Arthurian Legend}}
@@ Line 58: / Line 86: @@
 [[Category:1170s books]]
 [[Category:Courtly love]]
+[[Category:Love stories]]
 [[Category:French poems]]
+[[Category:Fictional Greek people]]
 [[Category:Knights of the Round Table]]
 [[Category:Medieval French romances]]

v t e King Arthur and the Matter of Britain
Family	Agravain Cador Constantine Culhwch Ector Elaine of Garlot Hoel Gaheris Gareth Gawain Gingalain Guinevere Igraine Kay Mordred Morgan le Fay Morgause Ambrosius Aurelianus Uther Pendragon Urien Yvain
Knights of the Round Table	Bagdemagus Bedivere Bors the Younger Brunor Cligès Caradoc Dagonet Daniel Dinadan Galahad Galehaut Geraint Griflet Lamorak Lancelot Lanval Lionel Moriaen Palamedes Pelleas Pellinore Percival Sagramore Tristan
Other characters	Accolon Agrestes Angharad Golden-Hand Anguish of Ireland Annowre Balin and Balan Ban Lady Bertilak Black Knight(s) Blanchefleur Bors the Elder Brangaine Brunor(s) Catigern Claudas Elaine of Astolat Elaine of Benoic Elaine of Corbenic Enide Feirefiz Fisher King(s) Garel Gorlois Green Knight(s) Guiomar Guiron le Courtois Gwenhwyfach Hellawes Hengist Iseult Lady/Ladies of the Lake Laudine Leodegrance Lohengrin Lot Lucius Lunete Lynette and Lyonesse Maleagant Mark of Cornwall Meliodas Merlin Nentres Nine sorceresses Olwen Percival's sister Red Knight(s) Rience Sebile Taliesin Tegau Eurfron Vortigern Yniol
Animal characters	Cavall Gringolet Petitcrieu Questing Beast Twrch Trwyth
Objects	Excalibur Holy Grail Pridwen Prydwen Round Table Siege Perilous
Places	Astolat Avalon Glastonbury Tor Brocéliande Val sans retour Caerleon Camelot Celliwig Chapel perilous Corbenic Esplumoir Merlin Joyous Gard Land/Castle of Maidens Logres Lyonesse Sarras Tintagel Tintagel Castle
In media	Bibliography List of works comics
Topics	Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Dolorous Stroke Loathly lady Historicity of King Arthur King Arthur's messianic return Pendragon Knight of the Swan Tristan and Iseult
Wales portal England portal History portal

v t e Works by Chrétien de Troyes
Works	Philomela Erec and Enide Cligès Yvain, the Knight of the Lion Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart Perceval, the Story of the Grail Guillaume d'Angleterre (attributed) La Mule sans frein (attributed)
Related	BnF Français 794 Godefroi de Leigni Lancelot

v t e Tristan and Iseult
Characters	Anguish of Ireland Brangaine Iseult Kahedin Mark of Cornwall Meliodas Morholt Tristan
Medieval sources	Thomas of Britain's Tristran Béroul's Tristan Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan Prose Tristan "Cligès" "Chevrefoil" Folie Tristan d'Oxford Sir Tristrem Ystorya Trystan
Later literature	Tristram and Iseult (1852) Tristram of Lyonesse (1882) Tristan (1903) The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall (1923) Finnegans Wake (1939) Tristan and Iseult (1971) Arthur Rex (1978) The Old French Tristan Poems (1980)
Music	Tristan und Isolde (1865, Wagner) Discography Tristan chord "Liebestod" Souvenirs de Munich (ca. 1887) Turangalîla-Symphonie (1949, Messiaen) Tristan (1975, Henze) Qntal III: Tristan und Isolde (2003) "Tristan" (2005)
Film	The Eternal Return (1943) The Woman Next Door (1981) Lovespell (1981) Fire and Sword (1982) In the Shadow of the Raven (1988) Tristan & Isolde (2006)
Art	Tristan Quilt Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels Tristan and Isolde (Egusquiza)

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany United States France BnF data Israel
Other	IdRef