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{{Short description|Brahmic script}}
⚫
'''Kulitan''' (also known as '''Culitan''', '''Súlat''' '''Kapampángan''', and '''Pamagkulit''') is one of the various indigenous [[suyat]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress|title=Protect all PH writing systems, heritage advocates urge Congress|first=Tonette|last=Orejas|website=newsinfo.inquirer.net}}</ref> writing systems in the Philippines. It was used for writing [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], a language mainly spoken in [[Central Luzon]], until it was succeeded by the usage of the Latin alphabet imposed by Spanish colonialists.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}{{Infobox writing system
{{Infobox writing system
|name=Kulitan
| name = Kulitan
|altname=Pamagkulit, Súlat Kapampángan
| altname = Pamagkulit, Súlat Kapampángan
|type=[[Abugida]]
| type = [[Abugida]]
⚫
|languages=[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
| caption = Modern Kulitan script
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
⚫
| languages = [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
⚫
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam1 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
| footnotes =
⚫
|fam4=[[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
⚫
| fam2 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
⚫
|fam5=[[Tamil Brahmi|Tamil]]
| fam3 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
|fam6=[[Pallava]]
⚫
| fam4 = [[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
⚫
|fam7=[[Old Kawi]]
⚫
| fam5 = [[Tamil Brahmi|Tamil]]
⚫
|sisters='''In the Philippines:'''<br/>[[Baybayin]]<br/>[[Buhid alphabet|Buhid]]<br/>[[Hanunó'o alphabet|Hanunó'o]]<br/>[[Tagbanwa alphabet|Tagbanwa script]]
| fam6 = [[Pallava Script| Pallava]]
⚫
| fam7 = [[Old Kawi]]
| fam8 = [[Baybayin]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morrow |first1=Paul |title=Baybayin Styles & Their Sources |url=http://paulmorrow.ca/baychart.htm |website=paulmorrow.ca}}</ref>
⚫
| sisters = '''In the Philippines:'''<br/>[[Baybayin]]<br/>[[Buhid alphabet|Buhid]]<br/>[[Hanunó'o alphabet|Hanunó'o]]<br/>[[Tagbanwa alphabet|Tagbanwa script]]<br/>
'''In other countries:'''<br/>[[Balinese script|Balinese]]<br/>[[Batak script|Batak]]<br/>[[Javanese script|Javanese]]<br/>[[Lontara script|Lontara]]<br/>[[Sundanese script|Sundanese]]<br/>[[Rencong script|Rencong]]<br/>[[Rejang script|Rejang]]
'''In other countries:'''<br/>[[Balinese script|Balinese]]<br/>[[Batak script|Batak]]<br/>[[Javanese script|Javanese]]<br/>[[Lontara script|Lontara]]<br/>[[Sundanese script|Sundanese]]<br/>[[Rencong script|Rencong]]<br/>[[Rejang script|Rejang]]
| time = '''Old Kapampangan'''<br/>c.1600s<ref name=omniglot>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kulitan.htm|title=Kulitan alphabet and Kapampangan language and pronunciation|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> – 1900s<br/>'''Modern Kulitan'''<br/>1900s – present
|time=c. 1300&ndash;present
|unicode=
| unicode =
|iso15924=
| iso15924 =
|sample=Kulitan.svg
| sample = Kulitan.svg
|imagesize=200px
| imagesize = 200px
}}
}}
{{brahmic}}
{{brahmic}}
⚫
'''Kulitan''', also known as '''súlat Kapampángan''' and '''pamagkulit''', is one of the various indigenous [[suyat]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress|title=Protect all PH writing systems, heritage advocates urge Congress|first=Tonette|last=Orejas|website=newsinfo.inquirer.net|date=27 April 2018}}</ref> writing systems in the Philippines. It was used for writing [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], a language mainly spoken in [[Central Luzon]], until it was gradually replaced by the [[Latin alphabet]].
Kulitan is an abugida, or an alphasyllabary — a segmental writing system in wherein consonant–vowel sequences are written as a unit and possess an inherent vowel sound that can be altered with use of diacritical marks. The origins of Kulitan are uncertain. Although some believe it to be an indigenous invention, many of the symbols and writing rules of Kulitan resemble those of Kawi as well as the other Indian scripts of [[Southeast Asia]]. Usage of Kulitan has risen and declined many times, with main reasons for anti-propaganda and nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kulitan.htm|title=Kulitan alphabet and Kapampangan language and prounciation|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref>


There is a proposal to encode the script in Unicode by Anshuman Pandey, from the Department of Linguistics at UC Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15232-kulitan.pdf|title=Towards an encoding for Kulitan in Unicode|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> There are also proposals to revive the script by teaching it in Kapampangan-majority public and private schools.<ref name="auto"/>
Kulitan is an abugida, or an alphasyllabary — a segmental writing system in wherein consonant–vowel sequences are written as a unit and possess an inherent vowel sound that can be altered with use of diacritical marks. There is a proposal to encode the script in Unicode by Anshuman Pandey, from the Department of Linguistics at UC Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15232-kulitan.pdf|title=Towards an encoding for Kulitan in Unicode|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> There are also proposals to revive the script by teaching it in Kapampangan-majority public and private schools.<ref name="auto"/>
[[File:Angeles_City_Library_and_Information_Center_(Pampanga)_04.jpg|thumb|right|175px| [[Angeles City]] Library]]


==History==
==Old Kapampangan Script==
While the precise origins of ''kulitan'' are uncertain,<ref name=omniglot /> it ultimately derives from the [[South Asia]]n [[Brāhmī script]]. [[Pampanga]] had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere in the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colony]]. What is used today, however, is a [[Spelling reform|modernized version]] of the ancient script that employs [[consonant stacking]],<ref name=evolution>Modern derivations of historical scripts are not unusual, with two of the latest being the [[Saurashtra script|Saurashtra]] and [[New Tai Lue alphabet|New Tai Lü]] scripts. The [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] scripts themselves had been derived from the [[Greek script|Greek]].</ref> bringing it closer to other [[Brahmic scripts]] such as [[Burmese script|Burmese]], [[Khmer script|Khmer]] and [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]].
Pampanga had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere. This ancient Kapampangan script is very different from the experiment called "modern Kulitan" which was taught in the late 1990s. The ancient Kapampangan script used in the 1600s has been supplanted by a constructed script called "modern Kulitan."<ref name="QuoraBaybayin">{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/Is-Baybayin-really-a-writing-system-in-the-entire-pre-hispanic-Philippines-Whats-the-basis-for-making-it-a-national-writing-system-if-pre-hispanic-kingdoms-weren-t-homogenous/answer/Christopher-Ray-Miller?share=71e5e264&srid=hyV8|title=Christopher Ray Miller's answer to Is Baybayin really a writing system in the entire pre-hispanic Philippines? What's the basis for making it a national writing system if pre-hispanic kingdoms weren’t homogenous? - Quora|website=www.quora.com}}</ref>

[[Philippine nationalist]]s of [[Pampangan people|Pampangan ethnicity]], such as [[Aurelio Tolentino]] and [[Zoilo Hilario]], had employed ''kulitan'' in their writings in their efforts to [[Philippine Revolution|expel the Spaniards]] and repel the [[Philippine–American War|invading Americans]].<ref name=omniglot/> There are currently active attempts to revive the use of the script.<ref name=montalbo2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinupan.org/2019/01/12/learn-kulitan/|title = Should Kapampángan Millennials Learn Kulitan?|date = 12 January 2019}}</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==
[[File: Kulitan script.gif|thumb|right|175px|Kulitan chart]]
The indigenous characters were recorded as ''culit'' by the early 17th and 18th century Spanish lexicographers (Benavente, 1699 and Bergaño, 1732).<ref name="Benavente">{{cite journal
The indigenous characters were recorded as ''culit'' by the early 17th and 18th century Spanish lexicographers (Benavente, 1699 and Bergaño, 1732).<ref name="Benavente">{{cite journal
| first=Alvaro
| first=Alvaro
| last=de Benavente
| last=de Benavente
| title=Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga
| title=Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga
| journal=Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies & The Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation, Philippines
| journal=Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies & the Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation, Philippines
| volume=
| issue=
| year=1699
| year=1699
| pages= }}</ref><ref name="Bergano">{{cite journal
}}</ref><ref name="Bergano">{{cite journal
| first=Diego
| first=Diego
| last=Bergaño
| last=Bergaño
| title=Vocabulario de Pampango en Romance y Diccionario de Romance en Pampango
| title=Vocabulario de Pampango en Romance y Diccionario de Romance en Pampango
| journal=Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies & National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Philippines.
| journal=Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies & National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Philippines.
| volume=
| issue=
| year=1732
| year=1732
| pages= }}</ref> This served as inspiration for the name "Kulitan" which was recently coined to refer to the modern writing system. The ordinary folks simply called them ''Súlat Kapampángan'' to distinguish them from the [[Latin script]].
}}</ref> This served as inspiration for the name "Kulitan" which was recently coined to refer to the modern writing system. The ordinary folks simply called them ''Súlat Kapampángan'' to distinguish them from the [[Latin script]].


Kulitan is made up of ''Indûng Súlat,'' or the "progenitor" (literally "mother") characters, and the ''Anak Súlat,'' or the "offspring" (literally "child") characters. The Indûng Súlat are the base characters with the unaltered inherent vowel sounds. They are the building blocks of Súlat Kapampángan. Indûng súlat gives birth to Anak Súlat or "offspring" characters whenever their inherent vowel sound has been altered by a ligature or a diacritical mark.
Kulitan is made up of ''Indûng Súlat,'' or the "progenitor" (literally "mother") characters, and the ''Anak Súlat,'' or the "offspring" (literally "child") characters. The Indûng Súlat are the base characters with the unaltered inherent vowel sounds. They are the building blocks of Súlat Kapampángan. Indûng súlat gives birth to Anak Súlat or "offspring" characters whenever their inherent vowel sound has been altered by a ligature or a diacritical mark.
Line 53: Line 57:
| title=Bayung Sunis
| title=Bayung Sunis
| journal=Akademyang Kapampangan, Philippines
| journal=Akademyang Kapampangan, Philippines
| volume=
| issue=
| year=1962
| year=1962
| pages= }}</ref> or diacritical marks placed above or below an individual Indûng Súlat or "mother" character. Ligatures are also sometimes used to further lengthen these vowel sounds or represent the monophthongized diphthongs AI (E) and AU (O). A glyph with a diacritical mark or ligature attached to it is an Anak Súlat or "offspring" character. A consonant can lose its following vowel if written at the right side of the preceding consonant.
}}</ref> or diacritical marks placed above or below an individual Indûng Súlat or "mother" character. Ligatures are also sometimes used to further lengthen these vowel sounds or represent the monophthongized diphthongs AI (E) and AU (O). A glyph with a diacritical mark or ligature attached to it is an Anak Súlat or "offspring" character. A consonant can lose its following vowel if written at the right side of the preceding consonant.


The recital order of the Indûng Súlat characters are A, I, U, E, O, GA, KA, NGA, TA, DA, NA, LA, SA, MA, PA, BA.<ref name="Pangilinan">{{cite journal
The recital order of the Indûng Súlat characters are A, I, U, E, O, GA, KA, NGA, TA, DA, NA, LA, SA, MA, PA, BA.<ref name="Pangilinan">{{cite journal
Line 63: Line 65:
| title=An introduction to Kulitan, the indigenous Kapampangan script
| title=An introduction to Kulitan, the indigenous Kapampangan script
| journal=Center for Kapampangan Studies, Philippines
| journal=Center for Kapampangan Studies, Philippines
| volume=
| issue=
| year=2012
| year=2012
| pages= }}</ref>
}}</ref>


==Direction of writing==
==Direction of writing==
Line 73: Line 73:
Kulitan is currently the only indigenous script in the Philippines that is written and read vertically from top to bottom and from right to left. In contrast, the [[Mangyan|Surat Mangyan]], [[Hanunó'o script|Hanunóo]] and [[Buhid script|Buhid]] scripts are written vertically from bottom to top and from left to right but read in any orientation.
Kulitan is currently the only indigenous script in the Philippines that is written and read vertically from top to bottom and from right to left. In contrast, the [[Mangyan|Surat Mangyan]], [[Hanunó'o script|Hanunóo]] and [[Buhid script|Buhid]] scripts are written vertically from bottom to top and from left to right but read in any orientation.


Handwritten samples and signatures found in 17th century land deeds at the [[Archives of the University of Santo Tomas|University of Santo Tomas Archives]] indicate that Kulitan was rarely written vertically,<ref name="Miller">{{cite journal
Handwritten samples and signatures found in 17th century land deeds at the [[Archives of the University of Santo Tomas|University of Santo Tomas Archives]] indicate that Kulitan was rarely written vertically.<ref name="Miller">{{cite journal
| first=Christopher Ray
| first=Christopher Ray
| last=Miller
| last=Miller
| title=Filipino Cultural Heritage in the UST Archives: Baybayin scripts in 17th century land deeds
| title=Filipino Cultural Heritage in the UST Archives: Baybayin scripts in 17th century land deeds
| journal=University of Santo Tomas, Philippines
| journal=University of Santo Tomas, Philippines
| volume=
| issue=
| year=2011
| year=2011
}}</ref>
| pages= }}</ref> but the written form may have changed during that particular period because of colonial influence. Historic catalogues of precolonial Filipino scripts point to a right-to-left and top-to-bottom writing direction, as with sister scripts of [[Baybayin|Tagalog]] and [[Tagbanwa alphabet|Tagbanwa]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 88: Line 86:
*[[Baybayin]]
*[[Baybayin]]
*[[Basahan]]
*[[Basahan]]
*[[Tibetan alphabet]]
*[[Manchu alphabet]]
*[[Mongolian script]]
*[[Buhid script]]
*[[Buhid script]]
*[[Hanunó'o script]]
*[[Hanunó'o script]]
Line 101: Line 96:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
*[http://siuala.com/ Siuálâ ding Meángûbié on Kulitan: The Indigenous Kapampangan Script]
*[http://siuala.com/ Siuálâ ding Meángûbié on Kulitan: The Indigenous Kapampangan Script]
*[http://nordenx.blogspot.com/search/label/Súlat%20Kapampángan Nordenx on Súlat Kapampángan: Orthography, Typography, Fonts, and Calligraphy]
*[http://nordenx.blogspot.com/search/label/Súlat%20Kapampángan Nordenx on Súlat Kapampángan: Orthography, Typography, Fonts, and Calligraphy]

Latest revision as of 18:45, 18 June 2024

Kulitan
Pamagkulit, Súlat Kapampángan
Modern Kulitan script
Script type
Time period
Old Kapampangan
c.1600s[1] – 1900s
Modern Kulitan
1900s – present
DirectionRight-to-left script, top-to-bottom Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesKapampangan
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
In the Philippines:
Baybayin
Buhid
Hanunó'o
Tagbanwa script
In other countries:
Balinese
Batak
Javanese
Lontara
Sundanese
Rencong
Rejang
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic
Southern Brahmic

Kulitan, also known as súlat Kapampángan and pamagkulit, is one of the various indigenous suyat[3] writing systems in the Philippines. It was used for writing Kapampangan, a language mainly spoken in Central Luzon, until it was gradually replaced by the Latin alphabet.

Kulitan is an abugida, or an alphasyllabary — a segmental writing system in wherein consonant–vowel sequences are written as a unit and possess an inherent vowel sound that can be altered with use of diacritical marks. There is a proposal to encode the script in Unicode by Anshuman Pandey, from the Department of Linguistics at UC Berkeley.[4] There are also proposals to revive the script by teaching it in Kapampangan-majority public and private schools.[3]

Angeles City Library

History

[edit]

While the precise origins of kulitan are uncertain,[1] it ultimately derives from the South Asian Brāhmī script. Pampanga had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere in the Spanish colony. What is used today, however, is a modernized version of the ancient script that employs consonant stacking,[5] bringing it closer to other Brahmic scripts such as Burmese, Khmer and Tibetan.

Philippine nationalists of Pampangan ethnicity, such as Aurelio Tolentino and Zoilo Hilario, had employed kulitan in their writings in their efforts to expel the Spaniards and repel the invading Americans.[1] There are currently active attempts to revive the use of the script.[6]

Structure

[edit]
Kulitan chart

The indigenous characters were recorded as culit by the early 17th and 18th century Spanish lexicographers (Benavente, 1699 and Bergaño, 1732).[7][8] This served as inspiration for the name "Kulitan" which was recently coined to refer to the modern writing system. The ordinary folks simply called them Súlat Kapampángan to distinguish them from the Latin script.

Kulitan is made up of Indûng Súlat, or the "progenitor" (literally "mother") characters, and the Anak Súlat, or the "offspring" (literally "child") characters. The Indûng Súlat are the base characters with the unaltered inherent vowel sounds. They are the building blocks of Súlat Kapampángan. Indûng súlat gives birth to Anak Súlat or "offspring" characters whenever their inherent vowel sound has been altered by a ligature or a diacritical mark.

The siuálâ or vowels in Kulitan are usually written as garlit[9] or diacritical marks placed above or below an individual Indûng Súlat or "mother" character. Ligatures are also sometimes used to further lengthen these vowel sounds or represent the monophthongized diphthongs AI (E) and AU (O). A glyph with a diacritical mark or ligature attached to it is an Anak Súlat or "offspring" character. A consonant can lose its following vowel if written at the right side of the preceding consonant.

The recital order of the Indûng Súlat characters are A, I, U, E, O, GA, KA, NGA, TA, DA, NA, LA, SA, MA, PA, BA.[10]

Direction of writing

[edit]

Historic:, Traditional:, Modern:

Kulitan is currently the only indigenous script in the Philippines that is written and read vertically from top to bottom and from right to left. In contrast, the Surat Mangyan, Hanunóo and Buhid scripts are written vertically from bottom to top and from left to right but read in any orientation.

Handwritten samples and signatures found in 17th century land deeds at the University of Santo Tomas Archives indicate that Kulitan was rarely written vertically.[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Kulitan alphabet and Kapampangan language and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com.
  2. ^ Morrow, Paul. "Baybayin Styles & Their Sources". paulmorrow.ca.
  3. ^ a b Orejas, Tonette (27 April 2018). "Protect all PH writing systems, heritage advocates urge Congress". newsinfo.inquirer.net.
  4. ^ Pandey, Anshuman (October 5, 2015). "Towards an encoding for Kulitan in Unicode" (PDF).
  5. ^ Modern derivations of historical scripts are not unusual, with two of the latest being the Saurashtra and New Tai Lü scripts. The Latin and Cyrillic scripts themselves had been derived from the Greek.
  6. ^ "Should Kapampángan Millennials Learn Kulitan?". 12 January 2019.
  7. ^ de Benavente, Alvaro (1699). "Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga". Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies & the Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation, Philippines.
  8. ^ Bergaño, Diego (1732). "Vocabulario de Pampango en Romance y Diccionario de Romance en Pampango". Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies & National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Philippines.
  9. ^ Hilario, Zoilo (1962). "Bayung Sunis". Akademyang Kapampangan, Philippines.
  10. ^ Pangilinan, Michael (2012). "An introduction to Kulitan, the indigenous Kapampangan script". Center for Kapampangan Studies, Philippines.
  11. ^ Miller, Christopher Ray (2011). "Filipino Cultural Heritage in the UST Archives: Baybayin scripts in 17th century land deeds". University of Santo Tomas, Philippines.
[edit]

Font downloads

[edit]
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