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{{short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in Vietnam}}
{{short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in Vietnam}}
{{distinguish|Bana language}}

{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Bahnar
| name = Bahnar
|nativename = ''Bana''
| nativename = ''Bana''
|states = [[Vietnam]]
| states = [[Vietnam]]
|region =
| region =
|ethnicity = [[Bahnar people]]
| ethnicity = [[Bahnar people]]
|speakers = {{sigfig|158,000|2}} in Viet Nam
| speakers = {{sigfig|158,000|2}} in Viet Nam
|date = 1999 census
| date = 1999 census
|ref = e18
| ref = e18
|familycolor = Austro-Asiatic
| familycolor = Austro-Asiatic
|fam2 = [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]
| fam2 = [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]
|fam3 = [[Central Bahnaric languages|Central]]
| fam3 = [[North Bahnaric languages|North]]
|iso3 = bdq
| iso3 = bdq
|glotto=bahn1262
| glotto = bahn1262
|glottorefname=Bahnar
| glottorefname = Bahnar
|script = [[Latin script|Latin]] <br>(adapted [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese]])
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] <br>(adapted [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese]])
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[ˈbəˌnaː]}}
}}
}}


The '''Bahnar language''' is a Central [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric language]]. It has nine [[vowel quality|vowel qualities]] and phonemic [[vowel length]].
The '''Bahnar language''' or Ba-Na language ({{IPA|bdq|ˈbəˌnaː}}) is a Central [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric language]]. It has nine [[vowel quality|vowel qualities]] and phonemic [[vowel length]].


==Subdivisions==
==Subdivisions==
Line 24: Line 27:
*'''Bahnar [[Kon Tum Province|Kon Tum]]''': [[Kon Tum]] area
*'''Bahnar [[Kon Tum Province|Kon Tum]]''': [[Kon Tum]] area
*'''Bahnar Jơlong''': northeastern [[Kon Tum Province]]
*'''Bahnar Jơlong''': northeastern [[Kon Tum Province]]
*'''Bahnar Golar''': northern [[Pleiku]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Bahnar Golar''': northern [[Pleiku]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Bahnar Tosung''': [[Mang Yang District]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Bahnar Tosung''': [[Mang Yang District]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Bahnar Konkođe''': [[An Khê District]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Bahnar Konkođe''': [[An Khê District]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Bahnar Alatang''': [[An Khê District]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Bahnar Alatang''': [[An Khê District]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Bahnar Alakông''': [[K'Bang District]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Bahnar Alakông''': [[K'Bang District]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Bahnar Tolo''': [[Kông Chro District]] and southern [[An Khê District]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Bahnar Tolo''': [[Kông Chro District]] and southern [[An Khê District]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Bahnar Bơnâm''': eastern [[An Khê District]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Bahnar Bơnâm''': eastern [[An Khê District]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Bahnar Roh''': scattered areas in [[An Khê District]] and [[K'Bang District]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Bahnar Roh''': scattered areas in [[An Khê District]] and [[K'Bang District]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Bahnar Krem''': [[Vĩnh Thạnh District, Bình Định|Vĩnh Thạnh District]] and [[An Lão District, Bình Định|An Lão District]] ([[Bình Định Province]])
*'''Bahnar Krem''': [[Vĩnh Thạnh District, Bình Định|Vĩnh Thạnh District]] and [[An Lão District, Bình Định|An Lão District]] (Bình Định Province)
*'''Bahnar Chăm''': [[Vân Canh District]] ([[Bình Định Province]])
*'''Bahnar Chăm''': [[Vân Canh District]] (Bình Định Province)
*'''Bahnar But''': forest areas; little communication with outsiders
*'''Bahnar But''': forest areas; little communication with outsiders


Bùi (2011:5-6)<ref>Bùi Minh Đạo. 2011. ''The Bahnar people in Viet Nam''. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. {{ISBN|978-604-77-0319-7}}</ref> lists the following subgroups of Bahnar and their respective locations.
Bùi (2011:5-6)<ref>Bùi Minh Đạo. 2011. ''The Bahnar people in Viet Nam''. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. {{ISBN|978-604-77-0319-7}}</ref> lists the following subgroups of Bahnar and their respective locations.
*'''Tơ Lô''': in Sơ Ró, Đắc Song, Chơ Loong, Yang Nam, and Đắc Tơ communes, which are in [[Kông Chro District]] and part of [[An Khê District]] ([[Gia Lai Province]])
*'''Tơ Lô''': in Sơ Ró, Đắc Song, Chơ Loong, Yang Nam, and Đắc Tơ communes, which are in [[Kông Chro District]] and part of [[An Khê District]] (Gia Lai Province)
*'''Krem''': in [[Vĩnh Thạnh District, Bình Định|Vĩnh Thạnh District]], as well as some in [[An Lão District, Bình Định|An Lão District]], [[Hoài Ân District]], and [[Tây Sơn District]] in [[Bình Định Province]]; some in Sơn Lang Commune, [[K'Bang District]], [[Gia Lai Province]]
*'''Krem''': in [[Vĩnh Thạnh District, Bình Định|Vĩnh Thạnh District]], as well as some in [[An Lão District, Bình Định|An Lão District]], [[Hoài Ân District]], and [[Tây Sơn District]] in Bình Định Province; some in Sơn Lang Commune, [[K'Bang District]], Gia Lai Province
*'''Vân Canh''': mostly in Canh Liên, Canh Thuận, and Canh Hòa communes of [[Vân Canh District]], [[Bình Định Province]]
*'''Vân Canh''': mostly in Canh Liên, Canh Thuận, and Canh Hòa communes of [[Vân Canh District]], Bình Định Province
*'''Thồ Lồ''': mostly in the upper part of [[Đồng Xuân District]], [[Phú Yên Province]]. Scattered in 9 communes throughout [[Đồng Xuân District]], [[Sơn Hòa District]], and [[Sông Hinh District]]. Descended from Tơ Lô people who were [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn]] soldiers fleeing from the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] 200 years ago. They fled southeast to Thồ Lồ, [[Phú Yên Province]]. The
*'''Thồ Lồ''': mostly in the upper part of [[Đồng Xuân District]], Phú Yên Province. Scattered in 9 communes throughout [[Đồng Xuân District]], [[Sơn Hòa District]], and [[Sông Hinh District]]. Descended from Tơ Lô people who were [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn]] soldiers fleeing from the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] 200 years ago. They fled southeast to Thồ Lồ, Phú Yên Province. The
*'''Gơ Lar''': mostly in [[Mang Yang District]], [[Đắk Đoa District]], and [[Chư Sê District]] of [[Gia Lai Province]], and some living around [[Kon Tum]] town. There is also a subgroup called '''Bahnar Châng H'drung''' who live at the foot of Hàm Rồng Mountain.
*'''Gơ Lar''': mostly in [[Mang Yang District]], [[Đắk Đoa District]], and [[Chư Sê District]] of Gia Lai Province, and some living around [[Kon Tum]] town. There is also a subgroup called '''Bahnar Châng H'drung''' who live at the foot of Hàm Rồng Mountain.
*'''Kon Tum''': in 4 precincts and 9 communes of [[Kon Tum]] town
*'''Kon Tum''': in 4 precincts and 9 communes of [[Kon Tum]] town
*'''Jơ Lơng''': in [[Kon Tum]] town, and Đắc Tơ Re, Đắc Ruồng, and Đắc Pne communes of [[Kon Rẫy District]], [[Kon Tum Province]]
*'''Jơ Lơng''': in [[Kon Tum]] town, and Đắc Tơ Re, Đắc Ruồng, and Đắc Pne communes of [[Kon Rẫy District]], Kon Tum Province
*'''Rơ Ngao''' ([[Rengao language|Rengao]]): in 29 villages. They live with the Kon Tum people in 5 communes of [[Kon Tum]]; with the Bahnar and Sedang peoples in 2 communes of [[Đắk Hà District]]; and with the [[Sedang people]] in Pô Cô Commune, [[Đắk Tô]] District, [[Kon Tum Province]]
*'''Rơ Ngao''' ([[Rengao language|Rengao]]): in 29 villages. They live with the Kon Tum people in 5 communes of [[Kon Tum]]; with the Bahnar and Sedang peoples in 2 communes of [[Đắk Hà District]]; and with the [[Sedang people]] in Pô Cô Commune, [[Đắk Tô]] District, Kon Tum Province

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|p
|t
|tɕ
|k
|ʔ
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|b
|d
|dʑ
|ɡ
|
|-
!<small>[[Preglottalization|preglottal]]</small>
|ʔb
|ʔd
|ʔdʑ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!<small>plain</small>
|m
|n
|ɲ
|ŋ
|
|-
!<small>[[Preglottalization|preglottal]]</small>
|ʔm
|ʔn
|ʔɲ
|ʔŋ
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|s
|
|
|h
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|r
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!<small>plain</small>
|w
|l
|j
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Preglottalization|preglottal]]</small>
|ʔw
|ʔl
|ʔj
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final consonants
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
|p
|t
|tɕ
|k
|ʔ
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|n
|ɲ
|ŋ
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirate]]
|
|
|jh*
|
|h
|-
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|r
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|w
|l
|j
|
|jˀ
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>-In the final sequence /jh/, /h/ is not pronounced and /j/ is pronounced phonetically as a short vowel /i/.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Banker|first=John & Elizabeth|title=Bahnar Dictionary, Plei Bong-Mang Yang Dialect|last2=Mo'|first2=Siu|publisher=Huntingdon Beach, Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1979|pages=vi-xii}}</ref>

*


=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|i iː
|ɨː
|u uː
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|eː
|ə əː
|oː
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|ɛ ɛː
|a aː
|ɔ ɔː
|}

*


==Also used in Vietnam==
==Also used in Vietnam==

Latest revision as of 12:19, 20 June 2024

Not to be confused with Bana language.
Bahnar
Bana
Pronunciation[ˈbəˌnaː]
Native toVietnam
EthnicityBahnar people
Native speakers
(160,000 in Viet Nam cited 1999 census)[1]
Latin
(adapted Vietnamese)
Language codes
ISO 639-3bdq
Glottologbahn1262

The Bahnar language or Ba-Na language (Bahnar pronunciation: [ˈbəˌnaː]) is a Central Bahnaric language. It has nine vowel qualities and phonemic vowel length.

Subdivisions

[edit]

Đào (1998)[2] lists the following subgroups of Bahnar and their respective locations.

Bùi (2011:5-6)[3] lists the following subgroups of Bahnar and their respective locations.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t tɕ k ʔ
voiced b d dʑ ɡ
preglottal ʔb ʔd ʔdʑ
Nasal plain m n ɲ ŋ
preglottal ʔm ʔn ʔɲ ʔŋ
Fricative s h
Rhotic r
Approximant plain w l j
preglottal ʔw ʔl ʔj
Final consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t tɕ k ʔ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Aspirate jh* h
Rhotic r
Approximant w l j jˀ

*-In the final sequence /jh/, /h/ is not pronounced and /j/ is pronounced phonetically as a short vowel /i/.[4]


Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
Close i iː ɨː u uː
Mid eː ə əː oː
Open ɛ ɛː a aː ɔ ɔː

Also used in Vietnam

[edit]

Other minor groups include the Kon Kđe, Bơ Nơm, and A Roh subgroups in Kông Chro District and K'Bang District of Gia Lai Province (Bùi 2011:6).

Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Bahnar.

  • Tolo
  • Golar
  • Alakong (A-La Cong)
  • Jolong (Gio-Lang, Y-Lang)
  • Bahnar Bonom (Bomam)
  • Kontum
  • Krem

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bahnar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Đào Huy Quyền. 1998. Nhạc khí dân tộc Jrai và Bahnar [Musical instruments of the Jrai and Bahnar]. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản trẻ.
  3. ^ Bùi Minh Đạo. 2011. The Bahnar people in Viet Nam. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. ISBN 978-604-77-0319-7
  4. ^ Banker, John & Elizabeth; Mo', Siu (1979). Bahnar Dictionary, Plei Bong-Mang Yang Dialect. Huntingdon Beach, Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. vi–xii.
[edit]


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