Zhang Xun: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Chinese general (1854–1923)}} |
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{{other people}} |
{{other people}} |
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| honorific_prefix = [[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty|Prince Zhongyong of the First Rank]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2010/09-17/2538870.shtml | title = 复辟失败后的张勋:做生意颇红火 关照贫苦人士 }}</ref> |
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|name = Zhang Xun |
| name = Zhang Xun |
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| native_name = {{nobold|張勳}} |
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| native_name_lang = zh-hant |
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|imagesize = 200px |
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| image = Zhangxun.jpg |
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| imagesize = 200px |
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| order = 3rd |
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|president = |
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| term = 1 July – 12 July 1917 |
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| monarch = [[Puyi|Xuantong Emperor]] |
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|birth_place = [[Kiangsi]] |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1854|9|16|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Fengxin County]], [[Yichun, Jiangxi|Yichun]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Qing Empire]] |
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|death_place = [[Tientsin]] |
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| death_place = [[Tianjin]], [[Zhili]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] |
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| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg}} [[Qing dynasty]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg}} [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]]<br/>{{flagicon image|YuanFlag1.svg}} [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]] |
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|rank = General officer |
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| rank = [[General officer]]<br />[[Field marshal]] |
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| nickname = Queue General |
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| battles = [[Boxer Rebellion]]<br />[[Xinhai Revolution]]<br />[[Second Revolution (Republic of China)|Second Revolution]]<br />[[National Protection War]]<br/>[[Manchu Restoration]] |
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'''Zhang Xun''' ({{zh|t=張勳 |
'''Zhang Xun''' ({{zh|t=張勳|p=Zhāng Xūn|w=Chang1 Hsün1}}; September 16, 1854 – September 11, 1923), [[courtesy name]] '''Shaoxuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|少軒}}), [[art name]] '''Songshou Laoren''' ({{lang|zh-hant|松壽老人}}), nickname '''Bianshuai''' ({{lang|zh-hant|辮帥}}, {{literally|marshal with queue}}), was a [[Chinese people|Chinese]] general and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] loyalist who attempted to restore the [[Puyi#Abdication|abdicated]] [[Emperor of China|emperor]] [[Puyi]] in the [[Manchu Restoration]] of 1917. He also supported [[Yuan Shikai]] during his time as [[President of the Republic of China|president]].<ref name=bio/> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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He was born on September 16, 1854.<ref name=bio/> |
He was born on September 16, 1854, in Chitian village, Fengxin county, [[Jiangxi]].<ref name=bio/> |
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Zhang served as a military escort for [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] during the [[Boxer Uprising]]. He later served as a subordinate of General [[Yuan Shikai]] in the [[Beiyang Army]]. He fought for the Qing at Nanjing in 1911, and then after the [[Xinhai Revolution|fall of the Qing]], he remained loyal to [[Yuan Shikai]]. Despite serving as a general in the [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|new Republic]], he refused to cut his [[queue (hairstyle)|queue]], as a symbol of his loyalty to the Qing. He was called the "Queue General". He seized [[Nanjing]] from the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] in 1913, defeating the [[Second Revolution (China)|Second Revolution]]. Despite allowing his troops to savagely loot the city, Zhang was named a [[field marshal]] by Yuan.<ref name=bio/> |
Zhang served as a military escort for [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] during the [[Boxer Uprising]]. He later served as a subordinate of General [[Yuan Shikai]] in the [[Beiyang Army]]. He fought for the Qing at Nanjing in 1911, and then after the [[Xinhai Revolution|fall of the Qing]], he remained loyal to [[Yuan Shikai]]. Despite serving as a general in the [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|new Republic]], he refused to cut his [[queue (hairstyle)|queue]], as a symbol of his loyalty to the Qing. He was called the "Queue General". He seized [[Nanjing]] from the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] in 1913, defeating the [[Second Revolution (China)|Second Revolution]]. Despite allowing his troops to savagely loot the city, Zhang was named a [[field marshal]] by Yuan.<ref name=bio/> |
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[[File:Zhang Xun2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Zhang Xun as seen after his failed restoration]] |
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In 1917 Zhang entered [[Beijing]] to [[Manchu Restoration|restore]] [[Puyi]] along with [[Kang Youwei]] but was thwarted by other generals. Zhang then took refuge in the [[Dutch legation]] and did not participate in politics again.<ref name=bio/> |
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Between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917, Zhang Xun proclaimed himself [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]] by entering [[Beijing]] to [[Manchu Restoration|reinstate]] the deposed [[Puyi]] as [[Emperor of the Great Qing|Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]]. However, Zhang Xun's proclamation in July 1917 was never recognized by the [[Government of the Chinese Republic]], most of the Chinese people, or any foreign countries. Other generals loyal to the Republic subsequently thwarted Zhang and forced Puyi to abdicate again. Zhang then took refuge in the [[Dutch legation]] and never participated in politics again.<ref name=bio/> |
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He died on September 11, 1923.<ref name=bio>Aisin-Gioro, Pu Yi (1964,1987, 2002). 我的前半生 [The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi]. Foreign Languages Press. {{ISBN|978-7-119-00772-4}}.</ref> |
He died on September 11, 1923.<ref name=bio>Aisin-Gioro, Pu Yi (1964,1987, 2002). 我的前半生 [The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi]. Foreign Languages Press. {{ISBN|978-7-119-00772-4}}.</ref> |
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|title= Bandits in Republican China |
|title= Bandits in Republican China |
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|language= en |
|language= en |
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|url= https://books.google. |
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu5KojZANpQC |
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|date= 1988 |
|date= 1988 |
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|publisher= [[Stanford University Press]] |
|publisher= [[Stanford University Press]] |
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|location= [[Stanford, California]] |
|location= [[Stanford, California]] |
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|isbn= |
|isbn= 9780804714068 |
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}} |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
*{{cite book |
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|last = Chi |
|last = Chi |
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|title= China Diplomacy, 1914-1918 |
|title= China Diplomacy, 1914-1918 |
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|language= en |
|language= en |
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|url= https://books.google. |
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Cs9yOuCZ-ekC |
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|date= 1970 |
|date= 1970 |
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|publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |
|publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |
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|location= [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |
|location= [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |
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|isbn= |
|isbn= 9780674118256 |
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}} |
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|ref=harv}} |
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{{S-start}} |
{{S-start}} |
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[[Category:1923 deaths]] |
[[Category:1923 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Chinese monarchists]] |
[[Category:Chinese monarchists]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Politicians from Yichun, Jiangxi]] |
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[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi]] |
[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi]] |
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[[Category:Qing dynasty generals]] |
[[Category:Qing dynasty generals]] |
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[[Category:Generals from Jiangxi]] |
[[Category:Generals from Jiangxi]] |
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[[Category:Republic of China people born during Qing]] |
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[[Category:Viceroys of Liangjiang]] |
[[Category:Viceroys of Liangjiang]] |
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[[Category:Empire of China (1915–1916)]] |
[[Category:Empire of China (1915–1916)]] |
Latest revision as of 10:56, 23 June 2024
Zhang Xun | |
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張勳 | |
3rd Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet | |
In office 1 July – 12 July 1917 | |
Monarch | Xuantong Emperor |
Preceded by | Yuan Shikai (1912) |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Fengxin County, Yichun, Jiangxi, Qing Empire | 16 September 1854
Died | 11 September 1923 Tianjin, Zhili, Republic of China | (aged 68)
Political party | Royalist Party[a] |
Nickname | Queue General |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Qing dynasty Republic of China Empire of China |
Branch/service | Beiyang Army |
Years of service | 1884–1917 |
Rank | General officer Field marshal |
Battles/wars | Boxer Rebellion Xinhai Revolution Second Revolution National Protection War Manchu Restoration |
Zhang Xun (Chinese: 張勳; pinyin: Zhāng Xūn; Wade–Giles: Chang1 Hsün1; September 16, 1854 – September 11, 1923), courtesy name Shaoxuan (少軒), art name Songshou Laoren (松壽老人), nickname Bianshuai (辮帥, lit. 'marshal with queue'), was a Chinese general and Qing loyalist who attempted to restore the abdicated emperor Puyi in the Manchu Restoration of 1917. He also supported Yuan Shikai during his time as president.[4]
Biography
[edit]He was born on September 16, 1854, in Chitian village, Fengxin county, Jiangxi.[4]
Zhang served as a military escort for Empress Dowager Cixi during the Boxer Uprising. He later served as a subordinate of General Yuan Shikai in the Beiyang Army. He fought for the Qing at Nanjing in 1911, and then after the fall of the Qing, he remained loyal to Yuan Shikai. Despite serving as a general in the new Republic, he refused to cut his queue, as a symbol of his loyalty to the Qing. He was called the "Queue General". He seized Nanjing from the KMT in 1913, defeating the Second Revolution. Despite allowing his troops to savagely loot the city, Zhang was named a field marshal by Yuan.[4]
Between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917, Zhang Xun proclaimed himself Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet by entering Beijing to reinstate the deposed Puyi as Emperor of the Qing dynasty. However, Zhang Xun's proclamation in July 1917 was never recognized by the Government of the Chinese Republic, most of the Chinese people, or any foreign countries. Other generals loyal to the Republic subsequently thwarted Zhang and forced Puyi to abdicate again. Zhang then took refuge in the Dutch legation and never participated in politics again.[4]
He died on September 11, 1923.[4]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "复辟失败后的张勋:做生意颇红火 关照贫苦人士".
- ^ Chi (1970), p. 127.
- ^ Billingsley (1988), p. 57.
- ^ a b c d e Aisin-Gioro, Pu Yi (1964,1987, 2002). 我的前半生 [The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi]. Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 978-7-119-00772-4.
- Billingsley, Phil (1988). Bandits in Republican China. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804714068.
- Chi, Madeleine (1970). China Diplomacy, 1914-1918. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674118256.