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{{Short description|Chinese general (1854–1923)}}
{{other people}}
{{other people}}
{{Chinese name|[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]]}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox Premier
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty|Prince Zhongyong of the First Rank]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2010/09-17/2538870.shtml | title = 复辟失败后的张勋:做生意颇红火 关照贫苦人士 }}</ref>
|name = Zhang Xun
|image = Zhangxun.jpg
| name = Zhang Xun
| native_name = {{nobold|張勳}}
|imagesize = 200px
|order = 3rd
| native_name_lang = zh-hant
| image = Zhangxun.jpg
⚫
|office = Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
|term = 1 July 1917 – 12 July 1917
| imagesize = 200px
|monarch = [[Puyi]]
| order = 3rd
⚫
| office = Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
⚫
|birth_date = {{birth date|1854|9|16|df=y}}
| term = 1 July – 12 July 1917
|birth_place = [[Jiangxi]], {{flag|Qing dynasty}}
| monarch = [[Puyi|Xuantong Emperor]]
⚫
|death_date = {{death date and age|1923|9|11|1854|9|16|df=y}}
| predecessor = [[Yuan Shikai]] (1912)
⚫
|death_place = [[Tianjin]], [[Zhili]], {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)|1912}} [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| successor = Position abolished
⚫
|party = [[Royalist Party]]{{efn|According to Madeleine Chi, Zhang was an "active member" of the Royalist Party,{{sfnp|Chi|1970|p=127}} while Phil Billingsley only reports that "rumor had it" that Zhang was affiliated with the party.{{sfnp|Billingsley|1988|p=57}} }}
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth date|1854|9|16|df=y}}
⚫
|allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg}} [[Qing Dynasty]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg}} [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]]<br/>{{flagicon image|YuanFlag1.svg}} [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]]
| birth_place = [[Fengxin County]], [[Yichun, Jiangxi|Yichun]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Qing Empire]]
⚫
|branch = [[Beiyang Army]]
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1923|9|11|1854|9|16|df=y}}
⚫
|serviceyears = 1884–1917
⚫
| death_place = [[Tianjin]], [[Zhili]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
|rank = General officer
⚫
| party = [[Royalist Party]]{{efn|According to Madeleine Chi, Zhang was an "active member" of the Royalist Party,{{sfnp|Chi|1970|p=127}} while Phil Billingsley only reports that "rumor had it" that Zhang was affiliated with the party.{{sfnp|Billingsley|1988|p=57}} }}
⚫
|nickname=Queue General
⚫
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg}} [[Qing dynasty]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg}} [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]]<br/>{{flagicon image|YuanFlag1.svg}} [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]]
⚫
| branch = [[File:Beiyang star.svg|22px]] [[Beiyang Army]]
⚫
| serviceyears = 1884–1917
| rank = [[General officer]]<br />[[Field marshal]]
⚫
| nickname = Queue General
| battles = [[Boxer Rebellion]]<br />[[Xinhai Revolution]]<br />[[Second Revolution (Republic of China)|Second Revolution]]<br />[[National Protection War]]<br/>[[Manchu Restoration]]
}}
}}
'''Zhang Xun''' ({{zh|t=張勳|s=张勋|p=Zhāng Xūn or|w='''''Chang Hsün'''''}}; September 16, 1854 – September 11, 1923), [[courtesy name]] Shaoxuan, was a [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] [[loyalist]] general who attempted to restore the [[Puyi#Abdication|abdicated]] [[Emperor of China|emperor]] [[Puyi]] in the [[Manchu Restoration]] of 1917. He also supported [[Yuan Shikai]] during his time as [[President of the Republic of China|president]].<ref name=bio/>
'''Zhang Xun''' ({{zh|t=張勳|p=Zhāng Xūn|w=Chang1 Hsün1}}; September 16, 1854 – September 11, 1923), [[courtesy name]] '''Shaoxuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|少軒}}), [[art name]] '''Songshou Laoren''' ({{lang|zh-hant|松壽老人}}), nickname '''Bianshuai''' ({{lang|zh-hant|辮帥}}, {{literally|marshal with queue}}), was a [[Chinese people|Chinese]] general and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] loyalist who attempted to restore the [[Puyi#Abdication|abdicated]] [[Emperor of China|emperor]] [[Puyi]] in the [[Manchu Restoration]] of 1917. He also supported [[Yuan Shikai]] during his time as [[President of the Republic of China|president]].<ref name=bio/>


==Biography==
==Biography==
He was born on September 16, 1854.<ref name=bio/>
He was born on September 16, 1854, in Chitian village, Fengxin county, [[Jiangxi]].<ref name=bio/>


Zhang served as a military escort for [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] during the [[Boxer Uprising]]. He later served as a subordinate of General [[Yuan Shikai]] in the [[Beiyang Army]]. He fought for the Qing at Nanjing in 1911, and then after the [[Xinhai Revolution|fall of the Qing]], he remained loyal to [[Yuan Shikai]]. Despite serving as a general in the [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|new Republic]], he refused to cut his [[queue (hairstyle)|queue]], as a symbol of his loyalty to the Qing. He was called the "Queue General". He seized [[Nanjing]] from the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] in 1913, defeating the [[Second Revolution (China)|Second Revolution]]. Despite allowing his troops to savagely loot the city, Zhang was named a [[field marshal]] by Yuan.<ref name=bio/>
Zhang served as a military escort for [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] during the [[Boxer Uprising]]. He later served as a subordinate of General [[Yuan Shikai]] in the [[Beiyang Army]]. He fought for the Qing at Nanjing in 1911, and then after the [[Xinhai Revolution|fall of the Qing]], he remained loyal to [[Yuan Shikai]]. Despite serving as a general in the [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|new Republic]], he refused to cut his [[queue (hairstyle)|queue]], as a symbol of his loyalty to the Qing. He was called the "Queue General". He seized [[Nanjing]] from the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] in 1913, defeating the [[Second Revolution (China)|Second Revolution]]. Despite allowing his troops to savagely loot the city, Zhang was named a [[field marshal]] by Yuan.<ref name=bio/>


[[File:Zhang Xun2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Zhang Xun as seen after his failed restoration]]
Between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917, Zhang Xun proclaimed himself [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]] by entering [[Beijing]] to [[Manchu Restoration|reinstate]] the deposed [[Puyi]] as [[Emperor of the Great Qing|Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]]. However, Zhang Xun's proclamation in July 1917 was never recognized by the [[Government of the Chinese Republic]], most of the Chinese people, or any foreign countries. Other generals loyal to the Republic subsequently thwarted Zhang and forced Puyi to abdicate again. Zhang then took refuge in the [[Dutch legation]] and never participated in politics again.<ref name=bio/>
Between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917, Zhang Xun proclaimed himself [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]] by entering [[Beijing]] to [[Manchu Restoration|reinstate]] the deposed [[Puyi]] as [[Emperor of the Great Qing|Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]]. However, Zhang Xun's proclamation in July 1917 was never recognized by the [[Government of the Chinese Republic]], most of the Chinese people, or any foreign countries. Other generals loyal to the Republic subsequently thwarted Zhang and forced Puyi to abdicate again. Zhang then took refuge in the [[Dutch legation]] and never participated in politics again.<ref name=bio/>


Line 42: Line 50:
|title= Bandits in Republican China
|title= Bandits in Republican China
|language= en
|language= en
|url= https://books.google.de/books?id=Qu5KojZANpQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu5KojZANpQC
|date= 1988
|date= 1988
|publisher= [[Stanford University Press]]
|publisher= [[Stanford University Press]]
|location= [[Stanford, California]]
|location= [[Stanford, California]]
|isbn=
|isbn= 9780804714068
}}
|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book
|last = Chi
|last = Chi
Line 53: Line 61:
|title= China Diplomacy, 1914-1918
|title= China Diplomacy, 1914-1918
|language= en
|language= en
|url= https://books.google.de/books?id=Cs9yOuCZ-ekC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Cs9yOuCZ-ekC
|date= 1970
|date= 1970
|publisher= [[Harvard University Press]]
|publisher= [[Harvard University Press]]
|location= [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
|location= [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
|isbn=
|isbn= 9780674118256
}}
|ref=harv}}


{{S-start}}
{{S-start}}
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[[Category:Qing dynasty generals]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty generals]]
[[Category:Generals from Jiangxi]]
[[Category:Generals from Jiangxi]]
[[Category:Republic of China people born during Qing]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Liangjiang]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Liangjiang]]
[[Category:Empire of China (1915–1916)]]
[[Category:Empire of China (1915–1916)]]

Latest revision as of 10:56, 23 June 2024

For other people named Zhang Xun, see Zhang Xun (disambiguation).
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhang.
Prince Zhongyong of the First Rank[1]
Zhang Xun
張勳
3rd Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
In office
1 July – 12 July 1917
MonarchXuantong Emperor
Preceded byYuan Shikai (1912)
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Personal details
Born(1854-09-16)16 September 1854
Fengxin County, Yichun, Jiangxi, Qing Empire
Died11 September 1923(1923-09-11) (aged 68)
Tianjin, Zhili, Republic of China
Political partyRoyalist Party[a]
NicknameQueue General
Military service
Allegiance Qing dynasty
Republic of China
Empire of China
Branch/service Beiyang Army
Years of service1884–1917
RankGeneral officer
Field marshal
Battles/warsBoxer Rebellion
Xinhai Revolution
Second Revolution
National Protection War
Manchu Restoration

Zhang Xun (Chinese: 張勳; pinyin: Zhāng Xūn; Wade–Giles: Chang1 Hsün1; September 16, 1854 – September 11, 1923), courtesy name Shaoxuan (少軒), art name Songshou Laoren (松壽老人), nickname Bianshuai (辮帥, lit. 'marshal with queue'), was a Chinese general and Qing loyalist who attempted to restore the abdicated emperor Puyi in the Manchu Restoration of 1917. He also supported Yuan Shikai during his time as president.[4]

Biography

[edit]

He was born on September 16, 1854, in Chitian village, Fengxin county, Jiangxi.[4]

Zhang served as a military escort for Empress Dowager Cixi during the Boxer Uprising. He later served as a subordinate of General Yuan Shikai in the Beiyang Army. He fought for the Qing at Nanjing in 1911, and then after the fall of the Qing, he remained loyal to Yuan Shikai. Despite serving as a general in the new Republic, he refused to cut his queue, as a symbol of his loyalty to the Qing. He was called the "Queue General". He seized Nanjing from the KMT in 1913, defeating the Second Revolution. Despite allowing his troops to savagely loot the city, Zhang was named a field marshal by Yuan.[4]

Zhang Xun as seen after his failed restoration

Between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917, Zhang Xun proclaimed himself Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet by entering Beijing to reinstate the deposed Puyi as Emperor of the Qing dynasty. However, Zhang Xun's proclamation in July 1917 was never recognized by the Government of the Chinese Republic, most of the Chinese people, or any foreign countries. Other generals loyal to the Republic subsequently thwarted Zhang and forced Puyi to abdicate again. Zhang then took refuge in the Dutch legation and never participated in politics again.[4]

He died on September 11, 1923.[4]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ According to Madeleine Chi, Zhang was an "active member" of the Royalist Party,[2] while Phil Billingsley only reports that "rumor had it" that Zhang was affiliated with the party.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "复辟失败后的张勋:做生意颇红火 关照贫苦人士".
  2. ^ Chi (1970), p. 127.
  3. ^ Billingsley (1988), p. 57.
  4. ^ a b c d e Aisin-Gioro, Pu Yi (1964,1987, 2002). 我的前半生 [The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi]. Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 978-7-119-00772-4.
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
1 July 1917 – 12 July 1917 		Succeeded by
Position abolished
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