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{{Short description|Overview of the education policy in Brazil}}
{{Infobox Education
{{Infobox education
|country name = Brazil
|country name = Brazil
|agency image = [[File:Ministry of Education (Brazil) logo.gif|140px]]
|agency = [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministério da Educação]] (Ministry of Education)
|agency image = [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|150px]]
|leader titles = Minister of Education
|agency = [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]]
|leader names = [[Fernando Haddad]]
|leader titles = [[Minister of Education]]
|leader names = [[Milton Ribeiro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/conheca-a-presidencia/ministros/ministerio-da-educacao|title=Ministros de Estado|website=Governo do Brasil|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>
|budget = approx US$70,000,000<ref name="cia"/>
|budget = 5.95% of [[GDP]]; 15.72% of total government expenditure
⚫
|budget year = 2007
|funding per student =
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|primary languages = Portuguese
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|budget year = 2017
|system type =
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|primary languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
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|established events =
|system type = Public (Federal,State,Municipal) & Private
|literacy men = 88.4% (over 15)<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html|title=Brazil (country profile)|publisher=CIA|work=World Factbook|date=11 April 2011|accessdate=23 April 2011}}</ref>
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|established events =
|literacy women = 88.8% (over 15; 2004 est.)<ref name="cia"/>
|established dates =
⚫
|enroll total = <!-- millions? -->
|literacy year =
⚫
|enroll primary =
|literacy total =91.73
⚫
|enroll secondary =
|literacy men =
|enroll high school =
|literacy women =
⚫
|enroll post-secondary =
⚫
|enroll total =
⚫
|attain secondary = <!-- percent e.g. 69% -->
⚫
|enroll primary =
⚫
|attain post-secondary =
⚫
|enroll secondary =
⚫
|footnotes =
⚫
|enroll post-secondary =
|enrollment year =
⚫
|attain secondary =
⚫
|attain post-secondary =
|attainment year =
⚫
|footnotes =
}}
}}
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'''Education policy in Brazil''' has been given importance by the federal and local governments since 1995.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|title=Country Analysis Report: Brazil - In-depth PESTLE Insights|journal=DataMonitor|year=2010|month=May|pages=66|accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref> At that time, the government of President [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] and the [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Brazilian Ministry of Education]] began to pursue three areas of national [[education policy]]:
⚫
* education finance equalization;
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* conditional cash transfers; and
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* education results measurement.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010">{{cite web|author=Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office|title=Achieving World Class Education in Brazil: The Next Agenda|url=http://www.iepecdg.com.br/uploads/livros/1012achieving_world.pdf|publisher=The World Bank|accessdate=3 April 2011|date=21|month=December|year=2010}}</ref>


⚫
'''Education policy in Brazil''' has been given importance by the federal and local governments since 1995.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|title=Country Analysis Report: Brazil - In-depth PESTLE Insights|journal=DataMonitor|date=May 2010|page=66}}</ref> At that time, the government of President [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] and the [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Brazilian Ministry of Education]] began to pursue three areas of national [[education policy]]:
⚫
According to the [[World Bank]], these national education policies have tracked with global best practice, and implementation has been sustained and effective in improving performance and outcomes of [[education in Brazil]]. Though Brazil has made significant strides in improving labor force skills, Brazil is below average with respect to learning levels, secondary completion rates, and student flow efficiency, when compared to [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] and other middle-income countries.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> In addition, non-attendance rates and drop-out rates have also been on the increase. Moreover, these factors are especially high in lower income areas where the quality of education largely remains below the expected levels.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Country Analysis Report: Brazil - In-depth PESTLE Insights|journal=DataMonitor|year=2010|month=May|pages=23|accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref> These have been the recent targets of education policy.
⚫
* education finance equalization
⚫
* [[conditional cash transfer]]s
⚫
* education results measurement<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010">{{cite web|author=Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office |title=Achieving World Class Education in Brazil: The Next Agenda |url=http://www.iepecdg.com.br/uploads/livros/1012achieving_world.pdf |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=3 April 2011 |date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706152918/http://www.iepecdg.com.br/uploads/livros/1012achieving_world.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref>

⚫
According to the [[World Bank]], these national education policies have tracked with global best practice, and implementation has been sustained and effective in improving performance and outcomes of [[education in Brazil]]. Though Brazil has made significant strides in improving labor force skills, Brazil is below average with respect to learning levels, secondary completion rates, and student flow efficiency, when compared to [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] and other middle-income countries.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> In addition, non-attendance rates and drop-out rates have also been on the increase. Moreover, these factors are especially high in lower income areas where the quality of education largely remains below the expected levels.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Country Analysis Report: Brazil - In-depth PESTLE Insights|journal=DataMonitor|date=May 2010|page=23}}</ref> These have been the recent targets of education policy.


<!--Still needs some work. I need to add a summary about the impacts of the policies, once I get that information into the rest of the article.-->
<!--Still needs some work. I need to add a summary about the impacts of the policies, once I get that information into the rest of the article.-->


== Constitutional rights to education ==
== Constitutional rights to education ==
The Brazilian federal government legislates direction for national education, develops national educational plans, and provides technical and financial assistance to the [[States of Brazil|states]], the [[Brazilian Federal District|Federal District]], and to [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipalities]] for the development of [[Education#Systems of formal education|educational systems]].<ref name="United Nations">{{cite web|title=BRAZIL - EDUCATION|last=United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-education.htm|accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref> The [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution of Brazil]] outlines the educational rights of Brazilian citizens in Title VIII, Chapter III, Section 1.<ref name=Constitution>{{cite web|title=Federal Constitution of Brazil (English Translation), Title VIII|url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleVIII.html}}</ref>
The Brazilian federal government legislates direction for national education, develops national educational plans, and provides technical and financial assistance to the [[States of Brazil|states]], the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]], and to [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipalities]] for the development of [[Education#Levels|educational systems]].<ref name="United Nations">{{cite web|title=BRAZIL - EDUCATION |author=United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-education.htm |access-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425230610/http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-education.htm |archive-date=25 April 2011 }}</ref> The [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution of Brazil]] outlines the educational rights of Brazilian citizens in Title VIII, Chapter III, Section 1.<ref name=Constitution>{{cite web|title=Federal Constitution of Brazil (English Translation), Title VIII|url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleVIII.html}}</ref>
* Education is the right of all and a duty of both the State and families, in cooperation with general society. The aim of education is defined as the full development of a person, qualification for work, and participation as a citizen (article 205).
* Education is the right of all and a duty of both the State and families, in cooperation with general society. The aim of education is defined as the full development of a person, qualification for work, and participation as a citizen (article 205).
* Education will be provided on the basis of I. equal conditions for access to school; II. freedom to learn, teach, research and express thought, art and knowledge; III. pluralism of ideas and coexistence of public/private schools; IV. free public education; V. appreciation of teaching professionals with minimum salaries based on exams and credentials; VI. democratic administration; and VII. guarantee of quality (article 206).
* Education will be provided on the basis of I. equal conditions for access to school; II. freedom to learn, teach, research and express thought, art and knowledge; III. pluralism of ideas and coexistence of public/private schools; IV. free public education; V. appreciation of teaching professionals with minimum salaries based on exams and credentials; VI. democratic administration; and VII. guarantee of quality (article 206).
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<!--==Education challenges in the 1990's==
<!--==Education challenges in the 1990's==
While the Federal Constitution gave responsibility for crèche and preschool services to municipalities and secondary education to states, responsibility for primary education remains divided between states and municipalities. Primary education consisted of a mix of state and municipal schools that were geographically proximate but had differing levels of per-student resources and quality.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> UNICEF rated Brazil's basic education system as last in world ranking.<ref>{{cite web|last=World Facts|title=Brazil History|url=http://worldfacts.us/Brazil-history-2.htm|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
While the Federal Constitution gave responsibility for crèche and preschool services to municipalities and secondary education to states, responsibility for primary education remains divided between states and municipalities. Primary education consisted of a mix of state and municipal schools that were geographically proximate but had differing levels of per-student resources and quality.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> UNICEF rated Brazil's basic education system as last in world ranking.<ref>{{cite web|last=World Facts|title=Brazil History|url=http://worldfacts.us/Brazil-history-2.htm|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>


In the early and mid 1990's, Brazil faced a variety of educational challenges:
In the early and mid 1990's, Brazil faced a variety of educational challenges:
* 18 % of Brazilians over fifteen years of age could not read or write.<ref>{{cite web|last=World Facts|title=Brazil History|url=http://worldfacts.us/Brazil-history-2.htm|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
* 18 % of Brazilians over fifteen years of age could not read or write.<ref>{{cite web|last=World Facts|title=Brazil History|url=http://worldfacts.us/Brazil-history-2.htm|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
* Close to 70 % of the labor force had not completed secondary school.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>
* Close to 70 % of the labor force had not completed secondary school.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>
* The average schooling level of the labor force in 1990 was 3.8 years – less than half that of Argentina, Chile, and the OECD. <ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>
* The average schooling level of the labor force in 1990 was 3.8 years – less than half that of Argentina, Chile, and the OECD. <ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>
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=== FUNDEF ===
=== FUNDEF ===
The [[Fund for Maintenance and Development of the Fundamental Education and Valorization of Teaching]] ([[Fundo para Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valorização do Magistério]] (FUNDEF)) was introduced in 1996 to reform the funding of education in Brazil.<ref name="Evaluating the Effects of FUNDEF">{{cite web|last=Menezes-Filho|first=Naercio|title=Evaluating the Effects of FUNDEF on Wages and Test Scores in Brazil|url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/seminarpapers/03-02-04-FIL.pdf}}</ref> It was established to make sure that money mandated by the constitution is actually spent on education and to establish a per student spending floor for the whole country.<ref name="The Challenges of Education in Brazil">{{cite web|last=Schwartzman|first=Simon|title=The Challenges of Education in Brazil|url=http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/files/Simon-Schwartzman-Challenges-of-Education-in-Brazil.pdf|work=Version 3|date=26|month=February|year=2003}}</ref> The policy mandated redistribution of funds within states across municipalities, so that all municipalities could reach the per student spending requirement. Additionally, federal government then supplemented spending in states and municipalities that could not afford the national spending floor.<ref name="Educational Attainment: FUNDEF">{{cite web|title=Education attainment in Brazil: the experience of FUNDEF|url=http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=eco/wkp(2005)11&doclanguage=en|work=ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT WORKING PAPERS No.424|publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development|accessdate=18 April 2011|coauthors=Luiz de Mello and Mombert Hoppe|date=04|month=April|year=2005}}</ref> Finally, FUNDEF required that 60% of spending go towards teacher salaries and 40% go towards school operations.
The [[Fund for Maintenance and Development of the Fundamental Education and Valorization of Teaching]] ([[Fundo para Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valorização do Magistério]] (FUNDEF)) was introduced in 1996 to reform the funding of education in Brazil.<ref name="Evaluating the Effects of FUNDEF">{{cite web|last=Menezes-Filho|first=Naercio|title=Evaluating the Effects of FUNDEF on Wages and Test Scores in Brazil|url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/seminarpapers/03-02-04-FIL.pdf}}</ref> It was established to make sure that money mandated by the constitution is actually spent on education and to establish a per student spending floor for the whole country.<ref name="The Challenges of Education in Brazil">{{cite web|last=Schwartzman |first=Simon |title=The Challenges of Education in Brazil |url=http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/files/Simon-Schwartzman-Challenges-of-Education-in-Brazil.pdf |work=Version 3 |date=26 February 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204722/http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/files/Simon-Schwartzman-Challenges-of-Education-in-Brazil.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> The policy mandated redistribution of funds within states across municipalities, so that all municipalities could reach the per student spending requirement. Additionally, federal government then supplemented spending in states and municipalities that could not afford the national spending floor.<ref name="Educational Attainment: FUNDEF">{{cite web|title=Education attainment in Brazil: the experience of FUNDEF|url=http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=eco/wkp(2005)11&doclanguage=en|work=ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT WORKING PAPERS No.424|publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development|access-date=18 April 2011|author=Luiz de Mello|author2=Mombert Hoppe|name-list-style=amp|date=4 April 2005}}</ref> Finally, FUNDEF required that 60% of spending go towards teacher salaries and 40% go towards school operations.


In 1998, when FUNDEF was implemented, 30.6 billion [[reais]](R$) were redistributed to six different states. Overall spending increased from approximately 2% of GDP in 1995 to 4% of GDP in 2008. Additionally, teacher salaries increased by an average of 70% in the first few years of implementation.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> According to research done by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), FUNDEF played an important role in increasing enrollment rates over that period, particularly in small municipalities.<ref name="Educational Attainment: FUNDEF"/> It was, however, limited in scope, entailing the investment of funds only to elementary education and expiring in September 2006 when it reached 10 years of creation.<ref name="saraivari.com.br">{{cite web|title=Federal Public Service: External Disclosure for EDITORA SARAIVA|url=http://www.saraivari.com.br/eng/download/IAN/IAN_2007.pdf|date=31|month=December|year=2007}}</ref>
In 1998, when FUNDEF was implemented, 30.6 billion [[reais]](R$) were redistributed to six different states. Overall spending increased from approximately 2% of GDP in 1995 to 4% of GDP in 2008. Additionally, teacher salaries increased by an average of 70% in the first few years of implementation.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> According to research done by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), FUNDEF played an important role in increasing enrollment rates over that period, particularly in small municipalities.<ref name="Educational Attainment: FUNDEF"/> It was, however, limited in scope, entailing the investment of funds only to elementary education and expiring in September 2006 when it reached 10 years of creation.<ref name="saraivari.com.br">{{cite web|title=Federal Public Service: External Disclosure for EDITORA SARAIVA |url=http://www.saraivari.com.br/eng/download/IAN/IAN_2007.pdf |date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154235/http://www.saraivari.com.br/eng/download/IAN/IAN_2007.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref>


=== FUNDEB ===
=== FUNDEB ===
On January 24, 2006, the House of Representatives approved the Proposal for Amendment to the Constitution creating the [[Fund for the Development of Basic Education and Appreciation of the Teaching Profession]] ([[Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização de Profissionais de Educação]] (FUNDEB)), intended to finance elementary education (kindergarten, preschool, elementary, and high school education).
On January 24, 2006, the House of Representatives approved the Proposal for Amendment to the Constitution creating the [[Fund for the Development of Basic Education and Appreciation of the Teaching Profession]] ([[Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização de Profissionais de Educação]] (FUNDEB)), intended to finance elementary education (kindergarten, preschool, elementary, and high school education).


FUNDEB was made effective for fourteen years and has been gradually implemented. It was formed by allocating 20% of resources from state and federal taxes, and distributed these among each State and Municipality in proportion to the number of students enrolled.<ref name="saraivari.com.br"/> FUNDEB entailed committing R$2 billion in the first year, R$2.9 billion in the second year, R$3.7 billion in the third and R$4.5 billion in the fourth year and successive.<ref name="saraivari.com.br"/> It extended the financing equalization introduced under FUNDEF to secondary school and pre-school education, in order to ensure funding of basic education for all students in Brazil. FUNDEB also explicitly ensured funding for indigenous communities.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> As a result, FUNDEB increased the volume of federal funds committed to basic education by ten times, injecting new funds into all the stages of basic education and allocating resources for programs targeted to youth and adults.<ref name="Ministry of Education - FUNDEB">{{cite web|url=http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12407&Itemid=725|title=FUNDEB|work=FUNDEB|publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
FUNDEB was made effective for fourteen years and has been gradually implemented. It was formed by allocating 20% of resources from state and federal taxes, and distributed these among each State and Municipality in proportion to the number of students enrolled.<ref name="saraivari.com.br"/> FUNDEB entailed committing R$2 billion in the first year, R$2.9 billion in the second year, R$3.7 billion in the third and R$4.5 billion in the fourth year and successive.<ref name="saraivari.com.br"/> It extended the financing equalization introduced under FUNDEF to secondary school and pre-school education, in order to ensure funding of basic education for all students in Brazil. FUNDEB also explicitly ensured funding for indigenous communities.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> As a result, FUNDEB increased the volume of federal funds committed to basic education by ten times, injecting new funds into all the stages of basic education and allocating resources for programs targeted to youth and adults.<ref name="Ministry of Education - FUNDEB">{{cite web|url=http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12407&Itemid=725|title=FUNDEB|publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>


The main objective of FUNDEB is to continue to redistribute resources related to education across the country, taking into account the social and economic development of regions.<ref name="Ministry of Education - FUNDEB"/> The federal government provides supplementary funds targeted to regions where the investment per student is below the minimum value for each year, allocating funds according to the number of students in basic education based on school census data from the previous year. Additionally, federal, state, and municipal councils, empowered by the [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]], provide monitoring and control of distribution, transfer and use of program resources.<ref name="Ministry of Education - FUNDEB"/>
The main objective of FUNDEB is to continue to redistribute resources related to education across the country, taking into account the social and economic development of regions.<ref name="Ministry of Education - FUNDEB"/> The federal government provides supplementary funds targeted to regions where the investment per student is below the minimum value for each year, allocating funds according to the number of students in basic education based on school census data from the previous year. Additionally, federal, state, and municipal councils, empowered by the [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]], provide monitoring and control of distribution, transfer and use of program resources.<ref name="Ministry of Education - FUNDEB"/>


== Conditional cash transfer policies ==
== Conditional cash transfer policies ==
Brazil offers [[Conditional Cash Transfer]]s (CCTs) to students, and as of January 2011 has one of the largest CCT programs of any country. The transfers are currently paid to 26% of the population.<ref name="Conditional Cash Transfers and the Basic Income">{{cite web|last=Britto|first=Tatiana and Fábio Veras Soares|title=Conditional Cash Transfers and the Basic Income: Will they ever Merge?|url=http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCOnePager124.pdf|publisher=International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth|accessdate=2 April 2011}}</ref>
Brazil offers [[Conditional Cash Transfer]]s (CCTs) to students, and as of January 2011 has one of the largest CCT programs of any country. The transfers are currently paid to 26% of the population.<ref name="Conditional Cash Transfers and the Basic Income">{{cite web|last=Britto|first=Tatiana and Fábio Veras Soares|title=Conditional Cash Transfers and the Basic Income: Will they ever Merge?|url=http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCOnePager124.pdf|publisher=International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth|access-date=2 April 2011}}</ref>


=== Bolsa Escola ===
=== Bolsa Escola ===
[[Bolsa Escola]] is a cash transfer program that provided cash payments to poor families with children ages 6 to 15 in exchange for their enrollment in school and their attendance of at least 85% of school days. The program was first implemented in 1995 by the municipalities of Brasília (the Federal District) and Campinas (in São Paulo State). Within three years, over 50 municipalities in seven states implemented similar programs. After these successful local CCT experiences in the mid 1990s, CCTs gained momentum in [[Congress of Brazil|Congress]],<ref name="Conditional Cash Transfers and the Basic Income"/> prompting President Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s government to create the Federal Bolsa Escola program in April 2001.<ref>{{cite web|last=Glewwe|first=Paul|title=The Impact of Bolsa Escola/Familia Conditional Tranfer Program on Enrollment, Dropout Rates and Grade Promotion in Brazil.|url=http://faculty.apec.umn.edu/pglewwe/documents/BrBolsa6.pdf|coauthors=Anna Lucia Kassouf|month=August|year=2010}}</ref>
[[Bolsa Escola]] is a cash transfer program that provided cash payments to poor families with children ages 6 to 15 in exchange for their enrollment in school and their attendance of at least 85% of school days. The program was first implemented in 1995 by the municipalities of Brasília (the Federal District) and Campinas (in São Paulo State). Within three years, over 50 municipalities in seven states implemented similar programs. After these successful local CCT experiences in the mid-1990s, CCTs gained momentum in [[Congress of Brazil|Congress]],<ref name="Conditional Cash Transfers and the Basic Income"/> prompting President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's government to create the Federal Bolsa Escola program in April 2001.<ref>{{cite web|last=Glewwe |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Glewwe |title=The Impact of Bolsa Escola/Familia Conditional Transfer Program on Enrollment, Dropout Rates and Grade Promotion in Brazil. |url=http://faculty.apec.umn.edu/pglewwe/documents/BrBolsa6.pdf |author2=Anna Lucia Kassouf |date=August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091801/http://faculty.apec.umn.edu/pglewwe/documents/BrBolsa6.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>


By the end of 2001, it had been implemented in 98% of the 5,561 Brazilian municipalities, providing stipends to over 8.2 million children from 4.8 million families, at a cost of over US$700 million. In October 2003, [[Lula da Silva|President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva]] unified Bolsa Escola and three other federal cash transfer programs into a single program called [[Bolsa Família]].<ref>{{cite web|last=De Janvry|first=Alain|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Safety-Nets-DP/0542.pdf|publisher=The World Bank|coauthors=Frederico Finan, Elizabeth Sadoulet, Donald Nelson, Kathy Lindert, Benedicte de la Briere, and Peter Lanjouw|title=Brazil's Bolsa Escola Program: The Role of Local Governance in Decentralized Implementation|month=December|year=2005}}</ref>
By the end of 2001, it had been implemented in 98% of the 5,561 Brazilian municipalities, providing stipends to over 8.2 million children from 4.8 million families, at a cost of over US$700 million. In October 2003, [[Lula da Silva|President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] unified Bolsa Escola and three other federal cash transfer programs into a single program called [[Bolsa Família]].<ref>{{cite web|last=De Janvry|first=Alain|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Safety-Nets-DP/0542.pdf|publisher=The World Bank|author2=Frederico Finan |author3=Elizabeth Sadoulet |author4=Donald Nelson |author5=Kathy Lindert |author6=Benedicte de la Briere |author7=Peter Lanjouw |title=Brazil's Bolsa Escola Program: The Role of Local Governance in Decentralized Implementation|date=December 2005}}</ref>


=== Bolsa Família ===
=== Bolsa Família ===
{{main|Bolsa Família}}
{{Main|Bolsa Família}}
[[File:Bolsa Expansion Table.png|right|448px]]
[[File:Bolsa Expansion Table.png|right|448px]]
Bolsa Família (Family Allowance) is a [[social welfare provision|social welfare]] program which provides financial aid to poor Brazilian families. Families must ensure that their children attend school and are [[vaccination|vaccinated]]. The program's dual aims are to reduce short-term poverty by direct [[welfare benefit|cash aid]], and fight long-term poverty by increasing educational and experiential skills among the poor through conditional cash grants.<ref name=LAW>{{cite web|url=http://www.dji.com.br/decretos/2004-005209/2004-005209.htm|title=Decree n° 5.209, de 17 de setembro de 2004 – Regulates a Law-010.836-2004 – Bolsa Família Program.}}</ref>
Bolsa Família (Family Allowance) is a [[social welfare provision|social welfare]] program which provides financial aid to poor Brazilian families. Families must ensure that their children attend school and are [[vaccination|vaccinated]]. The program's dual aims are to reduce short-term poverty by direct [[welfare benefit|cash aid]], and fight long-term poverty by increasing educational and experiential skills among the poor through conditional cash grants.<ref name=LAW>{{cite web|url=http://www.dji.com.br/decretos/2004-005209/2004-005209.htm |title=Decree n° 5.209, de 17 de setembro de 2004 – Regulates a Law-010.836-2004 – Bolsa Família Program. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029081821/http://dji.com.br/decretos/2004-005209/2004-005209.htm |archive-date=2012-10-29 }}</ref>


[[The Economist]] described Bolsa Família as an "anti-poverty scheme invented in Latin America" (which) "is winning converts worldwide."<ref name=HAPPYFAMILIES>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10650663|title=Happy families: An anti-poverty scheme invented in Latin America is winning converts worldwide.|publisher=The Economist|location=MACEIÓ|date=Feb 7 2008}}</ref> Bolsa Familia is currently the largest conditional cash transfer program in the world, though the Mexican program [[Oportunidades]] was the first nation-wide program of this kind.<ref name=SILENCIOSA>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21444879~isCURL:Y~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341,00.html|title=Bolsa Família: Changing the Lives of Millions in Brazil|publisher=The World Bank|date=Aug/22/2007}}</ref>
[[The Economist]] described Bolsa Família as an "anti-poverty scheme invented in South America" (which) "is winning converts worldwide."<ref name=HAPPYFAMILIES>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10650663|title=Happy families: An anti-poverty scheme invented in South America is winning converts worldwide.|publisher=The Economist|location=MACEIÓ|date=Feb 7, 2008}}</ref> Bolsa Familia was in 2007 and 2010 the largest conditional cash transfer program in the world, though the Mexican program [[Oportunidades]] was the first nationwide program of this kind.<ref name="Gary Duffy Maranhao" /><ref name=SILENCIOSA>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21444879~isCURL:Y~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341,00.html|title=Bolsa Família: Changing the Lives of Millions in Brazil|publisher=The World Bank|date=Aug 22, 2007}}</ref>
The Bolsa Familia program has been mentioned as one factor contributing to the reduction of poverty in Brazil, which fell 27.7% during the first term in the [[Lula administration]].<ref name=MISERIA>{{cite web|url=http://txt.estado.com.br/editorias/2007/09/20/eco-1.93.4.20070920.40.1.xml|title=BRANDÃO JR., Nilson Brandão e ARAGÃO, Marianna. ''Miséria no Brasil cai 27,7% no 1° mandato de Lula'', Economia e Negócios, O Estado de S. Paulo, 20/09/2007, p. B14}}</ref> About 12 million Brazilian families receive funds from Bolsa Família,<ref name="Gary Duffy Maranhao">{{cite news
The Bolsa Familia program was mentioned as one factor contributing to the reduction of poverty in Brazil, which fell 27.7% during the first term in the [[Lula administration]].<ref name=MISERIA>{{cite web |url=http://txt.estado.com.br/editorias/2007/09/20/eco-1.93.4.20070920.40.1.xml |title=BRANDÃO JR., Nilson Brandão e ARAGÃO, Marianna. ''Miséria no Brasil cai 27,7% no 1° mandato de Lula'', Economia e Negócios, O Estado de S. Paulo, 20/09/2007, p. B14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202103938/http://txt.estado.com.br/editorias/2007/09/20/eco-1.93.4.20070920.40.1.xml |archive-date=2009-02-02 }}</ref> About 12 million Brazilian families receive funds from Bolsa Família,<ref name="Gary Duffy Maranhao">{{cite news
| last= Duffy
| last= Duffy
| first= Gary
| first= Gary
| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/latin_america/10122754.stm
| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/South_america/10122754.stm
| title= Family friendly: Brazil's scheme to tackle poverty
| title= Family friendly: Brazil's scheme to tackle poverty
| publisher= [[BBC News]]
| publisher= [[BBC News]]
| date= 25 May 2010
| date= 25 May 2010
}}</ref>
}}</ref> which has been described as "the largest programme of its kind in the world."<ref name="Gary Duffy Maranhao" />


== Educational measurement ==
== Educational measurement ==
The [[National Institute of Educational Studies and Research]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira]] (INEP)) is the assessment arm of the Ministry of Education. It was created in 1990 to collect, process and analyze data on education in Brazil.<ref name=INEP>{{cite web|last=Ministry of Education|title=Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira INEP|url=http://www.inep.gov.br/basica/saeb/ingles.htm|accessdate=23 April 2011}}</ref>
The [[National Institute of Educational Studies and Research]] ([[Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira]] (INEP)) is the assessment arm of the Ministry of Education. It was created in 1990 to collect, process and analyze data on education in Brazil.<ref name=INEP>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Education|title=Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira INEP|url=http://www.inep.gov.br/basica/saeb/ingles.htm|access-date=23 April 2011}}</ref>


=== The National Assessment of Basic Education and the Prova Brasil ===
=== The National Assessment of Basic Education and the Prova Brasil ===
The [[National Assessment of Basic Education]] ([[Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica]] (SAEB)) and the ''Prova Brasil'' ("Test of Brazil") are two exams that make up the Evaluation System of Basic Education in Brazil.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>
The [[National Assessment of Basic Education]] ([[Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica]] (SAEB)) and the ''Prova Brasil'' ("Test of Brazil") are two exams that make up the Evaluation System of Basic Education in Brazil.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>


The SAEB was the first national Brazilian initiative to measure the Brazilian educational system in depth. It was developed in the late 1980s and was first applied in 1990. In 1995, SAEB was restructured to allow for performance comparison from year to year. Since the first assessment, it has provided data on the quality of the educational systems of Brazil as a whole, geographic regions and the federal units (states and Federal Districts).<ref name="The Ministry of Education, Brazil">{{cite web|title=The History of the ''Prova Brasil'' and SAEB|url=http://provabrasil.inep.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=14|publisher=The Ministry of Education, Brazil|accessdate=3 April 2011}}</ref> The SAEB is carried out by INEP / Ministry of Education every two years. Tests on the Portuguese language and mathematics are taken by a sample of students enrolled in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school and also the 3rd year of high school, in public and private schools located in both urban and rural areas. Results are aggregated for each state of Brazil and for Brazil as a whole.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/><ref name="The Ministry of Education, Brazil"/>
The SAEB was the first national Brazilian initiative to measure the Brazilian educational system in depth. It was developed in the late 1980s and was first applied in 1990. In 1995, SAEB was restructured to allow for performance comparison from year to year. Since the first assessment, it has provided data on the quality of the educational systems of Brazil as a whole, geographic regions and the federal units (states and Federal Districts).<ref name="The Ministry of Education, Brazil">{{cite web |title=The History of the ''Prova Brasil'' and SAEB |url=http://provabrasil.inep.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=14 |publisher=The Ministry of Education, Brazil |access-date=3 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114205711/http://provabrasil.inep.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=14 |archive-date=14 November 2009 }}</ref> The SAEB is carried out by INEP / Ministry of Education every two years. Tests on the Portuguese language and mathematics are taken by a sample of students enrolled in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school and also the 3rd year of high school, in public and private schools located in both urban and rural areas. Results are aggregated for each state of Brazil and for Brazil as a whole.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/><ref name="The Ministry of Education, Brazil"/>


The ''Prova Brasil'' assessment was established in 2005, due to a desire for more detail beyond that included in the SAEB. It expanded the range of results providing data not only for Brazil and Brazilian states, but also for each municipality and school participant. The ''Prova Brasil'' assesses all students in public urban education in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school, public elementary education in state schools, municipal and federal levels of rural and urban schools that have at least 20 students enrolled in the grade assessed{{clarify|This sentence makes my head hurt!|date=April 2011}}.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/><ref name="The Ministry of Education, Brazil"/> The methodology of the two evaluations is the same and they have been used in combination since 2007, but students take one or the other and never both.<ref name="The Ministry of Education, Brazil"/>
The ''Prova Brasil'' assessment was established in 2005, due to a desire for more detail beyond that included in the SAEB. It expanded the range of results providing data not only for Brazil and Brazilian states, but also for each municipality and school participant. The ''Prova Brasil'' assesses all students in public urban education in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school, public elementary education in state schools, municipal and federal levels of rural and urban schools that have at least 20 students enrolled in the grade assessed{{clarify|This sentence makes my head hurt!|date=April 2011}}.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/><ref name="The Ministry of Education, Brazil"/> The methodology of the two evaluations is the same and they have been used in combination since 2007, but students take one or the other and never both.<ref name="The Ministry of Education, Brazil"/>


The results of the SAEB and ''Prova Brasil'' are distributed to the public of Brazil and anyone can view the results online.<ref>{{cite web|title=Results of the SAEB and ''Prova Brasil''|url=http://provabrasil.inep.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=99|publisher=The Ministry of Education, Brazil|accessdate=3 April 2011}}</ref>
The results of the SAEB and ''Prova Brasil'' are distributed to the public of Brazil and anyone can view the results online.<ref>{{cite web |title=Results of the SAEB and ''Prova Brasil'' |url=http://provabrasil.inep.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=99 |publisher=The Ministry of Education, Brazil |access-date=3 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304233028/http://provabrasil.inep.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=99 |archive-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref>


=== Index of Basic Education Quality ===
=== Index of Basic Education Quality ===
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In 2007, the Brazilian [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]] implemented the Index of Basic Education Quality ([[Indice de Desenvolvimento da Educacao Basica]] (IDEB)) to monitor education progress in every school, municipality, state and region of Brazil. The IDEB builds on the SAEB and the ''Prova Brasil'', combining the results of the ''Prova Brasil'' test with data on student enrollments and rates of repetition and graduation to generate an index of school performance for all but the smallest of Brazil's 175,000 primary and secondary schools, 5,000-plus municipal school systems, 26 state systems and the federal district systems.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> The results of IDEB studies are reported twice a year, and receive media coverage. Based upon the findings, the federal government establishes targets for improvement of primary and secondary education across schools.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>
In 2007, the Brazilian [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]] implemented the Index of Basic Education Quality ([[Indice de Desenvolvimento da Educacao Basica]] (IDEB)) to monitor education progress in every school, municipality, state and region of Brazil. The IDEB builds on the SAEB and the ''Prova Brasil'', combining the results of the ''Prova Brasil'' test with data on student enrollments and rates of repetition and graduation to generate an index of school performance for all but the smallest of Brazil's 175,000 primary and secondary schools, 5,000-plus municipal school systems, 26 state systems and the federal district systems.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/> The results of IDEB studies are reported twice a year, and receive media coverage. Based upon the findings, the federal government establishes targets for improvement of primary and secondary education across schools.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>


In the initial years of IDEB's implementation, 2007–2009, it was found that over 70% of municipalities either reached or exceeded targets set by the [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]] and INEP for early primary education.<ref name="The Right to Learn">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=The Right to Learn: Promoting Progress and Reducing Inequalities - The state of children and adolescents in Brazil 2009|url=http://www.unicef.org/brazil/pt/siab_resumo_en.pdf|accessdate=24 April 2011|year=2009}}</ref>
In the initial years of IDEB's implementation, 2007–2009, it was found that over 70% of municipalities either reached or exceeded targets set by the [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]] and INEP for early primary education.<ref name="The Right to Learn">{{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=The Right to Learn: Promoting Progress and Reducing Inequalities - The state of children and adolescents in Brazil 2009|url=http://www.unicef.org/brazil/pt/siab_resumo_en.pdf|access-date=24 April 2011|year=2009}}</ref>


== Educational performance and outcomes ==
== Educational performance and outcomes ==
According to data from the SAEB/Proval Brasil from 1999–2007, there is evidence that educational performance is improving in all regions of Brazil. Performance for the lowest income students has also improved. According to the World Bank, Brazil increased PISA scores more for the lowest income groups than the highest income groups. However, gaps in school attendance and learning levels still remain between different income groups.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>
According to data from the SAEB/Proval Brasil from 1999 to 2007, there is evidence that educational performance is improving in all regions of Brazil. Performance for the lowest income students has also improved. According to the World Bank, Brazil increased PISA scores more for the lowest income groups than the highest income groups. However, gaps in school attendance and learning levels still remain between different income groups.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>


[[File:Center for Scientific Education.jpg|thumb|A Center for Scientific Education in the Central Region (Centro de Educação Cientifica de Serrinha)]]
[[File:Center for Scientific Education.jpg|thumb|A Center for Scientific Education in the Central Region (Centro de Educação Cientifica de Serrinha)]]
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== New developments in policy ==
== New developments in policy ==

=== Raising teacher quality and training ===
=== Raising teacher quality and training ===
The Ministry of Education has begun to introduce new standards for teachers, federally-supported, higher quality teacher training programs and textbook screening and production. Such investment includes programs such as Mais Educacao, and the expansion of the federal technical schools. The federal government has also invested in policies like school-level planning under FUNDESCOLA, multi-grade teaching under Escola Ativa and capacity building for municipal education managers, with PAR.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>
The Ministry of Education has begun to introduce new standards for teachers, federally supported, higher quality teacher training programs and textbook screening and production. Such investment includes programs such as Mais Educacao, and the expansion of the federal technical schools. The federal government has also invested in policies like school-level planning under FUNDESCOLA, multi-grade teaching under Escola Ativa and capacity building for municipal education managers, with PAR.<ref name="Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office 2010"/>


=== Participation of non-governmental organizations ===
=== Participation of non-governmental organizations ===
There are some examples of Brazilian government officials engaging with non-governmental organizations to support or manage teachers and schools:
There are some examples of Brazilian government officials engaging with non-governmental organizations to support or manage teachers and schools:
* Popular Center for Culture and Development took over the administration of the local Secretariat of Education between August 2003 and late 2004 and implemented a variety of new teaching tools in the rural schools of Araçuaí, a poor municipality in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais.<ref name="NGO Partnerships">{{cite web|last=Osava|first=Mario|title=Public Schools Fend Off Invasion of New Ideas|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48427|publisher=IPS|accessdate=4 May 2011}}</ref>
* Popular Center for Culture and Development took over the administration of the local Secretariat of Education between August 2003 and late 2004 and implemented a variety of new teaching tools in the rural schools of Araçuaí, a poor municipality in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais.<ref name="NGO Partnerships">{{cite web |last=Osava |first=Mario |title=Public Schools Fend Off Invasion of New Ideas |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48427 |publisher=IPS |access-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118002840/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48427 |archive-date=18 November 2009 }}</ref>
* In Salvador, capital of the northern state of Bahia, Axé Project got permission in 1999 to create the Barbosa Romeo Municipal School, targeting at-risk youngsters like street kids.<ref name="NGO Partnerships"/>
* In Salvador, capital of the northern state of Bahia, Axé Project got permission in 1999 to create the Barbosa Romeo Municipal School, targeting at-risk youngsters like street kids.<ref name="NGO Partnerships"/>


=== Partnerships with Brazilian companies ===
=== Partnerships with Brazilian companies ===
The presidents of several Brazilian companies, including DPaschoal car parts chain, the Gerdau Group and major banks Itaú, Bradesco and Santander, founded [[All for Education]](See [[Todos Pela Educacao]] in Portuguese),<ref>{{cite web|title=Todospelaeducacao.org.br|url=http://www.todospelaeducacao.org.br|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref> and developed goals for Brazil’s education and monitoring tools with help of U.S. and Brazilian education experts. All for Education engaged academic and media channels to help promote education as a national priority, and according to a poll by CNO/IBOPE education moved from the seventh biggest public concern to second, after crime.<ref name="Education Too Important">{{cite web|last=Oppenheimer|first=Andres|title=Education too important to be left in government hands|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/10/02/1854183/education-too-important-to-be.html|publisher=Miami Herald|accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref>
The presidents of several Brazilian companies, including DPaschoal car parts chain, the Gerdau Group and major banks Itaú, Bradesco and Santander, founded [[All for Education]] (see [[Todos Pela Educacao]] in Portuguese),<ref>{{cite web|title=Todospelaeducacao.org.br|url=http://www.todospelaeducacao.org.br|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> and developed goals for Brazil's education and monitoring tools with help of U.S. and Brazilian education experts. All for Education engaged academic and media channels to help promote education as a national priority, and according to a poll by CNO/IBOPE education moved from the seventh biggest public concern to second, after crime.<ref name="Education Too Important">{{cite web|last=Oppenheimer|first=Andres|title=Education too important to be left in government hands|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/10/02/1854183/education-too-important-to-be.html|publisher=Miami Herald|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>


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== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
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* [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao_Compilado.htm Federal Constitution of Brazil]
* [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao_Compilado.htm Federal Constitution of Brazil]
* [http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleVIII.html Federal Constitution of Brazil (English)]
* [http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleVIII.html Federal Constitution of Brazil (English)]
* [http://provabrasil.inep.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=83&Itemid=100 Legislation Related to Establishment of the ''Prova Brasil'' and SAEB]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100421083336/http://provabrasil.inep.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=83&Itemid=100 Legislation Related to Establishment of the ''Prova Brasil'' and SAEB]
* [http://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/brazil.php#Education Library of Congress, Children's Rights – Education]
* [https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/brazil.php#Education Library of Congress, Children's Rights – Education]
* [http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12907:legislacoes&catid=70&Itemid=265:legislacoes Ministry of Education Website – Links to Education Related Legislation]
* [http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12907:legislacoes&catid=70&Itemid=265:legislacoes Ministry of Education Website – Links to Education Related Legislation]

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Education Policy In Brazil}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Education Policy In Brazil}}
[[Category:Education in Brazil]]
[[Category:Education policy in Brazil| ]]
[[Category:Education policy]]
[[Category:Politics of Brazil]]

Latest revision as of 17:00, 23 June 2024

Education in Brazil
Ministry of Education
Minister of EducationMilton Ribeiro[1]
National education budget (2017)
Budget5.95% of GDP; 15.72% of total government expenditure
General details
Primary languagesPortuguese
System typePublic (Federal,State,Municipal) & Private
Literacy
Total91.73

Education policy in Brazil has been given importance by the federal and local governments since 1995.[2] At that time, the government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso and the Brazilian Ministry of Education began to pursue three areas of national education policy:

According to the World Bank, these national education policies have tracked with global best practice, and implementation has been sustained and effective in improving performance and outcomes of education in Brazil. Though Brazil has made significant strides in improving labor force skills, Brazil is below average with respect to learning levels, secondary completion rates, and student flow efficiency, when compared to OECD and other middle-income countries.[3] In addition, non-attendance rates and drop-out rates have also been on the increase. Moreover, these factors are especially high in lower income areas where the quality of education largely remains below the expected levels.[4] These have been the recent targets of education policy.


Constitutional rights to education

[edit]

The Brazilian federal government legislates direction for national education, develops national educational plans, and provides technical and financial assistance to the states, the Federal District, and to municipalities for the development of educational systems.[5] The Federal Constitution of Brazil outlines the educational rights of Brazilian citizens in Title VIII, Chapter III, Section 1.[6]

  • Education is the right of all and a duty of both the State and families, in cooperation with general society. The aim of education is defined as the full development of a person, qualification for work, and participation as a citizen (article 205).
  • Education will be provided on the basis of I. equal conditions for access to school; II. freedom to learn, teach, research and express thought, art and knowledge; III. pluralism of ideas and coexistence of public/private schools; IV. free public education; V. appreciation of teaching professionals with minimum salaries based on exams and credentials; VI. democratic administration; and VII. guarantee of quality (article 206).
  • Universities are given significant autonomy but have the requirement to comply with non-dissociation of teaching, research and extension (article 207).[clarification needed]
  • The state will fulfill its educational duty by ensuring I. mandatory and free elementary education; II. progressively universal high school education; III. specialized schooling for the handicapped; IV. assistance for early childhood education; V. access to higher education, research and the arts; VI. regular night courses; assistance through supplementary programs for school material, transportation, food, and health (article 208).
  • Teaching is open to private enterprise as long as they comply with rules of national education and are authorized and evaluated by the government (article 209).
  • Minimum curricula will be established for elementary schools to ensure common national education. However, some topics such as religion are optional and Indian communities are able to use their own language and learning methods (article 210).
  • The Union, states, Federal District and municipalities will cooperate to organize educational activities; each governing body will take on a different role (article 211).
  • A minimum percentage of tax revenues – 18% from the Union and 25% from the states, Federal District and municipalities – is to be used towards education through distribution process set out in law. Donations from companies for education are permitted (article 212).
  • Public resources will be allocated to schools and other community, religious or philanthropic schools that channel funds to education, scholarships, or research (article 213).
  • The law will establish a multi-year national educational plan to work towards the eradication of illiteracy, universal school assistance, improved quality, professional training, and humanistic, scientific, and technological advances (article 214).


Education finance equalization policies

[edit]
School in the Northeast of Brazil
Private School in Brazil
Escola Professor José Constantino

To reduce inequality and variation in per student spending between different regions and schools, in 1996, the government introduced and expanded education finance equalization policies, in particular through the creation of FUNDEF (1996–2006) and FUNDEB (2006–present), both of which entailed policies about allocation of education funding and increases in overall funding of education.

FUNDEF

[edit]

The Fund for Maintenance and Development of the Fundamental Education and Valorization of Teaching (Fundo para Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valorização do Magistério (FUNDEF)) was introduced in 1996 to reform the funding of education in Brazil.[7] It was established to make sure that money mandated by the constitution is actually spent on education and to establish a per student spending floor for the whole country.[8] The policy mandated redistribution of funds within states across municipalities, so that all municipalities could reach the per student spending requirement. Additionally, federal government then supplemented spending in states and municipalities that could not afford the national spending floor.[9] Finally, FUNDEF required that 60% of spending go towards teacher salaries and 40% go towards school operations.

In 1998, when FUNDEF was implemented, 30.6 billion reais(R$) were redistributed to six different states. Overall spending increased from approximately 2% of GDP in 1995 to 4% of GDP in 2008. Additionally, teacher salaries increased by an average of 70% in the first few years of implementation.[3] According to research done by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), FUNDEF played an important role in increasing enrollment rates over that period, particularly in small municipalities.[9] It was, however, limited in scope, entailing the investment of funds only to elementary education and expiring in September 2006 when it reached 10 years of creation.[10]

FUNDEB

[edit]

On January 24, 2006, the House of Representatives approved the Proposal for Amendment to the Constitution creating the Fund for the Development of Basic Education and Appreciation of the Teaching Profession (Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização de Profissionais de Educação (FUNDEB)), intended to finance elementary education (kindergarten, preschool, elementary, and high school education).

FUNDEB was made effective for fourteen years and has been gradually implemented. It was formed by allocating 20% of resources from state and federal taxes, and distributed these among each State and Municipality in proportion to the number of students enrolled.[10] FUNDEB entailed committing R$2 billion in the first year, R$2.9 billion in the second year, R$3.7 billion in the third and R$4.5 billion in the fourth year and successive.[10] It extended the financing equalization introduced under FUNDEF to secondary school and pre-school education, in order to ensure funding of basic education for all students in Brazil. FUNDEB also explicitly ensured funding for indigenous communities.[3] As a result, FUNDEB increased the volume of federal funds committed to basic education by ten times, injecting new funds into all the stages of basic education and allocating resources for programs targeted to youth and adults.[11]

The main objective of FUNDEB is to continue to redistribute resources related to education across the country, taking into account the social and economic development of regions.[11] The federal government provides supplementary funds targeted to regions where the investment per student is below the minimum value for each year, allocating funds according to the number of students in basic education based on school census data from the previous year. Additionally, federal, state, and municipal councils, empowered by the Ministry of Education, provide monitoring and control of distribution, transfer and use of program resources.[11]

Conditional cash transfer policies

[edit]

Brazil offers Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) to students, and as of January 2011 has one of the largest CCT programs of any country. The transfers are currently paid to 26% of the population.[12]

Bolsa Escola

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Bolsa Escola is a cash transfer program that provided cash payments to poor families with children ages 6 to 15 in exchange for their enrollment in school and their attendance of at least 85% of school days. The program was first implemented in 1995 by the municipalities of Brasília (the Federal District) and Campinas (in São Paulo State). Within three years, over 50 municipalities in seven states implemented similar programs. After these successful local CCT experiences in the mid-1990s, CCTs gained momentum in Congress,[12] prompting President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's government to create the Federal Bolsa Escola program in April 2001.[13]

By the end of 2001, it had been implemented in 98% of the 5,561 Brazilian municipalities, providing stipends to over 8.2 million children from 4.8 million families, at a cost of over US$700 million. In October 2003, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva unified Bolsa Escola and three other federal cash transfer programs into a single program called Bolsa Família.[14]

Bolsa Família

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Main article: Bolsa Família

Bolsa Família (Family Allowance) is a social welfare program which provides financial aid to poor Brazilian families. Families must ensure that their children attend school and are vaccinated. The program's dual aims are to reduce short-term poverty by direct cash aid, and fight long-term poverty by increasing educational and experiential skills among the poor through conditional cash grants.[15]

The Economist described Bolsa Família as an "anti-poverty scheme invented in South America" (which) "is winning converts worldwide."[16] Bolsa Familia was in 2007 and 2010 the largest conditional cash transfer program in the world, though the Mexican program Oportunidades was the first nationwide program of this kind.[17][18] The Bolsa Familia program was mentioned as one factor contributing to the reduction of poverty in Brazil, which fell 27.7% during the first term in the Lula administration.[19] About 12 million Brazilian families receive funds from Bolsa Família,[17]

Educational measurement

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The National Institute of Educational Studies and Research (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP)) is the assessment arm of the Ministry of Education. It was created in 1990 to collect, process and analyze data on education in Brazil.[20]

The National Assessment of Basic Education and the Prova Brasil

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The National Assessment of Basic Education (Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica (SAEB)) and the Prova Brasil ("Test of Brazil") are two exams that make up the Evaluation System of Basic Education in Brazil.[3]

The SAEB was the first national Brazilian initiative to measure the Brazilian educational system in depth. It was developed in the late 1980s and was first applied in 1990. In 1995, SAEB was restructured to allow for performance comparison from year to year. Since the first assessment, it has provided data on the quality of the educational systems of Brazil as a whole, geographic regions and the federal units (states and Federal Districts).[21] The SAEB is carried out by INEP / Ministry of Education every two years. Tests on the Portuguese language and mathematics are taken by a sample of students enrolled in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school and also the 3rd year of high school, in public and private schools located in both urban and rural areas. Results are aggregated for each state of Brazil and for Brazil as a whole.[3][21]

The Prova Brasil assessment was established in 2005, due to a desire for more detail beyond that included in the SAEB. It expanded the range of results providing data not only for Brazil and Brazilian states, but also for each municipality and school participant. The Prova Brasil assesses all students in public urban education in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school, public elementary education in state schools, municipal and federal levels of rural and urban schools that have at least 20 students enrolled in the grade assessed[clarification needed].[3][21] The methodology of the two evaluations is the same and they have been used in combination since 2007, but students take one or the other and never both.[21]

The results of the SAEB and Prova Brasil are distributed to the public of Brazil and anyone can view the results online.[22]

Index of Basic Education Quality

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In 2007, the Brazilian Ministry of Education implemented the Index of Basic Education Quality (Indice de Desenvolvimento da Educacao Basica (IDEB)) to monitor education progress in every school, municipality, state and region of Brazil. The IDEB builds on the SAEB and the Prova Brasil, combining the results of the Prova Brasil test with data on student enrollments and rates of repetition and graduation to generate an index of school performance for all but the smallest of Brazil's 175,000 primary and secondary schools, 5,000-plus municipal school systems, 26 state systems and the federal district systems.[3] The results of IDEB studies are reported twice a year, and receive media coverage. Based upon the findings, the federal government establishes targets for improvement of primary and secondary education across schools.[3]

In the initial years of IDEB's implementation, 2007–2009, it was found that over 70% of municipalities either reached or exceeded targets set by the Ministry of Education and INEP for early primary education.[23]

Educational performance and outcomes

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According to data from the SAEB/Proval Brasil from 1999 to 2007, there is evidence that educational performance is improving in all regions of Brazil. Performance for the lowest income students has also improved. According to the World Bank, Brazil increased PISA scores more for the lowest income groups than the highest income groups. However, gaps in school attendance and learning levels still remain between different income groups.[3]

A Center for Scientific Education in the Central Region (Centro de Educação Cientifica de Serrinha)

PISA learning outcomes

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The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) test is designed to measure trends in countries' average student scores over time, relative to a mean score of 500 achieved by the OECD countries as a group in the year 2000.

Brazil has participated in PISA since 2000. Brazil had the strongest improvement in math and 3rd largest improvement overall (after Luxembourg and Chile) between 2000 and 2009 on PISA, but its absolute scores are still low compared to other participants. For example, 60% of students still scored below 400-showing that they lacked basic numeracy skills—compared with 14% across the OECD and 3-5% in top performing countries Shanghai and Korea. Additionally, Brazil falls behind others in the LAC (Latin American and Caribbean) region, including Chile, Uruguay and Mexico; and LAC countries as a whole trail the OECD average performance.[3] According to the World Bank, "The gap in math skills between the average student in Shanghai and the average Brazilian student is approximately 5 school years."[3]

Student attendance

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Students at a Northeast Municipality School: Escola Coronel José Domingos

After the expansion in education policies, enrollment rates in primary and lower-secondary education have increased. The percentage of children who finish primary education has increased from 42% to 71%, and the percentage of children who complete secondary school has increased from 28% to 55%.[3] Additionally, in 1993 secondary education was often attained only when students came from parents who had attained secondary education. As of 2009, students complete between 9 and 11 years of schooling regardless of the schooling level of their parents, which ranges from 0–10 years. According to the 2007 National Household Sample Survey carried out by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE), 97.6% of children between 7 and 14 years old are in school, 27 million students. Children that are not in school tend to belong to afro-descendent, indigenous and quilombola or poor communities, as well as children with disabilities or at-risk youth.[23]

Non-attendance in schools is still a concern in parts of the country. As per estimates given by the IBGE, in more wealthy states, 95% of the children enroll from the beginning. However, in lower income regions, the rate of children enrolling at the beginning is recorded between 60% and 80%. According to a UNICEF survey, 35% of children complete fifth grade education in Brazil.[clarification needed][2]


New developments in policy

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Raising teacher quality and training

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The Ministry of Education has begun to introduce new standards for teachers, federally supported, higher quality teacher training programs and textbook screening and production. Such investment includes programs such as Mais Educacao, and the expansion of the federal technical schools. The federal government has also invested in policies like school-level planning under FUNDESCOLA, multi-grade teaching under Escola Ativa and capacity building for municipal education managers, with PAR.[3]

Participation of non-governmental organizations

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There are some examples of Brazilian government officials engaging with non-governmental organizations to support or manage teachers and schools:

  • Popular Center for Culture and Development took over the administration of the local Secretariat of Education between August 2003 and late 2004 and implemented a variety of new teaching tools in the rural schools of Araçuaí, a poor municipality in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais.[24]
  • In Salvador, capital of the northern state of Bahia, Axé Project got permission in 1999 to create the Barbosa Romeo Municipal School, targeting at-risk youngsters like street kids.[24]

Partnerships with Brazilian companies

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The presidents of several Brazilian companies, including DPaschoal car parts chain, the Gerdau Group and major banks Itaú, Bradesco and Santander, founded All for Education (see Todos Pela Educacao in Portuguese),[25] and developed goals for Brazil's education and monitoring tools with help of U.S. and Brazilian education experts. All for Education engaged academic and media channels to help promote education as a national priority, and according to a poll by CNO/IBOPE education moved from the seventh biggest public concern to second, after crime.[26]


See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Ministros de Estado". Governo do Brasil. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Country Analysis Report: Brazil - In-depth PESTLE Insights". DataMonitor: 66. May 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Human Development Sector Management Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office (21 December 2010). "Achieving World Class Education in Brazil: The Next Agenda" (PDF). The World Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  4. ^ "Country Analysis Report: Brazil - In-depth PESTLE Insights". DataMonitor: 23. May 2010.
  5. ^ United Nations. "BRAZIL - EDUCATION". Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  6. ^ "Federal Constitution of Brazil (English Translation), Title VIII".
  7. ^ Menezes-Filho, Naercio. "Evaluating the Effects of FUNDEF on Wages and Test Scores in Brazil" (PDF).
  8. ^ Schwartzman, Simon (26 February 2003). "The Challenges of Education in Brazil" (PDF). Version 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19.
  9. ^ a b Luiz de Mello & Mombert Hoppe (4 April 2005). "Education attainment in Brazil: the experience of FUNDEF". ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT WORKING PAPERS No.424. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  10. ^ a b c "Federal Public Service: External Disclosure for EDITORA SARAIVA" (PDF). 31 December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06.
  11. ^ a b c "FUNDEB". Ministry of Education.
  12. ^ a b Britto, Tatiana and Fábio Veras Soares. "Conditional Cash Transfers and the Basic Income: Will they ever Merge?" (PDF). International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  13. ^ Glewwe, Paul; Anna Lucia Kassouf (August 2010). "The Impact of Bolsa Escola/Familia Conditional Transfer Program on Enrollment, Dropout Rates and Grade Promotion in Brazil" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20.
  14. ^ De Janvry, Alain; Frederico Finan; Elizabeth Sadoulet; Donald Nelson; Kathy Lindert; Benedicte de la Briere; Peter Lanjouw (December 2005). "Brazil's Bolsa Escola Program: The Role of Local Governance in Decentralized Implementation" (PDF). The World Bank.
  15. ^ "Decree n° 5.209, de 17 de setembro de 2004 – Regulates a Law-010.836-2004 – Bolsa Família Program". Archived from the original on 2012-10-29.
  16. ^ "Happy families: An anti-poverty scheme invented in South America is winning converts worldwide". MACEIÓ: The Economist. Feb 7, 2008.
  17. ^ a b Duffy, Gary (25 May 2010). "Family friendly: Brazil's scheme to tackle poverty". BBC News.
  18. ^ "Bolsa Família: Changing the Lives of Millions in Brazil". The World Bank. Aug 22, 2007.
  19. ^ "BRANDÃO JR., Nilson Brandão e ARAGÃO, Marianna. Miséria no Brasil cai 27,7% no 1° mandato de Lula, Economia e Negócios, O Estado de S. Paulo, 20/09/2007, p. B14". Archived from the original on 2009-02-02.
  20. ^ Ministry of Education. "Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira INEP". Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  21. ^ a b c d "The History of the Prova Brasil and SAEB". The Ministry of Education, Brazil. Archived from the original on 14 November 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  22. ^ "Results of the SAEB and Prova Brasil". The Ministry of Education, Brazil. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  23. ^ a b UNICEF (2009). "The Right to Learn: Promoting Progress and Reducing Inequalities - The state of children and adolescents in Brazil 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  24. ^ a b Osava, Mario. "Public Schools Fend Off Invasion of New Ideas". IPS. Archived from the original on 18 November 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  25. ^ "Todospelaeducacao.org.br". Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  26. ^ Oppenheimer, Andres. "Education too important to be left in government hands". Miami Herald. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
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