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{{short description| |
{{short description|Woven cloth, blend of silk and cotton}} |
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[[File:Weeks Edwin The Silk Merchants.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Silk merchants in the 19th century]] |
[[File:Weeks Edwin The Silk Merchants.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Silk merchants in the 19th century]] |
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'''Mashru''' ( |
'''Mashru''' (also historically spelled '''mashroo''', '''misru''', '''mushroo''' or '''mushru''') is a woven cloth that is a [[Blend (textile)|blend]] of [[silk]] and [[cotton]]. It was historically a hand-woven [[satin]] silk fabric variety found in the [[Indian subcontinent]], and its proper use is described in the 16th-century ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Mashru is explicitly mentioned in the administrative document, the ''Ain-i-Akbari'', of the 16th-century [[Mughal Empire]], under silken kinds of stuff: "...the ordinary orthodox Muslim was only anxious to wear clothes of simple material like linen and to avoid silk, velvet, brocade, or fur and coloured ... Mashru."<ref name="AiA"/> Mixed silk |
Mashru is explicitly mentioned in the administrative document, the ''Ain-i-Akbari'', of the 16th-century [[Mughal Empire]], under silken kinds of stuff: "... the ordinary orthodox Muslim was only anxious to wear clothes of simple material like linen and to avoid silk, velvet, brocade, or fur and coloured ... Mashru."<ref name="AiA"/> Mixed silk-and-cotton textiles were worn, because, by canon, a Muslim must not wear a dress of pure silk.<ref name="AiA">61 ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Blochmann, I, 89". See [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=M ''A Social History of Islamic India'']; Yasin, Mohammad; via: books.google.co.in; (1958); p. 39</ref> Varieties containing silk and cotton admixtures gained greater currency in the empire, more particularly after the issuance of the ''Ain-i-Akbari''.<ref name="Journal">[https://books.google.com/books?id=O8gnAQAAIAAJ&q=M ''Indian Journal of History of Science'']; Volumes 17-18; p. 120</ref> During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], Mashru was used for the [[costume]]s of [[courtier]]s and nobles.<ref>{{Cite book | last=General| first=India Office of the Registrar| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErzUAAAAMAAJ| title=Census of India, 1961: Gujarat| date=1962| publisher=Manager of Publications| isbn=| location=| pages=66| language=en}}</ref> Mashru is presumed to be an Indian innovation.<ref name="Journal"/> |
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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
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The word ''mashru'' means 'permitted', derived from ''mashry'' in [[Arabic]], and ''misry'' (or ''misru'') refers to a mixture in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book | last=| first=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7BMAQAAMAAJ| title=Textiles and Dress of India: Socio-economic, Environmental and Symbolic Significance| date=1992| publisher=University of Minnesota| isbn=| location=| pages=69| language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book | last1=Gillow| first1=John| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=647rAAAAMAAJ| title=Indian Textiles| last2=Barnard| first2=Nicholas| date=2008| publisher=Thames & Hudson| isbn=978-0-500-51432-0| location=| pages=98| language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jas"/> In India, Mashru is also known under such names as bandha, patolu, telia rumal, chitki, or simply tie. These names generally mean 'permitted', but it is also related to the Sanskrit word misru, meaning 'mixed'.<ref>Museum für Völkerkunde und Schweizerisches Museum für Volkskunde Basel, Marie-Louise Nabholz-Kartaschoff · 1986; [https://books.google.com/books?id=XzbrAAAAMAAJ&q=The+word+Mashru+means+permitted+in+Arabic article]</ref> |
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== Texture and types == |
== Texture and types == |
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=== Production and texture === |
=== Production and texture === |
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Mashru has been primarily produced in [[Punjab]], and [[Western India|western |
Mashru has been primarily produced in [[Punjab]], [[Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bühler |first1=Alfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlZQAAAAMAAJ&q=mashru+sindh |title=Indian Tie-dyed Fabrics |last2=Fischer |first2=Eberhard |date=1980 |publisher=Calico Museum of Textiles |language=en}}</ref> and [[Western India|western parts of India]].<ref>{{Cite book | last=Mukhopādhyāẏa| first=Trailokyanātha| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3QTAAAAQAAJ| title=Art-manufactures of India: Specially Compiled for the Glasgow International Exhibition, 1888| date=1888| publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing| isbn=| location=| pages=347| language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book | last=MATHEWS| first=KOLANJIKOMBIL | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkqoDwAAQBAJ| title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Textile Terms: Four Volume Set| date=2017| publisher=Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited| isbn=978-93-85059-66-7| location=| pages=912| language=en}}</ref><ref name="PRCola">{{Cite book | last=Cola| first=P. R.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJABAAAAQAAJ| title=How to Develop a Productive Industry in India and the East: Mills and Factories for Ginning, Spinning, and Weaving Cotton... | date=1867| publisher=Virtue and Company| isbn=| location=| pages=328| language=en}}</ref> It is a double-layered material with a thick cotton base and covered with an almost single stranded silken warp and woof. Mashru is a stout, silken, [[Warp and weft|warp]]-faced fabric textile with a [[variegated]] pattern. In its weaving, the loom brings the cotton yarn down and the silk fibers up. This produces a cloth that exhibits a silk face and cotton backing.<ref name="Henry">{{Cite book | last1=Yule| first1=Sir Henry| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC| title=Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary| last2=Burnell| first2=Arthur Coke| date=1996| publisher=Wordsworth Editions| isbn=978-1-85326-363-7| location=| pages=707| language=en}}</ref> Hence it was a mix of silk and cotton, although with a satin finish. The result is a thick and heavy cloth with less lustrous and feminine-like pure silk.<ref name="Henry"/> |
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=== Types === |
=== Types === |
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Mashru with silk face and cotton inside was useful for various dresses and household items.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="PRCola"/> |
Mashru with silk face and cotton inside was useful for various dresses and household items.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="PRCola"/> Indigenous mashru was famous for its strength and aesthetics. "All 'Mushroos' wash well, especially the finer kinds..."<ref name="PRCola"/> There are varieties of mashru clothes, including [[Gulbadan (silk cloth)|gulbadan]] and sufi. Superior kinds of material are categorized as mashru; and lower quality are called [[Sangi (cloth)|sangi]].<ref>{{Cite book | last=Mukhopādhyāẏa| first=Trailokyanātha| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3QTAAAAQAAJ| title=Art-manufactures of India: Specially Compiled for the Glasgow International Exhibition, 1888| date=1888| publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing| pages=338| language=en}}</ref> Mashru is less expensive than pure silk.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book | last=Baden-Powell| first=Baden Henry| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnAIAAAAQAAJ| title=Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab...| date=1872| publisher=Printed at the Thomason Civil Engineering College Press| isbn=| location=| pages=64, 65| language=en}}</ref> |
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== Religious admonition == |
== Religious admonition == |
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The wearing of pure silk, particularly next to the skin, was widely held to be an impious luxury for good Muslims. "Pure silk is not allowed to men, but women may wear the most sumptuous silk fabrics"<ref>''Yusuf Ali'', ''op. cit.'' 90, ''seq.''</ref><ref name="Henry" /> Unlike pure silk, the blend was lawful. Hence, it was an acceptable and popular type of cloth among Muslim men in northern India and Pakistan. A similar type of cloth called ''kutnu'' was found in the [[Near East]].<ref name="AiA"/> "The ikat velvet pieces which have been located so far and can be identified as Indian are similar in style to the mashru being woven in western India ... for the basic foundation and this may have been prepared specially for the conservative Muslim who did not use silk thread. 19 ''Ain-i-Akbari'' also mentions that Akbar received textiles signed by Giyatyad - Din Ali Naqshband.<ref>[https:// |
The wearing of pure silk, particularly next to the skin, was widely held to be an impious luxury for good Muslims. "Pure silk is not allowed to men, but women may wear the most sumptuous silk fabrics"<ref>''Yusuf Ali'', ''op. cit.'' 90, ''seq.''</ref><ref name="Henry" /> Unlike pure silk, the [[Blend (textile)|blend]] was lawful. Hence, it was an acceptable and popular type of cloth among Muslim men in northern India and Pakistan. A similar type of cloth called ''kutnu'' was found in the [[Near East]].<ref name="AiA"/> "The ikat velvet pieces which have been located so far and can be identified as Indian are similar in style to the mashru being woven in western India ... for the basic foundation and this may have been prepared specially for the conservative Muslim who did not use silk thread. 19 ''Ain-i-Akbari'' also mentions that Akbar received textiles signed by Giyatyad - Din Ali Naqshband.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2VQAAAAMAAJ&q=M Handwoven Fabrics of India]; p. 56</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2VQAAAAMAAJ&q=M Jasleen Dhamija, Jyotindra Jain]; 1989</ref><ref name="Crill">{{Cite book | last=Crill| first=Rosemary| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85_pAAAAMAAJ| title=Textiles from India: The Global Trade... | date=2006| publisher=Seagull Books| isbn=978-1-905422-17-3| location=Conference on the Indian Textile Trade, Kolkata, 12-14 October 2003 | pages=331| language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jas">{{Cite book | last=Dhamija| first=Jasleen| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIfWAAAAMAAJ| title=Woven Magic: The Affinitity [sic] Between Indian and Indonesian Textiles| date=2002| publisher=Dian Rakyat| isbn=978-979-523-567-5| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Jadia| first=Umesh| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC9uAAAAMAAJ| title=Kachchh: An Introduction to the Historical Places, Textile Embroideries, Arts & Crafts Etc. of Kachchh| date=1999| publisher=Radhey Screen Printing| isbn=| location=| pages=28| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Clothing| url=http://char.txa.cornell.edu/islamicclothes.htm| access-date=2021-02-17| website=char.txa.cornell.edu}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Alacha]] |
* [[Alacha]] |
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* [[Gulbadan (silk cloth)]] |
* [[Gulbadan (silk cloth)]] |
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* [[Garbi cloth]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Punjab, Pakistan}} |
{{Punjab, Pakistan}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mashru}} |
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[[Category:Silk]] |
[[Category:Silk]] |
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[[Category:Cotton]] |
[[Category:Cotton]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:27, 23 June 2024
Mashru (also historically spelled mashroo, misru, mushroo or mushru) is a woven cloth that is a blend of silk and cotton. It was historically a hand-woven satin silk fabric variety found in the Indian subcontinent, and its proper use is described in the 16th-century Ain-i-Akbari.
History
[edit]Mashru is explicitly mentioned in the administrative document, the Ain-i-Akbari, of the 16th-century Mughal Empire, under silken kinds of stuff: "... the ordinary orthodox Muslim was only anxious to wear clothes of simple material like linen and to avoid silk, velvet, brocade, or fur and coloured ... Mashru."[1] Mixed silk-and-cotton textiles were worn, because, by canon, a Muslim must not wear a dress of pure silk.[1] Varieties containing silk and cotton admixtures gained greater currency in the empire, more particularly after the issuance of the Ain-i-Akbari.[2] During the Mughal period, Mashru was used for the costumes of courtiers and nobles.[3] Mashru is presumed to be an Indian innovation.[2]
Etymology
[edit]The word mashru means 'permitted', derived from mashry in Arabic, and misry (or misru) refers to a mixture in Sanskrit.[4][5][6] In India, Mashru is also known under such names as bandha, patolu, telia rumal, chitki, or simply tie. These names generally mean 'permitted', but it is also related to the Sanskrit word misru, meaning 'mixed'.[7]
Texture and types
[edit]Production and texture
[edit]Mashru has been primarily produced in Punjab, Sindh[8] and western parts of India.[9][10][11] It is a double-layered material with a thick cotton base and covered with an almost single stranded silken warp and woof. Mashru is a stout, silken, warp-faced fabric textile with a variegated pattern. In its weaving, the loom brings the cotton yarn down and the silk fibers up. This produces a cloth that exhibits a silk face and cotton backing.[12] Hence it was a mix of silk and cotton, although with a satin finish. The result is a thick and heavy cloth with less lustrous and feminine-like pure silk.[12]
Types
[edit]Mashru with silk face and cotton inside was useful for various dresses and household items.[10][11] Indigenous mashru was famous for its strength and aesthetics. "All 'Mushroos' wash well, especially the finer kinds..."[11] There are varieties of mashru clothes, including gulbadan and sufi. Superior kinds of material are categorized as mashru; and lower quality are called sangi.[13] Mashru is less expensive than pure silk.[14]
Religious admonition
[edit]The wearing of pure silk, particularly next to the skin, was widely held to be an impious luxury for good Muslims. "Pure silk is not allowed to men, but women may wear the most sumptuous silk fabrics"[15][12] Unlike pure silk, the blend was lawful. Hence, it was an acceptable and popular type of cloth among Muslim men in northern India and Pakistan. A similar type of cloth called kutnu was found in the Near East.[1] "The ikat velvet pieces which have been located so far and can be identified as Indian are similar in style to the mashru being woven in western India ... for the basic foundation and this may have been prepared specially for the conservative Muslim who did not use silk thread. 19 Ain-i-Akbari also mentions that Akbar received textiles signed by Giyatyad - Din Ali Naqshband.[16][17][18][6][19][20]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c 61 Ain-i-Akbari, Blochmann, I, 89". See A Social History of Islamic India; Yasin, Mohammad; via: books.google.co.in; (1958); p. 39
- ^ a b Indian Journal of History of Science; Volumes 17-18; p. 120
- ^ General, India Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961: Gujarat. Manager of Publications. p. 66.
- ^ Textiles and Dress of India: Socio-economic, Environmental and Symbolic Significance. University of Minnesota. 1992. p. 69.
- ^ Gillow, John; Barnard, Nicholas (2008). Indian Textiles. Thames & Hudson. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-500-51432-0.
- ^ a b Dhamija, Jasleen (2002). Woven Magic: The Affinitity [sic] Between Indian and Indonesian Textiles. Dian Rakyat. ISBN 978-979-523-567-5.
- ^ Museum für Völkerkunde und Schweizerisches Museum für Volkskunde Basel, Marie-Louise Nabholz-Kartaschoff · 1986; article
- ^ Bühler, Alfred; Fischer, Eberhard (1980). Indian Tie-dyed Fabrics. Calico Museum of Textiles.
- ^ Mukhopādhyāẏa, Trailokyanātha (1888). Art-manufactures of India: Specially Compiled for the Glasgow International Exhibition, 1888. Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 347.
- ^ a b MATHEWS, KOLANJIKOMBIL (2017). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Textile Terms: Four Volume Set. Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 912. ISBN 978-93-85059-66-7.
- ^ a b c Cola, P. R. (1867). How to Develop a Productive Industry in India and the East: Mills and Factories for Ginning, Spinning, and Weaving Cotton... Virtue and Company. p. 328.
- ^ a b c Yule, Sir Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1996). Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Wordsworth Editions. p. 707. ISBN 978-1-85326-363-7.
- ^ Mukhopādhyāẏa, Trailokyanātha (1888). Art-manufactures of India: Specially Compiled for the Glasgow International Exhibition, 1888. Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 338.
- ^ Baden-Powell, Baden Henry (1872). Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab... Printed at the Thomason Civil Engineering College Press. pp. 64, 65.
- ^ Yusuf Ali, op. cit. 90, seq.
- ^ Handwoven Fabrics of India; p. 56
- ^ Jasleen Dhamija, Jyotindra Jain; 1989
- ^ Crill, Rosemary (2006). Textiles from India: The Global Trade... Conference on the Indian Textile Trade, Kolkata, 12-14 October 2003: Seagull Books. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-905422-17-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Jadia, Umesh (1999). Kachchh: An Introduction to the Historical Places, Textile Embroideries, Arts & Crafts Etc. of Kachchh. Radhey Screen Printing. p. 28.
- ^ "Clothing". char.txa.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
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