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{{use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ulanhu
| name = Ulanhu
| native_name = {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠦᠦ}}<br />{{lang|zh-Hans-CN|乌兰夫}}
| native_name = {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠦᠦ}}<br />{{nobold|乌兰夫}}
| image = Ulanhu1955.jpg
| image = Ulanhu1955.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption = PLA General Ulanhu in 1955
| caption = Ulanhu in 1955
| order = 3rd [[List of Vice Presidents of the People's Republic of China|Vice President of the People's Republic of China]]
| order = [[Vice President of China]]
| term = 15 March 1983 – 15 March 1988
| term_start = 15 March 1983
| predecessor = [[Soong Ching-ling]] and [[Dong Biwu]] (until 1972)<br /> ''vacant''
| term_end = 15 March 1988
| predecessor = [[Soong Ching-ling]] and [[Dong Biwu]] (until 1972)<br /> ''vacant''
| successor = [[Wang Zhen (general)|Wang Zhen]]
| successor = [[Wang Zhen (general)|Wang Zhen]]
| president = [[Li Xiannian]]
| president = [[Li Xiannian]]
| leader = [[Deng Xiaoping]]
| leader = [[Deng Xiaoping]]
| order1 = Head of the [[United Front Work Department]]
| birth_date = 23 December 1907
| term_start1 = 2 June 1977
⚫
| birth_place = [[Tumed Left Banner]], [[Suiyuan]], [[Qing dynasty]]<br><small>(present-day [[Hohhot]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[China]])</small>
| term_end1 = 26 April 1982
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1988|12|8|1907|12|23}}
| death_place = [[Beijing]], [[China]]
| predecessor1 = [[Li Dazhang]]
| party = [[Communist Party of China]]
| successor1 = [[Yang Jingren]]
| spouse = Yun Liren
| birth_date = 23 December 1907
⚫
| birth_place = [[Tumed Left Banner]], [[Suiyuan]], [[Qing dynasty]]<br><small>(present-day [[Hohhot]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[China]])</small>
⚫
| relations =
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1988|12|8|1907|12|23}}
⚫
| alma_mater = [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]]
| death_place = [[Beijing]], [[China]]
| party = [[Chinese Communist Party]]
| spouse = Yun Liren
⚫
| relations =
⚫
| alma_mater = [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]]
| native_name_lang =
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
{{Infobox Chinese
| s = {{linktext|乌|兰|夫}}
| s = {{linktext|乌|兰|夫}}
| t = {{linktext|烏|蘭|夫}}
| t = {{linktext|烏|蘭|夫}}
| p = Wūlánfū
| p = Wūlánfū
| mon = Улаанхүү
| mon = Улаанхүү
| mong = {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠦᠦ}}
| mong = {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠦᠦ}}
| monr = Ulaγan Hüü
| monr = Ulaγan Hüü
| l = Red son (in Mongolian)
| l = Red son (in Mongolian)
| altname = Chinese name
| altname = Chinese name
| s2 = {{linktext|云|泽}}
| s2 = {{linktext|云|泽}}
| t2 = {{linktext|雲|澤}}
| t2 = {{linktext|雲|澤}}
| p2 = Yún Zé
| p2 = Yún Zé
}}
}}


'''Ulanhu''' or '''Ulanfu''' ({{Lang-zh|c=乌兰夫|p=Wūlánfū}} 23 December 1907 – 8 December 1988), born '''Yun Ze''' ({{Lang-zh|c=云泽}}),<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pirie|first1=Fernanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lO55DwAAQBAJ&dq=yun+ze+original+name+ulanhu&pg=PA95|title=Conflict and Social Order in Tibet and Inner Asia|last2=Huber|first2=Toni|date=2008-07-31|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-4259-2|language=en}}</ref> was the founding Chairman of China's [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]], serving from 1947 to 1966.
'''Ulanhu''' or '''Ulanfu''' ({{Lang-zh|c=乌兰夫|p=Wūlánfū}}; 23 December 1907 – 8 December 1988), born '''Yun Ze''' ({{Lang-zh|c=云泽}}),<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pirie|first1=Fernanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lO55DwAAQBAJ&dq=yun+ze+original+name+ulanhu&pg=PA95|title=Conflict and Social Order in Tibet and Inner Asia|last2=Huber|first2=Toni|date=2008-07-31|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-4259-2|language=en}}</ref> was the founding Chairman of China's [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]], serving from 1947 to 1966.


An ethnic [[Tumed|Tumed Mongol]], he took the [[nom de guerre]] Ulanhu ({{Lit|Red son}})<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pirie|first1=Fernanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lO55DwAAQBAJ&dq=yun+ze+original+name+ulanhu&pg=PA95|title=Conflict and Social Order in Tibet and Inner Asia|last2=Huber|first2=Toni|date=2008-07-31|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-4259-2|language=en}}</ref> and had the nickname of "Mongol Prince” during his political career. He served as Vice-Premier between 1956 and 1966. He was purged during the [[Cultural Revolution]] but later reinstated. Between 1983 and 1988 he held the office of [[Vice President of the People's Republic of China]].
An ethnic [[Tumed|Tumed Mongol]], he took the [[nom de guerre]] Ulanhu ({{Lit|Red son}})<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pirie|first1=Fernanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lO55DwAAQBAJ&dq=yun+ze+original+name+ulanhu&pg=PA95|title=Conflict and Social Order in Tibet and Inner Asia|last2=Huber|first2=Toni|date=2008-07-31|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-4259-2|language=en}}</ref> and had the nickname of "Mongol Prince” during his political career. He served as Vice-Premier between 1956 and 1966. He was purged during the [[Cultural Revolution]] but later reinstated. Between 1983 and 1988 he held the office of [[Vice President of China]].


Ulanhu was the highest-ranking minority official in PRC history, and became an icon of loyalty both to the Mongolian people and to the PRC.<ref name="GriesRosen2004">{{cite book |last1=Gries |first1 = Peter Hays |last2=Rosen |first2=Stanley |title = State and Society in 21st Century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CG-OgkVxaAAC&pg=PA228 |year=2004 |publisher = Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-33204-0 |page=228 }}</ref> Except for the period of the Cultural Revolution, his family dominated the politics of Inner Mongolia.<ref name="Bulag2002">{{cite book |last=Bulag |first = Uradyn Erden |title = The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA213 |year=2002 |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6 |pages=213–4 }}</ref> His son [[Buhe (politician)|Buhe]] served as Chairman of Inner Mongolia for a decade, and his granddaughter [[Bu Xiaolin]] was appointed to the same position in 2016.
Ulanhu was the highest-ranking minority official in PRC history, and became an icon of loyalty both to the Mongolian people and to the PRC.<ref name="GriesRosen2004">{{cite book |last1=Gries |first1 = Peter Hays |last2=Rosen |first2=Stanley |title = State and Society in 21st Century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CG-OgkVxaAAC&pg=PA228 |year=2004 |publisher = Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-33204-0 |page=228 }}</ref> Except for the period of the Cultural Revolution, his family dominated the politics of Inner Mongolia.<ref name="Bulag2002">{{cite book |last=Bulag |first = Uradyn Erden |title = The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&pg=PA213 |year=2002 |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6 |pages=213–4 }}</ref> His son [[Buhe (politician)|Buhe]] served as Chairman of Inner Mongolia for a decade, and his granddaughter [[Bu Xiaolin]] was appointed to the same position in 2016.


== Early career ==
== Early career ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
Born in [[Tumed Left Banner]], just outside the city of [[Hohhot]], Ulanhu was the child of herders. He went to elementary school in his hometown, and went on to study at the Mongolian-Tibetan College of Beiping (now Beijing). He joined the Socialist Youth League of China (later renamed [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]]) in 1924, intending to become communist revolutionary. In 1925, he joined the [[Communist Party of China]] and was sent to [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]] in the Soviet Union to study Marxism. In Moscow, Ulanhu shared a desk with [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], the son of [[Chiang Kai-shek]].
Born in [[Tumed Left Banner]], just outside the city of [[Hohhot]], Ulanhu was the child of herders. He went to elementary school in his hometown, and went on to study at the Mongolian-Tibetan College of Beiping (now Beijing). He joined the Socialist Youth League of China (later renamed [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]]) in 1924, intending to become communist revolutionary. In 1925, he joined the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and was sent to [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]] in the Soviet Union to study Marxism. In Moscow, Ulanhu shared a desk with [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], the son of [[Chiang Kai-shek]].


In 1929, when he returned from his studies, Ulanhu began organizing communist rallies in Mongolia, and was appointed a Committee Member of the CPC's West-Mongolia Working Committee. In 1931, Ulanhu was chosen to run the military and intelligence offices in Mongolia, serving in Ikh Juu League (now the city of [[Ordos (city)|Ordos]]). During the [[Second World War]], Ulanhu led his forces to stop the Japanese from advancing towards [[Hohhot]] and led his officers to march to northern Shaanxi where he continued battling against the Japanese forces. In August 1941, he arrived at the revolutionary base of [[Yan'an]] to work on ethnic affairs.
In 1929, when he returned from his studies, Ulanhu began organizing communist rallies in Mongolia, and was appointed a Committee Member of the CCP's West-Mongolia Working Committee. In 1931, Ulanhu was chosen to run the military and intelligence offices in Mongolia, serving in Ikh Juu League (now the city of [[Ordos (city)|Ordos]]). During the [[Second World War]], Ulanhu led his forces to stop the Japanese from advancing towards Hohhot and led his officers to march to northern Shaanxi where he continued battling against the Japanese forces. In August 1941, he arrived at the revolutionary base of [[Yan'an]] to work on ethnic affairs.


[[File:Ulanhu at ww2.jpg|thumb|Ulanhu during his days as a Communist revolutionary|160px]]
[[File:Ulanhu at ww2.jpg|thumb|Ulanhu during his days as a Communist revolutionary|160px]]


== Civil war ==
== Civil war ==
During the Chinese Civil War, Ulanhu was one of the commanders of the [[Pingjin Campaign]] and the [[Liaoshen Campaign]], he also led his Communist forces to destroy the local bandits and anti-communist forces in Mongolia. Ulanhu was instrumental in bringing Inner Mongolia under the control of the Communist Party of China and was elected the Acting Governor and founding Chairman of the Autonomous Government of Inner Mongolia in 1947. Inner Mongolia was the first of five recognized autonomous regions in China. In September 1954, Ulanhu was named Vice-Premier, ranking eighth.
During the Chinese Civil War, Ulanhu was one of the commanders of the [[Pingjin Campaign]] and the [[Liaoshen Campaign]], he also led his Communist forces to destroy the local bandits and anti-communist forces in Mongolia. Ulanhu was instrumental in bringing Inner Mongolia under the control of the Chinese Communist Party and was elected the Acting Governor and founding Chairman of the Autonomous Government of Inner Mongolia in 1947. Inner Mongolia was the first of five recognized autonomous regions in China.{{cn|date=April 2024}}


== Early PRC ==
⚫
In 1955 he was awarded the rank of General (''[[Jiang (rank)|shangjiang]]''), becoming one of only 57 generals bestowed the honour of being a "founding general" of the People's Republic. He served as [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|Party Committee Secretary]] and [[Politics of Inner Mongolia|regional government]] chairman of Inner Mongolia from the region's founding to 1966.
In September 1954, Ulanhu was named Vice-Premier, ranking eighth.

⚫
In 1955 he was awarded the rank of General (''[[Jiang (rank)|shangjiang]]''), becoming one of only 57 generals bestowed the honour of being a "founding general" of the People's Republic. He served as [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|Party Committee Secretary]] and [[Politics of Inner Mongolia|regional government]] chairman of Inner Mongolia from the region's founding to 1966.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

During the [[Great Leap Forward]], Ulanhu delayed ''de facto'' communization in Mongol pastoral areas.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Harrell |first=Stevan |title=An Ecological History of Modern China |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780295751719 |location=Seattle}}</ref>{{Rp|page=134}} Traditional forms of herd management remained until 1965 when herds were communized just before the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=134-135}}


== Cultural Revolution ==
== Cultural Revolution ==
Line 58: Line 71:
[[File:Ulanhu and the delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress.jpg|thumb|left|Ulanhu and the delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress.]]
[[File:Ulanhu and the delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress.jpg|thumb|left|Ulanhu and the delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress.]]


At the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution]], zealous [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] organizations attempted to storm the Inner Mongolia government headquarters. Ulanhu used troops at his disposal to repel them, only to be later undone by military forces sent in by leftist leaders in Beijing, ousting him from office. He was accused of "ruling Inner Mongolia like an independent kingdom",<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title = Ulanhu, 82, a Mongol Who Rose To High Posts in Beijing, Is Dead |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/09/obituaries/ulanhu-82-a-mongol-who-rose-to-high-posts-in-beijing-is-dead.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = 9 December 1988 }}</ref> and persecuted as a suspected member of the independence-leaning [[Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]], a charge later proven to be false. However, while he was a target for [[Struggle session|struggle]], Ulanhu survived the Cultural Revolution without enduring some of the more severe physical hardships inflicted upon some of his colleagues, largely owing to the support of Premier [[Zhou Enlai]].
At the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution]], zealous [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] organizations attempted to storm the Inner Mongolia government headquarters. Ulanhu used troops at his disposal to repel them, only to be later undone by military forces sent in by leftist leaders in Beijing, ousting him from office. He was accused of "ruling Inner Mongolia like an independent kingdom",<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title = Ulanhu, 82, a Mongol Who Rose To High Posts in Beijing, Is Dead |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/09/obituaries/ulanhu-82-a-mongol-who-rose-to-high-posts-in-beijing-is-dead.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = 9 December 1988 }}</ref> and persecuted as a suspected member of the independence-leaning [[Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]], a charge later proven to be false. However, while he was a target for [[Struggle session|struggle]], Ulanhu survived the Cultural Revolution without enduring some of the more severe physical hardships inflicted upon some of his colleagues, largely owing to the support of Premier [[Zhou Enlai]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}


== After rehabilitation and death ==
== After rehabilitation and death ==
Ulanhu was politically rehabilitated in 1973, prior to the 10th Party Congress, with the personal blessing of Mao Zedong. In 1977, Ulanhu became head of the United Front Department of the central organization of the CPC. Among various other posts, he served one term as [[Vice President of the People's Republic of China]] under President [[Li Xiannian]] from 1983 to 1988. Upon completion of the term as vice-president, he was elected vice-chairman of the National People's Congress. He died shortly thereafter in 1988 after an illness. He was eulogized with high honours by the ruling Communist Party.
Ulanhu was politically rehabilitated in 1973, prior to the [[10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]], with the personal blessing of Mao Zedong. In 1977, Ulanhu became head of the United Front Department of the central organization of the CCP. Among various other posts, he served one term as [[Vice President of China]] under President [[Li Xiannian]] from 1983 to 1988. Upon completion of the term as vice-president, he was elected vice-chairman of the [[National People's Congress]]. He died shortly thereafter in 1988 after an illness. He was eulogized with high honours by the CCP.{{cn|date=April 2024}}


In 1992, the Ulanhu Memorial Hall was opened to the public in Hohhot. His ''Selected Works'' were published in 1999 at a dedication ceremony attended by [[Jiang Zemin]], [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060411031705/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-09/30/content_3565304.htm 新华网资料：乌兰夫]</ref> In December 2007, the Communist Party held a high-profile conference to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Ulanhu's birth. In 2009, the historic epic ''Spring Comes Early to the Grasslands'' aired on China Central Television, and depicted some of Ulanhu's activities during the revolution.
In 1992, the Ulanhu Memorial Hall was opened to the public in Hohhot. His ''Selected Works'' were published in 1999 at a dedication ceremony attended by [[Jiang Zemin]], [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060411031705/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-09/30/content_3565304.htm 新华网资料：乌兰夫]</ref> In December 2007, the CCP held a high-profile conference to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Ulanhu's birth. In 2009, the historic epic ''Spring Comes Early to the Grasslands'' aired on China Central Television, and depicted some of Ulanhu's activities during the revolution.{{cn|date=April 2024}}


==Family==
==Family==
Ulanhu married twice and had four sons and four daughters. His son, [[Buhe (politician)|Buhe]], served as the Chairman of Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 1993. His granddaughter (Buhe's daughter) [[Bu Xiaolin]] was appointed Chairwoman of Inner Mongolia in March 2016, making her the third generation of the Ulanhu family to hold that position.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://english.sina.com/china/p/2016/0330/903433.html |title = Inner Mongolia names new chairwoman |date=2016-03-31 |website = Sohu }}</ref> Another son of Ulanhu, Uje, served as mayor of [[Baotou]].
Ulanhu married twice and had four sons and four daughters. His son, [[Buhe (politician)|Buhe]], served as the Chairman of Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 1993. His granddaughter (Buhe's daughter) [[Bu Xiaolin]] was appointed Chairwoman of Inner Mongolia in March 2016, making her the third generation of the Ulanhu family to hold that position.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://english.sina.com/china/p/2016/0330/903433.html |title = Inner Mongolia names new chairwoman |date=2016-03-31 |website = Sohu }}</ref> Another son of Ulanhu, Uje, served as mayor of [[Baotou]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
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{{succession box | before = ''vacant''<br />last held by [[Soong Ching-ling]] and [[Dong Biwu]] in 1972 | title = [[Vice President of the People's Republic of China]] | years = 1983–1988 | after = [[Wang Zhen (general)|Wang Zhen]] }}
{{succession box | before = ''vacant''<br />last held by [[Soong Ching-ling]] and [[Dong Biwu]] in 1972 | title = [[Vice President of China]] | years = 1983–1988 | after = [[Wang Zhen (general)|Wang Zhen]] }}
{{succession box | before = [[Li Weihan]] | title = Minister in charge of the [[State Ethnic Affairs Commission]] | years = 1954–1975 | after = [[Ismail Amat]] }}
{{succession box | before = [[Li Weihan]] | title = Minister in charge of the [[State Ethnic Affairs Commission]] | years = 1954–1975 | after = [[Ismail Amat]] }}
{{succession box | before = Office created | title = Chairman of [[Inner Mongolia]] | years = 1947–1966 | after = [[Teng Haiqing]] }}
{{succession box | before = Office created | title = Chairman of [[Inner Mongolia]] | years = 1947–1966 | after = [[Teng Haiqing]] }}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box | before = Office created | title = Secretary of the CPC [[Inner Mongolia]] Committee | years = 1947–1966 | after= [[Xie Xuegong]] }}
{{succession box | before = Office created | title = Secretary of the CCP [[Inner Mongolia]] Committee | years = 1947–1966 | after= [[Xie Xuegong]] }}
{{succession box | before = [[Li Dazhang]] | title = Head of the [[United Front (PRC)|CPC Central Committee United Front Work Department]] | years = 1977–1982 | after = [[Yang Jingren]] }}
{{succession box | before = [[Li Dazhang]] | title = Head of the [[United Front Work Department]] | years = 1977–1982 | after = [[Yang Jingren]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
{{First PLA Shang Jiang}}
{{First PLA Shang Jiang}}
{{12th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
{{1st State Council of China}}
{{11th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
{{2nd State Council of China}}
{{8th Politburo of the Communist Party of China}}
{{3rd State Council of China}}
{{12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party}}
{{11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party}}
{{8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party}}
{{Vice Presidents of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Vice Presidents of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China}}

Latest revision as of 09:44, 24 June 2024

Ulanhu
ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠦᠦ
乌兰夫
Ulanhu in 1955
Vice President of China
In office
15 March 1983 – 15 March 1988
PresidentLi Xiannian
LeaderDeng Xiaoping
Preceded bySoong Ching-ling and Dong Biwu (until 1972)
vacant
Succeeded byWang Zhen
Head of the United Front Work Department
In office
2 June 1977 – 26 April 1982
Preceded byLi Dazhang
Succeeded byYang Jingren
Personal details
Born23 December 1907
Tumed Left Banner, Suiyuan, Qing dynasty
(present-day Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China)
Died8 December 1988(1988-12-08) (aged 80)
Beijing, China
Political partyChinese Communist Party
SpouseYun Liren
Alma materMoscow Sun Yat-sen University
Ulanhu
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese烏蘭夫
Simplified Chinese乌兰夫
Literal meaningRed son (in Mongolian)
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWūlánfū
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese雲澤
Simplified Chinese云泽
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYún Zé
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicУлаанхүү
Mongolian scriptᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠦᠦ
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCUlaγan Hüü

Ulanhu or Ulanfu (Chinese: 乌兰夫; pinyin: Wūlánfū; 23 December 1907 – 8 December 1988), born Yun Ze (Chinese: 云泽),[1] was the founding Chairman of China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, serving from 1947 to 1966.

An ethnic Tumed Mongol, he took the nom de guerre Ulanhu (lit. 'Red son')[2] and had the nickname of "Mongol Prince” during his political career. He served as Vice-Premier between 1956 and 1966. He was purged during the Cultural Revolution but later reinstated. Between 1983 and 1988 he held the office of Vice President of China.

Ulanhu was the highest-ranking minority official in PRC history, and became an icon of loyalty both to the Mongolian people and to the PRC.[3] Except for the period of the Cultural Revolution, his family dominated the politics of Inner Mongolia.[4] His son Buhe served as Chairman of Inner Mongolia for a decade, and his granddaughter Bu Xiaolin was appointed to the same position in 2016.

Early career

[edit]

Born in Tumed Left Banner, just outside the city of Hohhot, Ulanhu was the child of herders. He went to elementary school in his hometown, and went on to study at the Mongolian-Tibetan College of Beiping (now Beijing). He joined the Socialist Youth League of China (later renamed Communist Youth League) in 1924, intending to become communist revolutionary. In 1925, he joined the Chinese Communist Party and was sent to Moscow Sun Yat-sen University in the Soviet Union to study Marxism. In Moscow, Ulanhu shared a desk with Chiang Ching-kuo, the son of Chiang Kai-shek.

In 1929, when he returned from his studies, Ulanhu began organizing communist rallies in Mongolia, and was appointed a Committee Member of the CCP's West-Mongolia Working Committee. In 1931, Ulanhu was chosen to run the military and intelligence offices in Mongolia, serving in Ikh Juu League (now the city of Ordos). During the Second World War, Ulanhu led his forces to stop the Japanese from advancing towards Hohhot and led his officers to march to northern Shaanxi where he continued battling against the Japanese forces. In August 1941, he arrived at the revolutionary base of Yan'an to work on ethnic affairs.

Ulanhu during his days as a Communist revolutionary

Civil war

[edit]

During the Chinese Civil War, Ulanhu was one of the commanders of the Pingjin Campaign and the Liaoshen Campaign, he also led his Communist forces to destroy the local bandits and anti-communist forces in Mongolia. Ulanhu was instrumental in bringing Inner Mongolia under the control of the Chinese Communist Party and was elected the Acting Governor and founding Chairman of the Autonomous Government of Inner Mongolia in 1947. Inner Mongolia was the first of five recognized autonomous regions in China.[citation needed]

Early PRC

[edit]

In September 1954, Ulanhu was named Vice-Premier, ranking eighth.

In 1955 he was awarded the rank of General (shangjiang), becoming one of only 57 generals bestowed the honour of being a "founding general" of the People's Republic. He served as Party Committee Secretary and regional government chairman of Inner Mongolia from the region's founding to 1966.[citation needed]

During the Great Leap Forward, Ulanhu delayed de facto communization in Mongol pastoral areas.[5]: 134  Traditional forms of herd management remained until 1965 when herds were communized just before the Cultural Revolution.[5]: 134–135 

Cultural Revolution

[edit]
See also: Inner Mongolia incident
Ulanhu and the delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress.

At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, zealous Red Guard organizations attempted to storm the Inner Mongolia government headquarters. Ulanhu used troops at his disposal to repel them, only to be later undone by military forces sent in by leftist leaders in Beijing, ousting him from office. He was accused of "ruling Inner Mongolia like an independent kingdom",[6] and persecuted as a suspected member of the independence-leaning Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, a charge later proven to be false. However, while he was a target for struggle, Ulanhu survived the Cultural Revolution without enduring some of the more severe physical hardships inflicted upon some of his colleagues, largely owing to the support of Premier Zhou Enlai.[citation needed]

After rehabilitation and death

[edit]

Ulanhu was politically rehabilitated in 1973, prior to the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, with the personal blessing of Mao Zedong. In 1977, Ulanhu became head of the United Front Department of the central organization of the CCP. Among various other posts, he served one term as Vice President of China under President Li Xiannian from 1983 to 1988. Upon completion of the term as vice-president, he was elected vice-chairman of the National People's Congress. He died shortly thereafter in 1988 after an illness. He was eulogized with high honours by the CCP.[citation needed]

In 1992, the Ulanhu Memorial Hall was opened to the public in Hohhot. His Selected Works were published in 1999 at a dedication ceremony attended by Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.[7] In December 2007, the CCP held a high-profile conference to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Ulanhu's birth. In 2009, the historic epic Spring Comes Early to the Grasslands aired on China Central Television, and depicted some of Ulanhu's activities during the revolution.[citation needed]

Family

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Ulanhu married twice and had four sons and four daughters. His son, Buhe, served as the Chairman of Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 1993. His granddaughter (Buhe's daughter) Bu Xiaolin was appointed Chairwoman of Inner Mongolia in March 2016, making her the third generation of the Ulanhu family to hold that position.[8] Another son of Ulanhu, Uje, served as mayor of Baotou.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Pirie, Fernanda; Huber, Toni (31 July 2008). Conflict and Social Order in Tibet and Inner Asia. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-4259-2.
  2. ^ Pirie, Fernanda; Huber, Toni (31 July 2008). Conflict and Social Order in Tibet and Inner Asia. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-4259-2.
  3. ^ Gries, Peter Hays; Rosen, Stanley (2004). State and Society in 21st Century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation. Psychology Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-415-33204-0.
  4. ^ Bulag, Uradyn Erden (2002). The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 213–4. ISBN 978-0-7425-1144-6.
  5. ^ a b Harrell, Stevan (2023). An Ecological History of Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295751719.
  6. ^ "Ulanhu, 82, a Mongol Who Rose To High Posts in Beijing, Is Dead". The New York Times. 9 December 1988.
  7. ^ 新华网资料：乌兰夫
  8. ^ "Inner Mongolia names new chairwoman". Sohu. 31 March 2016.
Government offices
Preceded by
vacant
last held by Soong Ching-ling and Dong Biwu in 1972
 Vice President of China
1983–1988 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister in charge of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission
1954–1975 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Office created
 Chairman of Inner Mongolia
1947–1966 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by
Office created
 Secretary of the CCP Inner Mongolia Committee
1947–1966 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Head of the United Front Work Department
1977–1982 		Succeeded by
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