Gidhaur chieftaincy: Difference between revisions
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The Gidhaur chiefs were part of a larger movement of Rajput immigrants into Bihar from the 13th century onwards which included the rulers of [[Kharagpur Raj]] and [[Deo Raj]].<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC|date=30 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52658-6|page=64}}</ref> |
The Gidhaur chiefs were part of a larger movement of Rajput immigrants into Bihar from the 13th century onwards which included the rulers of [[Kharagpur Raj]] and [[Deo Raj]].<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC|date=30 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52658-6|page=64}}</ref> |
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[[File:Ruined fort of Naulakhagarh, Gidhaur.jpg|thumb|149x149px|Ruins of Naulakhagarh Fort]] |
[[File:Ruined fort of Naulakhagarh, Gidhaur.jpg|thumb|149x149px|Ruins of Naulakhagarh Fort]] |
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The Gidhaur dynasty's first capital may have been the nearby town of [[Khaira, Bihar|Khaira]], where there are ruins of an old stone fort.<!-- Gazetteers --> Another prominent ruined fort that probably belonged to the Gidhaur dynasty is [[Naulakhagarh]], a bit southwest of Khaira at the foot of the hills.<!-- Gazetteers --> Although popularly attributed to Akbar or Sher Shah, the Naulakhagarh fort likely was built by the Gidhaur rajas while they were based at Khaira, and Naulakhagarh may have served as a capital as well. |
The Gidhaur dynasty's first capital may have been the nearby town of [[Khaira, Bihar|Khaira]], where there are ruins of an old stone fort.<!-- Gazetteers --> Another prominent ruined fort that probably belonged to the Gidhaur dynasty is [[Naulakhagarh]], a bit southwest of Khaira at the foot of the hills.<!-- Gazetteers --> Although popularly attributed to Akbar or Sher Shah, the Naulakhagarh fort likely was built by the Gidhaur rajas while they were based at Khaira, and Naulakhagarh may have served as a capital as well.<ref name="Gazetteer 1960">{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=P. C. Roy |title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Monghyr |date=1960 |publisher=Superintendent Secretariat Press |location=Patna |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128747 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|466–8, 483–4, 507–8}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===War against Lodis=== |
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Ibrahim khan lodi(sultan of Delhi) and his brother jalal khan lodi(sultan of Jaunpur) in the conquest of Bihar attacked the GIDHAUR CHIEFTAINCY with an army of 60,000 soldiers in the year 1524, at that time the Raja of Gidhaur was Raghunath Singh, he resisted the attack firstly but signed the piece treaty for the safety of his people. |
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While returning the soldiers of ibrahim lodi attacked the Kuldevi temple of Tomar Rajput's in the Abhaipur village(presently in Jamui district of Bihar), this triggered the Rajputs of Gidhaur and they attacked the lodis large army with an army of only 6000 soldiers.The temple was saved and only 3000 out of 60,000 soldiers of ibrahim lodi could escape the battle and out of 6000 Rajputs 5000 Rajputs died that day saving there kuldevi from destruction. Historian Abd al-Qadir Badayuni states that lodi dynasty would have ended that day if lodi had not escaped the battle.Ibrahim khan lodi in his whole life couldn't capture Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|date=1954|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en|p=16}}</ref> |
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===Mughal period=== |
===Mughal period=== |
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After Bir Bikram Shah's death in 1339, he was succeeded by various descendants however Raghunath Singh was the first of his descendants to receive much attention in sources from the time. The 16th-century historian, [[Abbas Sarwani]] noted that Raghunath Singh accepted the rule of [[Sher Shah Suri]] and assisted him in his war against [[Humayun]]. Such was Sher Shah's trust in him, that he was even deputed to escort Saif Khan. His son was Bariar Singh who ruled Gidhaur till 1572. After Bariar Singh came Raja Puran Mal who was a contemporary of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name="Ansari2019" /> In 1580, Puran Mal joined a rebellion against the imperial authority which was led by Masum Khan Kabuli. [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu Fazl]] detailed that Puran Mal rescued Masum Khan and his soldiers from [[Munger]] where they were trapped by Mughal soldiers. Puran Mal's disloyalty to the Mughals seems to have been temporary however as later sources note that he served with the Mughal commander, [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]] in an expedition against the [[Afghans]]. His son, Hari Singh, was kept as a hostage for the Mughals to ensure his continued compliance with the imperial authority. |
After Bir Bikram Shah's death in 1339, he was succeeded by various descendants however Raghunath Singh was the first of his descendants to receive much attention in sources from the time. The 16th-century historian, [[Abbas Sarwani]] noted that Raghunath Singh accepted the rule of [[Sher Shah Suri]] and assisted him in his war against [[Humayun]]. Such was Sher Shah's trust in him, that he was even deputed to escort Saif Khan. His son was Bariar Singh who ruled Gidhaur till 1572. After Bariar Singh came Raja Puran Mal who was a contemporary of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name="Ansari2019" /> In 1580, Puran Mal joined a rebellion against the imperial authority which was led by Masum Khan Kabuli. [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu Fazl]] detailed that Puran Mal rescued Masum Khan and his soldiers from [[Munger]] where they were trapped by Mughal soldiers. Puran Mal's disloyalty to the Mughals seems to have been temporary however as later sources note that he served with the Mughal commander, [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]] in an expedition against the [[Afghans]]. His son, Hari Singh, was kept as a hostage for the Mughals to ensure his continued compliance with the imperial authority. |
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Puran Mal also engaged in multiple clashes with the neighbouring chief of [[Kharagpur Raj]], Sangram Singh and defeated him, both the Raja’s were known to have a deep enmity.{{cn|date=October 2023}} |
Puran Mal also engaged in multiple clashes with the neighbouring chief of [[Kharagpur Raj]], Sangram Singh and defeated him, both the Raja’s were known to have a deep enmity.{{cn|date=October 2023}} |
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Puran Mal is also known for constructing the [[Baidyanath Temple]] at [[Deoghar]], which happened in 1596.<!-- Gazetteers --> A Sanskrit inscription at the temple refers to him as ''nṛpati'', or "lord of men".<!-- Gazetteers --> Puran Mal's capital was at [[Lachhuar]], west of Gidhaur. |
Puran Mal is also known for constructing the [[Baidyanath Temple]] at [[Deoghar]], which happened in 1596.<!-- Gazetteers --> A Sanskrit inscription at the temple refers to him as ''nṛpati'', or "lord of men".<!-- Gazetteers --> Puran Mal's capital was at [[Lachhuar]], west of Gidhaur.<ref name="Gazetteer 1960"/>{{rp|467}} |
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After Pural Mal's death, the principality was divided between his sons Hari Singh and Bishambhar Singh.<!-- Gazetteers --> Because Hari Singh was being kept as a hostage in Delhi, he was absent when Puran Mal died, and Bishambhar Singh had taken charge of ruling the principality in the meantime.<!-- Gazetteers --> The two brothers ended up working out a friendly agreement: Hari Singh would receive territories in ''[[pargana]]''s Gidhaur and [[Bishazari]], while Bishambhar Singh would keep the rest. |
After Pural Mal's death, the principality was divided between his sons Hari Singh and Bishambhar Singh.<!-- Gazetteers --> Because Hari Singh was being kept as a hostage in Delhi, he was absent when Puran Mal died, and Bishambhar Singh had taken charge of ruling the principality in the meantime.<!-- Gazetteers --> The two brothers ended up working out a friendly agreement: Hari Singh would receive territories in ''[[pargana]]''s Gidhaur and [[Bishazari]], while Bishambhar Singh would keep the rest. |
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[[File:Ruined fort of Naulakhagarh,Gidhaur.jpg|left|thumb|164x164px|Fort of Naulakhagarh]] |
[[File:Ruined fort of Naulakhagarh,Gidhaur.jpg|left|thumb|164x164px|Fort of Naulakhagarh]] |
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<!-- Gazetteers -->Hari Singh's descendants were the rajas of Gidhaur, while Bishambhar Singh's descendants were the ''kumar''s of Khaira. |
<!-- Gazetteers -->Hari Singh's descendants were the rajas of Gidhaur, while Bishambhar Singh's descendants were the ''kumar''s of Khaira.<ref name="Gazetteer 1960" />{{rp|467}} |
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Subsequent chiefs of Gidhaur seemed to have maintained their loyalty to the Mughal authorities and supported them in various expeditions. In the war of succession between [[Dara Shikoh]] and [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] in 1658, both princes appealed for the assistance of Raja Dal Singh of Gidhaur who ended up supporting the former. |
Subsequent chiefs of Gidhaur seemed to have maintained their loyalty to the Mughal authorities and supported them in various expeditions. In the war of succession between [[Dara Shikoh]] and [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] in 1658, both princes appealed for the assistance of Raja Dal Singh of Gidhaur who ended up supporting the former. |
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The rulers of Gidhaur were granted the title of ''raja'' in 1651, via a [[firman]] (which still exists) issued under [[Shah Jahan]] and dated to 21 [[Rajab]], 1068 AH. |
The rulers of Gidhaur were granted the title of ''raja'' in 1651, via a [[firman]] (which still exists) issued under [[Shah Jahan]] and dated to 21 [[Rajab]], 1068 AH.<ref name="Gazetteer 1960"/>{{rp|467}} |
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===British period=== |
===British period=== |
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The [[British East India Company]] assumed control of the region in the 18th century. By the time when Raja Shyam Singh's elder son Raja Amar Singh sat on the throne, the British rule had started spreading in the country.The Raja supported the Bengal Nawab in the battle of Buxar, as a result his kingdom was seized and a large part of it was settled with the Ghatwals in the form of Ghatwali tenure.According to Bangal District Gazeteer and two reported cases i.e Gopi Ram Bhotica Vs. Thakur Jagarnath Singh reported in Indian Law Reports 1929(Pat) page 4 and Sukhdeo Singh Vs. Maharaja Bahadur of Gidhaur reported in 1951 AIR 288(SC) it is clear that after seizure of considerable part of estate of Gidhaur, Jagir of Katauna was settled with the family of Gidhaur Raj and two ghatwali taluk i.e Maheshwari and Dumri were also settled directly to the Chandel Raja of Khaira and Gidhaur due to irresponsible behaviour of their ghatwal. Raja Gopal Singh regained it's estate from British Raj, but with a less area than to their ancestors and in the form of a Zamindari estate. Gidhaur chief, Raja Jai Mangal Singh assisted them during the suppression of [[Santhal rebellion]] and the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/invention-of-tradition/B9973971357795DC86BE856F321C34B3|title=The Invention of Tradition|date=March 2012|website=Cambridge Core|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> For his services, he was granted the title of [[Maharaja]] and made an [[Order of the Star of India|Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] in 1865.<ref name="Ansari2019" /> |
The [[British East India Company]] assumed control of the region in the 18th century. By the time when Raja Shyam Singh's elder son Raja Amar Singh sat on the throne, the British rule had started spreading in the country.The Raja supported the Bengal Nawab in the battle of Buxar, as a result his kingdom was seized and a large part of it was settled with the Ghatwals in the form of Ghatwali tenure.According to Bangal District Gazeteer and two reported cases i.e Gopi Ram Bhotica Vs. Thakur Jagarnath Singh reported in Indian Law Reports 1929(Pat) page 4 and Sukhdeo Singh Vs. Maharaja Bahadur of Gidhaur reported in 1951 AIR 288(SC) it is clear that after seizure of considerable part of estate of Gidhaur, Jagir of Katauna was settled with the family of Gidhaur Raj and two ghatwali taluk i.e Maheshwari and Dumri were also settled directly to the Chandel Raja of Khaira and Gidhaur due to irresponsible behaviour of their ghatwal. Raja Gopal Singh regained it's estate from British Raj, but with a less area than to their ancestors and in the form of a Zamindari estate. Gidhaur chief, Raja Jai Mangal Singh assisted them during the suppression of [[Santhal rebellion]] and the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/invention-of-tradition/B9973971357795DC86BE856F321C34B3|title=The Invention of Tradition|date=March 2012|website=Cambridge Core|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> For his services, he was granted the title of [[Maharaja]] and made an [[Order of the Star of India|Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] in 1865.<ref name="Ansari2019" /> |
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[[File:Maharaja Bahadur of Gidhaur with Raja Ajay Singh of manda and kunwar Abhay Singh Of manda.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Bahadur Rajrajeshwar Prasad Singh(Right) with Raja Ajay Singh of Manda(centre) and Kunwar Abhay Singh of Manda(Left)]] |
[[File:Maharaja Bahadur of Gidhaur with Raja Ajay Singh of manda and kunwar Abhay Singh Of manda.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Bahadur Rajrajeshwar Prasad Singh(Right) with Raja Ajay Singh of Manda(centre) and Kunwar Abhay Singh of Manda(Left)]] |
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== Taluks and Ghatwalis of Gidhaur Raj == |
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=== Lalpur Garh === |
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Raja Nawab Singh granted jagir of Lalpur to Rajkumar Khageshwari Prasad Singh. Ruled by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajputs]] |
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=== Dabil Garh === |
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Maharaja Bahadur Sir Jai Mangal Singh granted jagir to Maharajkumar Har prasad Singh. Ruled by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajputs]] |
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=== Macchindra Garh === |
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Maharaja Bahadur Sir Jai Mangal Singh granted jagir to Maharajkumar Ishwari Prasad Singh.Ruled by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajputs]] |
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=== Garh Nayagaon === |
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Maharaja Bahadur Sir Jai Mangal Singh granted jagir to Maharajkumar Gurur Prasad Singh. Ruled by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajputs]] |
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=== Mahuli Garh === |
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Maharaja Bahadur Shiv Prasad Singh granted jagir to Rao Saheb Mahrajkumar Maheshwari Prasad Singh. Ruled by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajputs]] |
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=== Maheswari Garh === |
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Taluk was ruled by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajput]] Prominent Taluk of Gidhaur Consist of more than 104 Villages. Ruled by Chandel Rajputs |
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=== Garh Gaura === |
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Taluk was ruled by [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Naagwanshi.]] Thakur Jagdamba Prasad Singh was Prominent Talukdar.31 villages directly and 6 villages indirectly Came Under Gaura Raj |
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=== Chouhan Garh === |
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taluk was ruled by [[Chauhan Dynasty|Mainpuri Chouhans Rajputs.]] |
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=== Madaiya Garh === |
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An independent Zamindari of [[Gautam (Rajput clan)|Gautam Rajputs]](came from Argal state) .They were the Courtiers(Manager,Commander) of Gaura Taluk. Thakur Jawahar Singh youngest son of Thakur Saheb of Pahadpur Came here and defeated Local Zamindars, Pathans and setup their independent Zamindari. Thakur Inda Singh, Thakur Mana Singh was the prominent Zamindar. |
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==Notable rulers== |
==Notable rulers== |
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Latest revision as of 10:18, 25 June 2024
Gidhaur Raj | |
|---|---|
| 13th century–1952 | |
 Gidhaur (Guidore) and its surrounding area in the early 19th century | |
| Status |
|
| Capital | Khaira, Lachhuar, Gidhaur |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Historical era | Middle Ages |
• Established | 13th century |
• Disestablished | 1952 |
The Gidhaur Chieftaincy was a principality which controlled parts of South Bihar for much of the medieval period in India. The chieftaincy was named after the town of Gidhaur in Jamui district but its territory extended into the wider region.[2]
Origins
[edit]
The Gidhaur chieftaincy was founded by Bir Bikram Shah who was a Chandel Rajput. The family accounts detail that his family originally held a small chieftaincy in Mahoba in Bundelkhand but were driven out by various foreign incursions including the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni.[3] From here they arrived in the Rewa area where they established the estate of Bardi. Bir Bikram Shah, who was the younger brother of the chief of Bardi, left his home and arrived in South Bihar where he established his power in the region by defeating the chief, Nagoria in 1262. From here, he continued to expand the extent of his chiefdom.[2]
The Gidhaur chiefs were part of a larger movement of Rajput immigrants into Bihar from the 13th century onwards which included the rulers of Kharagpur Raj and Deo Raj.[4]
The Gidhaur dynasty's first capital may have been the nearby town of Khaira, where there are ruins of an old stone fort. Another prominent ruined fort that probably belonged to the Gidhaur dynasty is Naulakhagarh, a bit southwest of Khaira at the foot of the hills. Although popularly attributed to Akbar or Sher Shah, the Naulakhagarh fort likely was built by the Gidhaur rajas while they were based at Khaira, and Naulakhagarh may have served as a capital as well.[5]: 466–8, 483–4, 507–8
History
[edit]War against Lodis
[edit]Ibrahim khan lodi(sultan of Delhi) and his brother jalal khan lodi(sultan of Jaunpur) in the conquest of Bihar attacked the GIDHAUR CHIEFTAINCY with an army of 60,000 soldiers in the year 1524, at that time the Raja of Gidhaur was Raghunath Singh, he resisted the attack firstly but signed the piece treaty for the safety of his people. While returning the soldiers of ibrahim lodi attacked the Kuldevi temple of Tomar Rajput's in the Abhaipur village(presently in Jamui district of Bihar), this triggered the Rajputs of Gidhaur and they attacked the lodis large army with an army of only 6000 soldiers.The temple was saved and only 3000 out of 60,000 soldiers of ibrahim lodi could escape the battle and out of 6000 Rajputs 5000 Rajputs died that day saving there kuldevi from destruction. Historian Abd al-Qadir Badayuni states that lodi dynasty would have ended that day if lodi had not escaped the battle.Ibrahim khan lodi in his whole life couldn't capture Bihar.[6]
Mughal period
[edit]After Bir Bikram Shah's death in 1339, he was succeeded by various descendants however Raghunath Singh was the first of his descendants to receive much attention in sources from the time. The 16th-century historian, Abbas Sarwani noted that Raghunath Singh accepted the rule of Sher Shah Suri and assisted him in his war against Humayun. Such was Sher Shah's trust in him, that he was even deputed to escort Saif Khan. His son was Bariar Singh who ruled Gidhaur till 1572. After Bariar Singh came Raja Puran Mal who was a contemporary of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.[2] In 1580, Puran Mal joined a rebellion against the imperial authority which was led by Masum Khan Kabuli. Abu Fazl detailed that Puran Mal rescued Masum Khan and his soldiers from Munger where they were trapped by Mughal soldiers. Puran Mal's disloyalty to the Mughals seems to have been temporary however as later sources note that he served with the Mughal commander, Shahbaz Khan Kamboh in an expedition against the Afghans. His son, Hari Singh, was kept as a hostage for the Mughals to ensure his continued compliance with the imperial authority. Puran Mal also engaged in multiple clashes with the neighbouring chief of Kharagpur Raj, Sangram Singh and defeated him, both the Raja’s were known to have a deep enmity.[citation needed]
Puran Mal is also known for constructing the Baidyanath Temple at Deoghar, which happened in 1596. A Sanskrit inscription at the temple refers to him as nṛpati, or "lord of men". Puran Mal's capital was at Lachhuar, west of Gidhaur.[5]: 467
After Pural Mal's death, the principality was divided between his sons Hari Singh and Bishambhar Singh. Because Hari Singh was being kept as a hostage in Delhi, he was absent when Puran Mal died, and Bishambhar Singh had taken charge of ruling the principality in the meantime. The two brothers ended up working out a friendly agreement: Hari Singh would receive territories in parganas Gidhaur and Bishazari, while Bishambhar Singh would keep the rest.
Hari Singh's descendants were the rajas of Gidhaur, while Bishambhar Singh's descendants were the kumars of Khaira.[5]: 467
Subsequent chiefs of Gidhaur seemed to have maintained their loyalty to the Mughal authorities and supported them in various expeditions. In the war of succession between Dara Shikoh and Shah Shuja in 1658, both princes appealed for the assistance of Raja Dal Singh of Gidhaur who ended up supporting the former.
The rulers of Gidhaur were granted the title of raja in 1651, via a firman (which still exists) issued under Shah Jahan and dated to 21 Rajab, 1068 AH.[5]: 467
British period
[edit]
The British East India Company assumed control of the region in the 18th century. By the time when Raja Shyam Singh's elder son Raja Amar Singh sat on the throne, the British rule had started spreading in the country.The Raja supported the Bengal Nawab in the battle of Buxar, as a result his kingdom was seized and a large part of it was settled with the Ghatwals in the form of Ghatwali tenure.According to Bangal District Gazeteer and two reported cases i.e Gopi Ram Bhotica Vs. Thakur Jagarnath Singh reported in Indian Law Reports 1929(Pat) page 4 and Sukhdeo Singh Vs. Maharaja Bahadur of Gidhaur reported in 1951 AIR 288(SC) it is clear that after seizure of considerable part of estate of Gidhaur, Jagir of Katauna was settled with the family of Gidhaur Raj and two ghatwali taluk i.e Maheshwari and Dumri were also settled directly to the Chandel Raja of Khaira and Gidhaur due to irresponsible behaviour of their ghatwal. Raja Gopal Singh regained it's estate from British Raj, but with a less area than to their ancestors and in the form of a Zamindari estate. Gidhaur chief, Raja Jai Mangal Singh assisted them during the suppression of Santhal rebellion and the Indian rebellion of 1857.[7] For his services, he was granted the title of Maharaja and made an Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1865.[2]
Notable rulers
[edit]Gidhaur was ruled by the following Rajas after its establishment:[2]
- Bir Bikram Singh - founder of Gidhaur
- Raghunath Singh - ally of Sher Shah Suri
- Raja Puran Mal
- Raja Bisambhar Singh
- Raja Dalar Singh
- Raja Srikrishna Singh 1717
- Raja Praduman Singh (1717-1725)
- Raja Shyam Singh (1725- 1741)
- Raja Amar Singh (1741-1765)
- Raja Bharat Singh(1765-1798)
- Raja Gopal Singh
- Raja Jaswant Singh
- Raja Nawab Singh
- Maharaja Bahadur Jai Mangal Singh
- Maharaja Bahadur Shiv Prasad Singh
- Maharaja Bahadur Ravneshwar Singh
- Maharaja Bahadur Chandramoleshwar Singh
- Maharaja Bahadur Chandrachud Singh
- Maharaja Bahadur Pratap Singh
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Raza Khan, Ahsan (1977). Chieftains in the Mughal Empire During the Reign of Akbar. Indian Institute of Advanced Studies. pp. 170–171. ISBN 9780896843769.
- ^ a b c d e Tahir Hussain Ansari (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Routledge. pp. 234–240. ISBN 978-1-00-065152-2.
- ^ Ruma Bose (23 September 2019). Walking with Pilgrims: The Kanwar Pilgrimage of Bihar, Jharkhand and the Terai of Nepal. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-00-073250-4.
- ^ Gyan Prakash (30 October 2003). Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-521-52658-6.
- ^ a b c d Choudhury, P. C. Roy (1960). Bihar District Gazetteers: Monghyr. Patna: Superintendent Secretariat Press. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Sharma, Gopinath (1954). Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.). S.L. Agarwala. p. 16.
- ^ "The Invention of Tradition". Cambridge Core. March 2012. Retrieved 2020-04-29.