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{{Short description|Memorial by Thomas Brock to Queen Victoria in London, England}}
{{Short description|Public memorial by Thomas Brock}}
{{About|the Victoria Memorial in London|other memorials to Queen Victoria|Victoria Memorial (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the Victoria Memorial in London|other memorials to Queen Victoria|Victoria Memorial (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
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| built =1901 (memorial gardens) 1906–24 (monument)<ref name="Pevsner"/>
| built =1901 (memorial gardens) 1906–24 (monument)<ref name="Pevsner"/>
| built_for =
| built_for =
| architect =
| architect =
| sculptor = (Sir) [[Thomas Brock]]
| sculptor = Sir [[Thomas Brock]]
| architecture = [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]]<ref name="Pevsner">{{citation
| architecture = [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]]<ref name="Pevsner">{{citation
| last1 = Bradley | first1 = Simon
| last1 = Bradley | first1 = Simon
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}}
}}
</ref> / [[Edwardian Baroque architecture|Edwardian Baroque]]
</ref> / [[Edwardian Baroque architecture|Edwardian Baroque]]
| restored = bronzes – April 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/41768/st-james-and-green-park-management-plan.pdf|title=St James's Park and the Green Park Management Plan 2008–2018|year=2014|publisher=The Royal Parks|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>
| restored = bronzes – April 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/41768/st-james-and-green-park-management-plan.pdf|title=St James's Park and the Green Park Management Plan 2008–2018|year=2014|publisher=The Royal Parks|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308105841/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/41768/st-james-and-green-park-management-plan.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| restored_by =
| restored_by =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_num =
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| designation1 = Grade I
| designation1 = Grade I
| designation1_date = 5 February 1970
| designation1_date = 5 February 1970
| designation1_number = 1273864<ref name="NHLE">{{NHLE |num= 1273864|desc= Queen Victoria Memorial|access-date= 1 January 2015}}</ref>
| designation1_number = 1273864<ref name="NHLE">{{NHLE|num=1273864|desc=Queen Victoria Memorial|grade=I|access-date= 1 January 2015}}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''Victoria Memorial''' is a monument to [[Queen Victoria]], located at the end of [[The Mall, London|The Mall]] in [[London]], and designed and executed by the sculptor (Sir) [[Thomas Brock]]. Designed in 1901, it was unveiled on 16 May 1911, though it was not completed until 1924. It was the centrepiece of an ambitious urban planning scheme, which included the creation of the Queen’s Gardens to a design by Sir [[Aston Webb]], and the refacing of [[Buckingham Palace]] (which stands behind the memorial) by the same architect.
The '''Victoria Memorial''' is a monument to [[Queen Victoria]], located at the end of [[The Mall, London|The Mall]] in [[London]] by the sculptor Sir [[Thomas Brock]]. Designed in 1901, it was unveiled on 16 May 1911, though it was not completed until 1924. It was the centrepiece of an ambitious urban planning scheme, which included the creation of the Queen’s Gardens to a design by Sir [[Aston Webb]], and the refacing of [[Buckingham Palace]] (which stands behind the memorial) by the same architect.


Like the earlier [[Albert Memorial]] in Kensington Gardens, commemorating Victoria's consort, the Victoria Memorial has an elaborate scheme of iconographic sculpture. The central [[pylon (architecture)|pylon]] of the memorial is of [[Pentelic marble]], and individual statues are in [[Lasa marble]] and gilt bronze.<ref name="W-J 125"/> The memorial weighs 2,300 [[tonne|tonnes]] (about 2535 [[Short ton|short tons]])<ref name="RP"/> and is 104 ft wide.<ref name="Studio">{{cite journal |last=Salaman |first=Malcolm C. |title=Sir Thomas Brock's Queen Victoria Memorial |journal=The Studio |volume=53 |date=June 1911 |pages=29–40 |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/brock/salaman.html }}</ref> In 1970 it was [[Listed building|listed]] at Grade I.<ref name="NHLE"/>
Like the earlier [[Albert Memorial]] in Kensington Gardens, commemorating Victoria's consort, the Victoria Memorial has an elaborate scheme of iconographic sculpture. The central [[pylon (architecture)|pylon]] of the memorial is of [[Pentelic marble]], and individual statues are in [[Lasa marble]] and gilt bronze.<ref name="W-J 125"/> The memorial weighs 2,300 [[tonne]]s (about 2535 [[short ton]]s)<ref name="RP"/> and is {{cvt|104|ft|disp=flip}} in diameter.<ref name="Studio">{{cite journal |last=Salaman |first=Malcolm C. |title=Sir Thomas Brock's Queen Victoria Memorial |journal=The Studio |volume=53 |date=June 1911 |pages=29–40 |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/brock/salaman.html }}</ref> In 1970 it was [[Listed building|listed]] at Grade I.<ref name="NHLE"/>


==History==
==History==
===Proposal and announcements===
===Proposal and announcements===
King [[Edward VII]] suggested that a joint Parliamentary committee should be formed to develop plans for a Memorial to [[Queen Victoria]] following her death. The first meeting took place on 19 February 1901 at the [[Foreign Office]], [[Whitehall]]. The first secretary of the committee was [[Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19010219/033/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Dundee Evening Post|issue=338|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=19 February 1901|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Initially these meetings were behind closed doors, and the proceedings were not revealed to the public.<ref name=doors>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000289/19010222/053/0006|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=22 February 1901|issue=8460|page=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However the [[Lord Mayor of London]], [[Sir Joseph Dimsdale, 1st Baronet|Sir Joseph Dimsdale]], publicly announced that the committee had decided that the Memorial should be "monumental".<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria's Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000332/19010302/019/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Lincolnshire Echo|issue=2534|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=2 March 1901|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[King Edward VII]] suggested that a joint Parliamentary committee should be formed to develop plans for a Memorial to [[Queen Victoria]] following her death. The first meeting took place on 19 February 1901 at the [[Foreign Office]], [[Whitehall]]. The first secretary of the committee was [[Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000582/19010219/033/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Dundee Evening Post|issue=338|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=19 February 1901|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Initially these meetings were behind closed doors, and the proceedings were not revealed to the public.<ref name=doors>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000289/19010222/053/0006|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=22 February 1901|issue=8460|page=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However the [[Lord Mayor of London]], [[Sir Joseph Dimsdale, 1st Baronet|Sir Joseph Dimsdale]], publicly announced that the committee had decided that the memorial should be "monumental".<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria's Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000332/19010302/019/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Lincolnshire Echo|issue=2534|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=2 March 1901|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[file:Vmsketch model.jpg|thumb|left|The original sketch model created by Thomas Brock of the finalised design of the Victoria Memorial]]
[[file:Vmsketch model.jpg|thumb|left|The original sketch model created by Thomas Brock of the finalised design of the Victoria Memorial]]
[[Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher]], the secretary of the committee, submitted the proposal to the King on 4 March 1901.<ref name=esher>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000484/19010309/022/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Tamworth Herald|issue=1836|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=9 March 1901|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=submitted/> A number of sites were suggested, and the King visited both [[Westminster Abbey]] and the park near the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref name=submitted>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19010305/053/0003|work=Hull Daily Mail|issue=4799|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=5 March 1901|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Several ideas were rumoured at this time, including an open square in [[The Mall, London|The Mall]] near to the school [[Duke of York Column]], and a memorial located in [[Green Park, London|Green Park]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19010313/023/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Portsmouth Evening News|issue=7397|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=13 March 1901|volume=XXVI|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher]], the secretary of the committee, submitted the proposal to the King on 4 March 1901.<ref name=esher>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000484/19010309/022/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Tamworth Herald|issue=1836|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=9 March 1901|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=submitted/> A number of sites were suggested, and the King visited both [[Westminster Abbey]] and the park near the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref name=submitted>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19010305/053/0003|work=Hull Daily Mail|issue=4799|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=5 March 1901|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Several ideas were rumoured at this time, including an open square in [[The Mall, London|The Mall]] near to the school [[Duke of York Column]], and a memorial located in [[Green Park, London|Green Park]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19010313/023/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Portsmouth Evening News|issue=7397|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=13 March 1901|volume=XXVI|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


On 26 March the decision was announced to locate the Memorial outside [[Buckingham Palace]] and slightly shorten The Mall. It was estimated that the work would cost £250,000 and decided that there would be no grant given by the Government to the construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19010321/020/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Portsmouth Evening News|issue=7404|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=21 March 1901|volume=XXVI|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Once the site was selected, a competition was conducted for the design.<ref name=comp/> Five architects were chosen to develop designs.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/19010404/029/0006|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph|issue=14268|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=4 April 1901|page=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This phase lasted until the beginning of July 1901, when the committee selected its primary choice for the construction and took it to the King for approval.<ref name=comp>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/19010712/085/0008|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Western Daily Press|issue=13447|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=12 July 1901|volume=87|page=8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It was announced on 21 October 1902 that [[Thomas Brock]] had been chosen as the designer. The expectation was that the memorial would cost £200,000.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19021022/028/0006|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser|issue=14338|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=22 October 1902|volume=LXXVII|page=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=brockprogress>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19040813/009/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=8099|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=13 August 1904|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
On 26 March the decision was announced to locate the memorial outside [[Buckingham Palace]] and slightly shorten The Mall. It was estimated that the work would cost £250,000 and decided that there would be no grant given by the Government to the construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19010321/020/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Portsmouth Evening News|issue=7404|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=21 March 1901|volume=XXVI|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Once the site was selected, a competition was conducted for the design.<ref name=comp/> Five architects were chosen to develop designs.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/19010404/029/0006|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph|issue=14268|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=4 April 1901|page=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This phase lasted until the beginning of July 1901, when the committee selected its primary choice for the construction and took it to the King for approval.<ref name=comp>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/19010712/085/0008|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Western Daily Press|issue=13447|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=12 July 1901|volume=87|page=8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It was announced on 21 October 1902 that [[Thomas Brock]] had been chosen as the designer. The expectation was that the memorial would cost £200,000.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19021022/028/0006|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser|issue=14338|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=22 October 1902|volume=LXXVII|page=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=brockprogress>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19040813/009/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=8099|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=13 August 1904|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


===Funding and construction===
===Funding and construction===
Funding for the memorial was gathered from around the [[British Empire]] as well as the public. The Australian [[House of Representatives (Australia)|House of Representatives]] granted a £25,000 contribution for the construction on 17 October 1905.<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19051017/116/0005|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Dundee Evening Telegraph|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=17 October 1905|issue=8953|page=5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The New Zealand government submitted a cheque for £15,000 towards the fund.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000576/19040309/063/0005|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Aberdeen Daily Journal|issue=15331|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=9 March 1904|page=5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By October 1901 some £154,000 had been gathered for the construction of the Memorial.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/19011008/024/0005|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Western Daily Press|issue=13521|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=8 October 1901|volume=87|page=5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During 1902 a number of tribes from the west coast of Africa sent goods to be sold, with the proceeds going towards the fund. [[Alfred Lewis Jones]] had arranged for these items to be brought from Africa to Liverpool free of charge on his ships.<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19020115/014/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=7297|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=15 January 1902|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Funding for the memorial was gathered from around the [[British Empire]] as well as the public. The Australian [[House of Representatives (Australia)|House of Representatives]] granted a £25,000 contribution for the construction on 17 October 1905.<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19051017/116/0005|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Dundee Evening Telegraph|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=17 October 1905|issue=8953|page=5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The New Zealand government submitted a cheque for £15,000 towards the fund.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000576/19040309/063/0005|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Aberdeen Daily Journal|issue=15331|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=9 March 1904|page=5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By October 1901 some £154,000 had been gathered for the construction of the memorial.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/19011008/024/0005|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Western Daily Press|issue=13521|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=8 October 1901|volume=87|page=5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During 1902 a number of tribes from the west coast of Africa sent goods to be sold, with the proceeds going towards the fund. [[Alfred Lewis Jones]] had arranged for these items to be brought from Africa to Liverpool free of charge on his ships.<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19020115/014/0003|access-date=18 January 2015|work=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=7297|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=15 January 1902|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


Following the public and national donations towards the funds, there was more money collected than was necessary for the construction of the Victoria Memorial. Funds were therefore diverted towards the construction of [[Admiralty Arch]] at the other end of The Mall, and a redevelopment to clear a path directly from that road into [[Trafalgar Square]]. Sir [[Aston Webb]] was put in charge of this project; he built the Arch so economically that enough money was left over to re-front the entirety of [[Buckingham Palace]], a job that was completed in 13 weeks due to the pre-fabrication of the new stonework.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
Following the public and national donations towards the funds, there was more money collected than was necessary for the construction of the Victoria Memorial. Funds were therefore diverted towards the construction of [[Admiralty Arch]] at the other end of The Mall, and a redevelopment to clear a path directly from that road into [[Trafalgar Square]]. Sir [[Aston Webb]] was put in charge of this project; he built the Arch so economically that enough money was left over to re-front the entirety of [[Buckingham Palace]], a job that was completed in 13 weeks due to the pre-fabrication of the new stonework.{{cn|date=June 2022}}


The initial preparatory stage was to re-route the road and modify The Mall. Brock hoped that work on constructing the Memorial itself could be started at some point in 1905.<ref name=brockprogress/> The lower half of the Memorial was revealed to the public on 24 May 1909. Thousands of people visited it on the first day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19090524/062/0007 |access-date=18 January 2015|work=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=9583|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=24 May 1909|page=5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The initial preparatory stage was to re-route the road and modify The Mall. Brock hoped that work on constructing the memorial itself could be started at some point in 1905.<ref name=brockprogress/> The lower half of the memorial was revealed to the public on 24 May 1909. Thousands of people visited it on the first day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19090524/062/0007 |access-date=18 January 2015|work=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=9583|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=24 May 1909|page=5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


===Dedication and inauguration===
===Dedication and inauguration===
[[File:Inauguration du Monument de la reine Victoria.jpg|thumb|right|The memorial's unveiling ceremony]]
[[File:Inauguration du Monument de la reine Victoria.jpg|thumb|right|The memorial's unveiling ceremony]]
Following a practice ceremony on 11 March, in the presence of [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19110311/039/0006|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=10142|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=11 March 1911|page=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> the dedication ceremony took place on 16 May 1911, presided over by [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]]. His first cousin, [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II of Germany]], was also present. These two were the senior grandsons of Victoria,<ref name=unveiled>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial Is Unveiled by King George|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19110516/054/0002|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Dundee Evening Telegraph|issue=10699|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=16 May 1911|ref=unveiled}}</ref> and arrived, together with their families, in royal procession. Also in attendance were a large number of Members of Parliament, and representatives of various armed forces.<ref name=sheffunviel>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/19110517/164/0007|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph|issue=17247|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=17 May 1911|page=7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Following a practice ceremony on 11 March, in the presence of [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19110311/039/0006|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Nottingham Evening Post|issue=10142|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=11 March 1911|page=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> the dedication ceremony took place on 16 May 1911, presided over by [[King George V]]. His first cousin, [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II of Germany]], was also present. These two were the senior grandsons of Victoria,<ref name=unveiled>{{cite news|title=Victoria Memorial Is Unveiled by King George|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19110516/054/0002|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Dundee Evening Telegraph|issue=10699|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=16 May 1911|ref=unveiled}}</ref> and arrived, together with their families, in royal procession. Also in attendance were a large number of Members of Parliament, and representatives of various armed forces.<ref name=sheffunviel>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/19110517/164/0007|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Sheffield Daily Telegraph|issue=17247|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=17 May 1911|page=7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


In his role as [[Home Secretary]], [[Winston Churchill]] carried the text of the speeches.<ref name=sheffunviel/> Lord Esher addressed the King and the gathered crowd, explaining the history of the Memorial. The King replied to this, referring to his involvement in the development of the monument to his grandmother. He talked of the impact of Queen Victoria and of her popularity with the public. In total, the ceremony went on for thirty minutes. Following this, it was revealed to the press that the King had decided that the sculptor of the Memorial, Thomas Brock, was to be knighted.<ref name=unveiled/>
In his role as [[Home Secretary]], [[Winston Churchill]] carried the text of the speeches.<ref name=sheffunviel/> Lord Esher addressed the King and the gathered crowd, explaining the history of the memorial. The King replied to this, referring to his involvement in the development of the monument to his grandmother. He talked of the impact of Queen Victoria and of her popularity with the public. In total, the ceremony went on for thirty minutes. Following this, it was revealed to the press that the King had decided that the sculptor of the memorial, Thomas Brock, was to be knighted.<ref name=unveiled/>


===Later uses===
===Later uses===
As part of the celebrations of the [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II]], the Victoria Memorial (along with areas in Green Park and Buckingham Palace) was used as a platform for a fireworks display which lasted fourteen minutes with a total of two and three-quarter tonnes of fireworks used. In addition, water jets were added to the fountains in the Victoria Memorial, which fired water {{convert|40|ft|m}} up into the air.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jubilee 1952–2002: Firework display lights up the Palace|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-86680365.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413154742/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-86680365.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2016|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Western Mail|publisher=[[HighBeam Research]]|date=4 June 2002|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This display followed a concert held in the Palace forecourt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jubilee: Queen launches firework finale with a rocket|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10665352.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412211933/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10665352.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2018|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Belfast Telegraph|publisher=[[HighBeam Research]]|date=3 June 2002|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
As part of the celebrations of the [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II]], the Victoria Memorial (along with areas in Green Park and Buckingham Palace) was used as a platform for a fireworks display which lasted fourteen minutes with a total of two and three-quarter tonnes of fireworks used. In addition, water jets were added to the fountains in the Victoria Memorial, which fired water {{convert|40|ft|m}} up into the air.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jubilee 1952–2002: Firework display lights up the Palace|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-86680365.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413154742/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-86680365.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2016|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Western Mail]|date=4 June 2002|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This display followed a concert held in the Palace forecourt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jubilee: Queen launches firework finale with a rocket|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10665352.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412211933/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10665352.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2018|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=3 June 2002|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


It was announced in February 2012 that the Victoria Memorial would form the centrepiece of the stage for Queen Elizabeth II's [[Diamond Jubilee Concert]] on 4 June that year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ticket Details: Gary Barlow announces Diamond Jubilee spectacular concert|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-279684041.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329151310/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-279684041.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2015|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Doncaster Free Press|publisher=[[HighBeam Research]]|date=10 February 2012|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Platforms designed by Mark Fisher were built around the memorial at a cost of £200,000, and were constructed in two weeks.{{cn|date=June 2019}} A number of performers appeared from across the sixty years of Queen Elizabeth II's reign, including [[Gary Barlow]], [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], [[Elton John]], [[Jessie J]], [[Madness (band)|Madness]], Dame [[Shirley Bassey]] and [[Paul McCartney]]. Tickets were free and allocated by public ballot; and in addition to being seen live by the 10,000 fans in attendance, the event was broadcast by the [[BBC]] and highlights were shown in the United States on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012-02-07/paul-mccartney,-shirley-bassey-and-elton-john-to-play-queen's-diamond-jubilee-gig |title=Paul McCartney, Shirley Bassey and Elton John to play Queen's Diamond Jubilee gig |work=Radio Times |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref>
It was announced in February 2012 that the Victoria Memorial would form the centrepiece of the stage for Queen Elizabeth II's [[Diamond Jubilee Concert]] on 4 June that year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ticket Details: Gary Barlow announces Diamond Jubilee spectacular concert|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-279684041.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329151310/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-279684041.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2015|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Doncaster Free Press|date=10 February 2012|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Platforms designed by [[Mark Fisher (architect)|Mark Fisher]] were built around the memorial at a cost of £200,000, and were constructed in two weeks.{{cn|date=June 2019}} A number of performers appeared from across the sixty years of Queen Elizabeth II's reign, including [[Gary Barlow]], [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], [[Elton John]], [[Jessie J]], [[Madness (band)|Madness]], Dame [[Shirley Bassey]] and [[Paul McCartney]]. Tickets were free and allocated by public ballot; and in addition to being seen live by the 10,000 fans in attendance, the event was broadcast by the [[BBC]] and highlights were shown in the United States on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012-02-07/paul-mccartney%2C-shirley-bassey-and-elton-john-to-play-queen%27s-diamond-jubilee-gig |title=Paul McCartney, Shirley Bassey and Elton John to play Queen's Diamond Jubilee gig |work=Radio Times |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=8 April 2012 |archive-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104103932/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012-02-07/paul-mccartney,-shirley-bassey-and-elton-john-to-play-queen's-diamond-jubilee-gig |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Later in 2012, the Memorial marked the end of "Our Greatest Team Parade" on 10 September 2012. This parade celebrated the successes of the [[Great Britain at the Olympics|British]] teams at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] and [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]]. There were 21 floats holding a total of around 800 athletes, and it was estimated that around a million members of the public cheered them on.<ref name=gold/> The area from Admiralty Arch to the Victoria Memorial down the Mall was reserved for ticket holders.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parade for 800 Olympic and Paralympic Team GB athletes|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19389430|access-date=20 January 2015|work=BBC News|date=28 August 2012}}</ref> After the arrival at the Victoria Memorial, there was a flypast by helicopters of the [[Royal Air Force]], as well as a [[British Airways]] jet and a flight of the [[Red Arrows]].<ref name=gold>{{cite news|title=Streets Are Paved with Gold|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-302081218.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329151323/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-302081218.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2015|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Birmingham Mail|publisher=[[HighBeam Research]]|date=11 September 2012|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During the games, the Mall and the Victoria Memorial had been used as the finishing point for the Marathon,<ref>{{cite news|last=Heald|first=Claire|title=Olympic women's marathon brings sport to the city|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19140978|access-date=20 January 2015|work=BBC News|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> as well as being on the triathlon route.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nikkhah|first1=Roya|last2=Henry|first2=Julie|title=Triathlon: Roar of the crowd fails to help Helen Jenkins to medal|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9451637/Triathlon-Roar-of-the-crowd-fails-to-help-Helen-Jenkins-to-medal.html|access-date=20 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=4 August 2012}}</ref>
Later in 2012, the memorial marked the end of "Our Greatest Team Parade" on 10 September 2012. This parade celebrated the successes of the [[Great Britain at the Olympics|British]] teams at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] and [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]]. There were 21 floats holding a total of around 800 athletes, and it was estimated that around a million members of the public cheered them on.<ref name=gold/> The area from Admiralty Arch to the Victoria Memorial down the Mall was reserved for ticket holders.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parade for 800 Olympic and Paralympic Team GB athletes|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19389430|access-date=20 January 2015|work=BBC News|date=28 August 2012}}</ref> After the arrival at the Victoria Memorial, there was a flypast by helicopters of the [[Royal Air Force]], as well as a [[British Airways]] jet and a flight of the [[Red Arrows]].<ref name=gold>{{cite news|title=Streets Are Paved with Gold|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-302081218.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329151323/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-302081218.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2015|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Birmingham Mail|date=11 September 2012 }}</ref> During the games, the Mall and the Victoria Memorial had been used as the finishing point for the Marathon,<ref>{{cite news|last=Heald|first=Claire|title=Olympic women's marathon brings sport to the city|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19140978|access-date=20 January 2015|work=BBC News|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> as well as being on the triathlon route.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nikkhah|first1=Roya|last2=Henry|first2=Julie|title=Triathlon: Roar of the crowd fails to help Helen Jenkins to medal|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9451637/Triathlon-Roar-of-the-crowd-fails-to-help-Helen-Jenkins-to-medal.html|access-date=20 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=4 August 2012}}</ref>


The Memorial was damaged by anti-austerity protesters during the "[[Million Mask March]]" on 5 November 2013, which took place in central London focused on Trafalgar Square and outside Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Million Mask March: Metropolitan Police plead for peaceful protest|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11210552/Million-Mask-March-Metropolitan-Police-plead-for-peaceful-protest.html|access-date=20 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=5 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mertz|first=Theo|title='Anonymous' protesters descend on Buckingham Palace and Parliament Square|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10429382/Anonymous-protesters-descend-on-Buckingham-Palace-and-Parliament-Square.html|access-date=20 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> During the following year's protests, the Memorial was guarded by police officers.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
The memorial was damaged by anti-austerity protesters during the "[[Million Mask March]]" on 5 November 2013, which took place in central London focused on Trafalgar Square and outside Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Million Mask March: Metropolitan Police plead for peaceful protest|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11210552/Million-Mask-March-Metropolitan-Police-plead-for-peaceful-protest.html|access-date=20 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=5 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mertz|first=Theo|title='Anonymous' protesters descend on Buckingham Palace and Parliament Square|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10429382/Anonymous-protesters-descend-on-Buckingham-Palace-and-Parliament-Square.html|access-date=20 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> During the following year's protests, the memorial was guarded by police officers.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}


{{wide image|BUCKINGHAM PALACE.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|The Victoria Memorial with Buckingham Palace in the background}}
{{wide image|Victoria Memorial at Buckingham Palace, London.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|The Victoria Memorial with Buckingham Palace in the background}}


==Description==
==Description==
At the top of the central pylon stands a gilded bronze ''[[Victoria (mythology)|Winged Victory]]'', standing on a globe and with a victor's palm in one hand. Beneath her are personifications of ''Constancy'', holding a compass with its needle pointing [[true north]], and ''Courage'', holding a club. Beneath these, on the eastern and western sides, are two eagles with wings outspread, representing Empire. Below these, statues of an enthroned Queen Victoria (facing The Mall) and of ''Motherhood'' (facing Buckingham Palace), with ''Justice'' (facing north-west towards [[Green Park]]) and ''Truth'' (facing south-east).<ref name="W-J 126–7">{{Harvnb|Ward-Jackson|2011|pp=126–7.}}</ref> These were created from solid blocks of marble, with ''Truth'' being sculpted from a block weighing 40 tonnes.<ref name=unveiled />
At the top of the central pylon stands a gilded bronze ''[[Victoria (mythology)|Winged Victory]]'', standing on a globe and with a victor's palm in one hand. Beneath her are personifications of ''Constancy'', holding a compass with its needle pointing [[true north]], and ''Courage'', holding a club. Beneath these, on the eastern and western sides, are two eagles with wings outspread, representing Empire. Below these, statues of an enthroned Queen Victoria (facing The Mall) and of ''Motherhood'' (facing Buckingham Palace), with ''Justice'' (facing north-west towards [[Green Park]]) and ''Truth'' (facing south-east).<ref name="W-J 126–7">{{Harvnb|Ward-Jackson|2011|pp=126–7.}}</ref> These were created from solid blocks of marble, with ''Truth'' being sculpted from a block weighing 40 tonnes.<ref name=unveiled />


Brock described the symbolism of the Memorial, saying that it was devoted to the "qualities which made our Queen so great and so much beloved."<ref name=brockinterview>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000289/19110516/043/0003|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette|issue=11696|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=16 May 1911|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He added that the statue of the Queen was placed to face towards the city, while flanked by ''Truth'' and ''Justice'' as he felt that "she was just and that she sought the truth always and in circumstances",<ref name=brockinterview/> while the ''Motherhood'' was to represent her "great love for her people".<ref name=brockinterview/>
Brock described the symbolism of the memorial, saying that it was devoted to the "qualities which made our Queen so great and so much beloved."<ref name=brockinterview>{{cite news|title=The Victoria Memorial|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000289/19110516/043/0003|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette|issue=11696|publisher=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|date=16 May 1911|page=3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He added that the statue of the Queen was placed to face towards the city, while flanked by ''Truth'' and ''Justice'' as he felt that "she was just and that she sought the truth always and in circumstances",<ref name=brockinterview/> while the ''Motherhood'' was to represent her "great love for her people".<ref name=brockinterview/>


At the four corners of the monument are massive bronze figures with lions, representing ''Peace'' (a female figure holding an olive branch), ''Progress'' (a nude youth holding a flaming torch), ''Agriculture'' (a woman in peasant dress with a sickle and a sheaf of corn) and ''Manufacture'' (a blacksmith in modern costume with a hammer and a scroll).<ref name="W-J 128">{{Harvnb|Ward-Jackson|2011|p=128}}</ref> The self-bases of the last two groups are inscribed <small>THE GIFT OF [[New Zealand|NEW ZEALAND]]</small>.<ref name="W-J 125">{{Harvnb|Ward-Jackson|2011|p=125}}</ref>
At the four corners of the monument are massive bronze figures with lions, representing ''Peace'' (a female figure holding an olive branch), ''Progress'' (a nude youth holding a flaming torch), ''Agriculture'' (a woman in peasant dress with a sickle and a sheaf of corn) and ''Manufacture'' (a blacksmith in modern costume with a hammer and a scroll).<ref name="W-J 128">{{Harvnb|Ward-Jackson|2011|p=128}}</ref> The self-bases of the last two groups are inscribed <small>THE GIFT OF [[New Zealand|NEW ZEALAND]]</small>.<ref name="W-J 125">{{Harvnb|Ward-Jackson|2011|p=125}}</ref> At nearly {{convert|25|m|ft}} tall, the Victoria Memorial remains the tallest monument to a King or Queen in England.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famous Royal memorials |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/QueenElizabethTheQueenMother/MemorialProject/TheProject/FamousRoyalmemorials.aspx |access-date=19 January 2015 |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429105159/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/QueenElizabethTheQueenMother/MemorialProject/TheProject/FamousRoyalmemorials.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2015 }}</ref> The whole sculptural programme has a nautical theme, much like the rest of The Mall ([[Admiralty Arch]], for example). This can be seen in the [[mermaid]]s, [[merman|mermen]] and the [[hippogriff]], all of which are suggestive of the [[British Empire|United Kingdom]]'s naval power.


The memorial is a [[Listed building|grade I listed structure]].<ref name="NHLE"/> Its architectural setting of formal gardens and gates was designed by Sir [[Aston Webb]] and has a separate Grade I listing.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1239086|desc= Queen Victoria gates and gatepiers, balustrades, steps and retaining wall with fountain framing West end of The Mall|grade=I|access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>
The whole sculptural programme has a nautical theme, much like the rest of The Mall ([[Admiralty Arch]], for example). This can be seen in the [[mermaid]]s, [[merman|mermen]] and the [[hippogriff]], all of which are suggestive of the [[British Empire|United Kingdom]]'s naval power.

The memorial is placed in the middle of an architectural setting of formal gardens and gates designed by the architect Sir [[Aston Webb]].

At nearly {{convert|25|m|ft}} tall, the Victoria Memorial remains the tallest monument to a King or Queen in England.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famous Royal memorials |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/QueenElizabethTheQueenMother/MemorialProject/TheProject/FamousRoyalmemorials.aspx |access-date=19 January 2015 |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429105159/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/QueenElizabethTheQueenMother/MemorialProject/TheProject/FamousRoyalmemorials.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2015 }}</ref>


<gallery widths="170px" heights="160px">
<gallery widths="170px" heights="160px">
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[Albert Memorial]]
* [[Albert Memorial]]
*[[Royal Archives]]
* [[Royal Archives]]


==References==
==References==
Line 111: Line 107:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |first=Frederick |last=Brock |title=Thomas Brock: forgotten sculptor of the Victoria Memorial |editor-first=John |editor-last=Sankey |place=Bloomington, Ind. |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2012 |isbn=9781467883344 |pages=94–119 }}
* {{cite book |first=Frederick |last=Brock |title=Thomas Brock: forgotten sculptor of the Victoria Memorial |editor-first=John |editor-last=Sankey |place=Bloomington, Ind. |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2012 |isbn=978-1467883344 |pages=94–119 }}
*{{cite book |last=Sankey |first=John Anthony |title=Thomas Brock and the Critics – An Examination of Brock's Place in the New Sculpture Movement |publisher=PhD Thesis: University of Leeds |year=2002 |volume=1 |pages=210–52 |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1512/ }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Sankey |first=John Anthony |title=Thomas Brock and the Critics – An Examination of Brock's Place in the New Sculpture Movement |publisher=PhD Thesis: University of Leeds |year=2002 |volume=1 |pages=210–52 |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1512/ |type=phd }}
*{{cite book |last=Ward-Jackson |first=Philip |year=2011 |title=Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1 |series=Public Sculpture of Britain |volume=14 |location=Liverpool |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=9781846316623 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ward-Jackson |first=Philip |year=2011 |title=Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1 |series=Public Sculpture of Britain |volume=14 |location=Liverpool |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1846316623 }}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons and category|Victoria Memorial, London}}
{{Commons and category|Victoria Memorial, London}}
*[http://tours.bayhometours.com/public/vtour/display/4715?idx=1 Panorama available here 6th pano down in menu (Buckingham Palace).]

{{Public art in London|portrait sculpture}}
{{Public art in London|portrait sculpture}}
{{Queen Victoria}}
{{Queen Victoria}}
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[[Category:1924 sculptures]]
[[Category:1924 sculptures]]
[[Category:Allegorical sculptures in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Allegorical sculptures in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:Buckingham Palace]]
[[Category:Buckingham Palace]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1911]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1911]]

Latest revision as of 04:18, 26 June 2024

This article is about the Victoria Memorial in London. For other memorials to Queen Victoria, see Victoria Memorial (disambiguation).

Victoria Memorial
LocationThe Mall
Coordinates51°30′06.65″N 00°08′26.34″W / 51.5018472°N 0.1406500°W / 51.5018472; -0.1406500
OS grid referenceTQ291797
AreaLondon, SW1
Height25 m[1]
Unveiled16 May 1911
Built1901 (memorial gardens) 1906–24 (monument)[2]
Restoredbronzes – April 2011[3]
SculptorSir Thomas Brock
Architectural style(s)Beaux-Arts[2] / Edwardian Baroque
Governing bodyThe Royal Parks
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameQueen Victoria Memorial
Designated5 February 1970
Reference no.1273864[4]
Victoria Memorial, London is located in Central London
Victoria Memorial, London
The Victoria Monument in central London

The Victoria Memorial is a monument to Queen Victoria, located at the end of The Mall in London by the sculptor Sir Thomas Brock. Designed in 1901, it was unveiled on 16 May 1911, though it was not completed until 1924. It was the centrepiece of an ambitious urban planning scheme, which included the creation of the Queen’s Gardens to a design by Sir Aston Webb, and the refacing of Buckingham Palace (which stands behind the memorial) by the same architect.

Like the earlier Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens, commemorating Victoria's consort, the Victoria Memorial has an elaborate scheme of iconographic sculpture. The central pylon of the memorial is of Pentelic marble, and individual statues are in Lasa marble and gilt bronze.[5] The memorial weighs 2,300 tonnes (about 2535 short tons)[1] and is 32 m (104 ft) in diameter.[6] In 1970 it was listed at Grade I.[4]

History

[edit]

Proposal and announcements

[edit]

King Edward VII suggested that a joint Parliamentary committee should be formed to develop plans for a Memorial to Queen Victoria following her death. The first meeting took place on 19 February 1901 at the Foreign Office, Whitehall. The first secretary of the committee was Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham.[7] Initially these meetings were behind closed doors, and the proceedings were not revealed to the public.[8] However the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Joseph Dimsdale, publicly announced that the committee had decided that the memorial should be "monumental".[9]

The original sketch model created by Thomas Brock of the finalised design of the Victoria Memorial

Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher, the secretary of the committee, submitted the proposal to the King on 4 March 1901.[10][11] A number of sites were suggested, and the King visited both Westminster Abbey and the park near the Palace of Westminster.[11] Several ideas were rumoured at this time, including an open square in The Mall near to the school Duke of York Column, and a memorial located in Green Park.[12]

On 26 March the decision was announced to locate the memorial outside Buckingham Palace and slightly shorten The Mall. It was estimated that the work would cost £250,000 and decided that there would be no grant given by the Government to the construction.[13] Once the site was selected, a competition was conducted for the design.[14] Five architects were chosen to develop designs.[15] This phase lasted until the beginning of July 1901, when the committee selected its primary choice for the construction and took it to the King for approval.[14] It was announced on 21 October 1902 that Thomas Brock had been chosen as the designer. The expectation was that the memorial would cost £200,000.[16][17]

Funding and construction

[edit]

Funding for the memorial was gathered from around the British Empire as well as the public. The Australian House of Representatives granted a £25,000 contribution for the construction on 17 October 1905.[18] The New Zealand government submitted a cheque for £15,000 towards the fund.[19] By October 1901 some £154,000 had been gathered for the construction of the memorial.[20] During 1902 a number of tribes from the west coast of Africa sent goods to be sold, with the proceeds going towards the fund. Alfred Lewis Jones had arranged for these items to be brought from Africa to Liverpool free of charge on his ships.[21]

Following the public and national donations towards the funds, there was more money collected than was necessary for the construction of the Victoria Memorial. Funds were therefore diverted towards the construction of Admiralty Arch at the other end of The Mall, and a redevelopment to clear a path directly from that road into Trafalgar Square. Sir Aston Webb was put in charge of this project; he built the Arch so economically that enough money was left over to re-front the entirety of Buckingham Palace, a job that was completed in 13 weeks due to the pre-fabrication of the new stonework.[citation needed]

The initial preparatory stage was to re-route the road and modify The Mall. Brock hoped that work on constructing the memorial itself could be started at some point in 1905.[17] The lower half of the memorial was revealed to the public on 24 May 1909. Thousands of people visited it on the first day.[22]

Dedication and inauguration

[edit]
The memorial's unveiling ceremony

Following a practice ceremony on 11 March, in the presence of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn,[23] the dedication ceremony took place on 16 May 1911, presided over by King George V. His first cousin, Wilhelm II of Germany, was also present. These two were the senior grandsons of Victoria,[24] and arrived, together with their families, in royal procession. Also in attendance were a large number of Members of Parliament, and representatives of various armed forces.[25]

In his role as Home Secretary, Winston Churchill carried the text of the speeches.[25] Lord Esher addressed the King and the gathered crowd, explaining the history of the memorial. The King replied to this, referring to his involvement in the development of the monument to his grandmother. He talked of the impact of Queen Victoria and of her popularity with the public. In total, the ceremony went on for thirty minutes. Following this, it was revealed to the press that the King had decided that the sculptor of the memorial, Thomas Brock, was to be knighted.[24]

Later uses

[edit]

As part of the celebrations of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, the Victoria Memorial (along with areas in Green Park and Buckingham Palace) was used as a platform for a fireworks display which lasted fourteen minutes with a total of two and three-quarter tonnes of fireworks used. In addition, water jets were added to the fountains in the Victoria Memorial, which fired water 40 feet (12 m) up into the air.[26] This display followed a concert held in the Palace forecourt.[27]

It was announced in February 2012 that the Victoria Memorial would form the centrepiece of the stage for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Concert on 4 June that year.[28] Platforms designed by Mark Fisher were built around the memorial at a cost of £200,000, and were constructed in two weeks.[citation needed] A number of performers appeared from across the sixty years of Queen Elizabeth II's reign, including Gary Barlow, Tom Jones, Elton John, Jessie J, Madness, Dame Shirley Bassey and Paul McCartney. Tickets were free and allocated by public ballot; and in addition to being seen live by the 10,000 fans in attendance, the event was broadcast by the BBC and highlights were shown in the United States on ABC.[29]

Later in 2012, the memorial marked the end of "Our Greatest Team Parade" on 10 September 2012. This parade celebrated the successes of the British teams at the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. There were 21 floats holding a total of around 800 athletes, and it was estimated that around a million members of the public cheered them on.[30] The area from Admiralty Arch to the Victoria Memorial down the Mall was reserved for ticket holders.[31] After the arrival at the Victoria Memorial, there was a flypast by helicopters of the Royal Air Force, as well as a British Airways jet and a flight of the Red Arrows.[30] During the games, the Mall and the Victoria Memorial had been used as the finishing point for the Marathon,[32] as well as being on the triathlon route.[33]

The memorial was damaged by anti-austerity protesters during the "Million Mask March" on 5 November 2013, which took place in central London focused on Trafalgar Square and outside Buckingham Palace.[34][35] During the following year's protests, the memorial was guarded by police officers.[citation needed]

The Victoria Memorial with Buckingham Palace in the background

Description

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At the top of the central pylon stands a gilded bronze Winged Victory, standing on a globe and with a victor's palm in one hand. Beneath her are personifications of Constancy, holding a compass with its needle pointing true north, and Courage, holding a club. Beneath these, on the eastern and western sides, are two eagles with wings outspread, representing Empire. Below these, statues of an enthroned Queen Victoria (facing The Mall) and of Motherhood (facing Buckingham Palace), with Justice (facing north-west towards Green Park) and Truth (facing south-east).[36] These were created from solid blocks of marble, with Truth being sculpted from a block weighing 40 tonnes.[24]

Brock described the symbolism of the memorial, saying that it was devoted to the "qualities which made our Queen so great and so much beloved."[37] He added that the statue of the Queen was placed to face towards the city, while flanked by Truth and Justice as he felt that "she was just and that she sought the truth always and in circumstances",[37] while the Motherhood was to represent her "great love for her people".[37]

At the four corners of the monument are massive bronze figures with lions, representing Peace (a female figure holding an olive branch), Progress (a nude youth holding a flaming torch), Agriculture (a woman in peasant dress with a sickle and a sheaf of corn) and Manufacture (a blacksmith in modern costume with a hammer and a scroll).[38] The self-bases of the last two groups are inscribed THE GIFT OF NEW ZEALAND.[5] At nearly 25 metres (82 ft) tall, the Victoria Memorial remains the tallest monument to a King or Queen in England.[39] The whole sculptural programme has a nautical theme, much like the rest of The Mall (Admiralty Arch, for example). This can be seen in the mermaids, mermen and the hippogriff, all of which are suggestive of the United Kingdom's naval power.

The memorial is a grade I listed structure.[4] Its architectural setting of formal gardens and gates was designed by Sir Aston Webb and has a separate Grade I listing.[40]

  • Gilded Winged Victory at the top of the memorial
    Gilded Winged Victory at the top of the memorial
  • Statue of an enthroned Queen Victoria
    Statue of an enthroned Queen Victoria
  • Fountain
    Fountain
  • Progress, one of four bronze statues around the memorial
    Progress, one of four bronze statues around the memorial
  • The Victoria Memorial from within Buckingham Palace
    The Victoria Memorial from within Buckingham Palace

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "The Queen Victoria Memorial". The Royal Parks. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2003), London: Westminster, The Buildings of England, vol. 6, London and New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 655–6
  3. ^ "St James's Park and the Green Park Management Plan 2008–2018" (PDF). The Royal Parks. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  4. ^ a b c Historic England. "Queen Victoria Memorial (Grade I) (1273864)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b Ward-Jackson 2011, p. 125
  6. ^ Salaman, Malcolm C. (June 1911). "Sir Thomas Brock's Queen Victoria Memorial". The Studio. 53: 29–40.
  7. ^ "Victoria Memorial". Dundee Evening Post. No. 338. British Newspaper Archive. 19 February 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  8. ^ "The Victoria Memorial". Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette. No. 8460. British Newspaper Archive. 22 February 1901. p. 6. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  9. ^ "Victoria's Memorial". Lincolnshire Echo. No. 2534. British Newspaper Archive. 2 March 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  10. ^ "The Victoria Memorial". Tamworth Herald. No. 1836. British Newspaper Archive. 9 March 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  11. ^ a b "Victoria Memorial". Hull Daily Mail. No. 4799. British Newspaper Archive. 5 March 1901. p. 3.
  12. ^ "Victoria Memorial". Portsmouth Evening News. Vol. XXVI, no. 7397. British Newspaper Archive. 13 March 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  13. ^ "Victoria Memorial". Portsmouth Evening News. Vol. XXVI, no. 7404. British Newspaper Archive. 21 March 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  14. ^ a b "The Victoria Memorial". Western Daily Press. Vol. 87, no. 13447. British Newspaper Archive. 12 July 1901. p. 8. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  15. ^ "The Victoria Memorial". Sheffield Daily Telegraph. No. 14268. British Newspaper Archive. 4 April 1901. p. 6. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  16. ^ "The Victoria Memorial". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. Vol. LXXVII, no. 14338. British Newspaper Archive. 22 October 1902. p. 6. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  17. ^ a b "The Victoria Memorial". Nottingham Evening Post. No. 8099. British Newspaper Archive. 13 August 1904. p. 3. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  18. ^ "Victoria Memorial". Dundee Evening Telegraph. No. 8953. British Newspaper Archive. 17 October 1905. p. 5. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  19. ^ "The Victoria Memorial". Aberdeen Daily Journal. No. 15331. British Newspaper Archive. 9 March 1904. p. 5. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  20. ^ "The Victoria Memorial". Western Daily Press. Vol. 87, no. 13521. British Newspaper Archive. 8 October 1901. p. 5. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  21. ^ "Victoria Memorial". Nottingham Evening Post. No. 7297. British Newspaper Archive. 15 January 1902. p. 3. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  22. ^ "Victoria Memorial". Nottingham Evening Post. No. 9583. British Newspaper Archive. 24 May 1909. p. 5. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  23. ^ "Victoria Memorial". Nottingham Evening Post. No. 10142. British Newspaper Archive. 11 March 1911. p. 6. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  24. ^ a b c "Victoria Memorial Is Unveiled by King George". Dundee Evening Telegraph. No. 10699. British Newspaper Archive. 16 May 1911. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  25. ^ a b "The Victoria Memorial". Sheffield Daily Telegraph. No. 17247. British Newspaper Archive. 17 May 1911. p. 7. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  26. ^ "Jubilee 1952–2002: Firework display lights up the Palace". Western Mail]. 4 June 2002. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  27. ^ "Jubilee: Queen launches firework finale with a rocket". Belfast Telegraph. 3 June 2002. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  28. ^ "Ticket Details: Gary Barlow announces Diamond Jubilee spectacular concert". Doncaster Free Press. 10 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  29. ^ "Paul McCartney, Shirley Bassey and Elton John to play Queen's Diamond Jubilee gig". Radio Times. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  30. ^ a b "Streets Are Paved with Gold". Birmingham Mail. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  31. ^ "Parade for 800 Olympic and Paralympic Team GB athletes". BBC News. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  32. ^ Heald, Claire (5 August 2012). "Olympic women's marathon brings sport to the city". BBC News. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  33. ^ Nikkhah, Roya; Henry, Julie (4 August 2012). "Triathlon: Roar of the crowd fails to help Helen Jenkins to medal". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  34. ^ "Million Mask March: Metropolitan Police plead for peaceful protest". The Daily Telegraph. London. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  35. ^ Mertz, Theo (6 November 2013). "'Anonymous' protesters descend on Buckingham Palace and Parliament Square". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  36. ^ Ward-Jackson 2011, pp. 126–7.
  37. ^ a b c "The Victoria Memorial". Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette. No. 11696. British Newspaper Archive. 16 May 1911. p. 3. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  38. ^ Ward-Jackson 2011, p. 128
  39. ^ "Famous Royal memorials". Royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  40. ^ Historic England. "Queen Victoria gates and gatepiers, balustrades, steps and retaining wall with fountain framing West end of The Mall (Grade I) (1239086)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 April 2023.

Bibliography

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