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{{Short description|Species of bat}}
{{redirect|Long-eared bat|the American species sometimes known as long-eared bat|long-eared myotis}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = Brown long-eared bat
| name = Brown long-eared bat
| image = Plecotus auritus 01.jpg
| image = Plecotus auritus 2013-2 (cropped).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Russo, D. |author2=Cistrone, L. |year=2023 |title=''Plecotus auritus'' |volume=2023 |page=e.T85535522A211015413 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T85535522A211015413.en |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Plecotus auritus
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Linnæus|first=Carl|title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I|year=1758|publisher=Laurentius Salvius|location=Holmiæ|pages=32|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/42/mode/1up|edition=10th|access-date=22 November 2012|language=la}}</ref>
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| range_map = Plecotus auritus range map.png
| ordo = [[Chiroptera]]
| synonyms = ''Vespertilio auritus'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small>
| subordo = [[Microchiroptera]]
| familia = [[Vespertilionidae]]
| genus = ''[[Plecotus]]''
| species = '''''P. auritus'''''
| binomial = ''Plecotus auritus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Linnæus|first=Carl|title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I|year=1758|publisher=Laurentius Salvius|location=Holmiæ|pages=32|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/42/mode/1up|edition=10th|accessdate=22 November 2012|language=Latin}}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''brown long-eared bat''' or '''common long-eared bat''' (''Plecotus auritus'') is a small [[Eurasian]] [[bat]]. It has distinctive [[ear]]s, long and with a distinctive fold. It is extremely similar to the much rarer [[grey long-eared bat]] which was only validated as a distinct [[species]] in the 1960s.
The '''brown long-eared bat''' or '''common long-eared bat''' ('''''Plecotus auritus''''') is a small [[Eurasian]] [[Insectivore|insectivorous]] [[bat]]. It has distinctive [[ear]]s, long and with a distinctive fold. It is extremely similar to the much rarer [[grey long-eared bat]] which was only validated as a distinct [[species]] in the 1960s. An adult brown long-eared bat has a body length of 4.5–4.8&nbsp;cm, a tail of 4.1–4.6&nbsp;cm, and a forearm length of 4–4.2&nbsp;cm. The ears are 3.3–3.9&nbsp;cm in length, and readily distinguish the long-eared bats from most other bat species. They are relatively slow flyers compared to other bat species.
[[File:Outstretched ears of Plecotus auritus.jpg|thumb|The Brown Long-Eared bat outstretches its ears before takeoff]]

An adult brown long-eared bat has a body length of 4.5-4.8&nbsp;cm, a tail of 4.1-4.6&nbsp;cm, and a forearm length of 4-4.2&nbsp;cm. The ears are 3.3-3.9&nbsp;cm in length, and readily distinguish the long-eared bats from most other bat species.

They are relatively slow flyers compared to other bat species.


==Habitat==
==Habitat==


It is found throughout Europe, with the exception of Greece, southern Italy and southern Spain. The UK distribution can be found on the [[National Biodiversity Network]] website and can be seen [https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000005102/Grid_Map here].
The brown long-eared bat is found throughout Europe, with the exception of Greece, southern Italy and southern Spain. It is found to the east up to the Urals and Caucasus.<ref>[http://batslife.eu/item/plecotus-auritus/ "Plecotus auritus"], ''Science for Nature Foundation''</ref> The UK distribution can be found on the [[National Biodiversity Network]] website and can be seen [https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000005102/Grid_Map here].


Brown long eared bats regularly utilise buildings roosting in undisturbed roof spaces either singly, in crevices and timber, or in clusters around chimneys and ridge ends. This species also roosts in trees holes, bat boxes, [[cave]]s which are important as winter hibernation sites. The roosts in trees may be close to the ground. Emergence from roost sites usually only occurs in the dark, around an hour after sunset.<ref>Russ, J. 1999. ''The Bats of Britain and Ireland. Echolocation calls, sound analysis, and species identification''. Powys: Alana Books.</ref>
Brown long-eared bats regularly utilise buildings roosting in undisturbed roof spaces either singly, in crevices and timber, or in clusters around chimneys and ridge ends. This species also roosts in treeholes, bat boxes and [[cave]]s which are important as winter hibernation sites. The roosts in trees may be close to the ground. Emergence from roost sites usually only occurs in the dark, around an hour after sunset.<ref>Russ, J. (1999). ''The Bats of Britain and Ireland. Echolocation calls, sound analysis, and species identification''. Powys: Alana Books.</ref>


It hunts above [[woodland]], often by day, and mostly for [[moth]]s, gleaning insects from leaves and bark. Prey is probably detected by sight and sound using the large eyes and ears, not by echolocation. A study by Eklöf and Jones (2003)<ref>Eklöf, J. & Jones, G. 2003. Use of vision in prey detection by brown long-eared bats, ''Plecotus auritus. Animal Behaviour, '''''66''', 949-953.</ref> demonstrated the ability of the brown long-eared bat to visually detect prey. Under experimental conditions, brown long-eared bats showed a preference for situations where sonar and visual cues were available. However, visual cues were more important than sonar cues and the bats were unable to detect prey items using only sonar cues. Brown long-eared bats have relatively large eyes and ears and it is likely that visual information and passive listening allow this species to detect prey in cluttered environments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bio.bris.ac.uk/research/bats/britishbats/|title=The Bats of Britain|website=www.bio.bris.ac.uk|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref>
It hunts above [[woodland]], often by day, and mostly for [[moth]]s, but its diet also consists of [[earwigs]], flies, and beetles, gleaning these insects from leaves and bark.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brown long-eared bat |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/mammals/brown-long-eared-bat/}}</ref> Prey is probably detected by sight and sound using the large eyes and ears, not by echolocation. A study by Eklöf and Jones (2003)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Eklöf, J. |author2= Jones, G. |year=2003|title= Use of vision in prey detection by brown long-eared bats, ''Plecotus auritus''|journal= Animal Behaviour|volume=66|issue= 5 |pages= 949–953|doi=10.1006/anbe.2003.2272|s2cid= 53194611 }}</ref> demonstrated the ability of the brown long-eared bat to visually detect prey. Under experimental conditions, brown long-eared bats showed a preference for situations where sonar and visual cues were available. However, visual cues were more important than sonar cues and the bats were unable to detect prey items using only sonar cues. Brown long-eared bats have relatively large eyes and ears and it is likely that visual information and passive listening allow this species to detect prey in cluttered environments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bio.bris.ac.uk/research/bats/britishbats/|title=The Bats of Britain|website=www.bio.bris.ac.uk|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref>


==Echolocation==
==Echolocation==


Echolocation is used to find prey. The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 27–56&nbsp;kHz, have most energy at 35&nbsp;kHz and have an average duration of 2.5 ms. However unlike most bats Long Eared can hunt by hearing alone. Their hearing is sensitive enough to hear a moth in flight. This hunting strategy evolved because prey items, namely certain moth species evolved the ability to hear the echolocation and take evading action. T<ref>Parsons, S. and Jones, G. (2000) 'Acoustic identification of twelve species of echo-locating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks.' ''J Exp Biol''., '''203''': 2641-2656.</ref><ref>Bristol, M.K., Boesch, R. and Flickerecfeffew, P.F. (2004) 'Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species: Consequences, limits and options for automated field identification with a synergic pattern recognition approach.' ''Mammalia''., '''68''' (4): 307-32.</ref>
Echolocation is not used to find prey. The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 27–56&nbsp;kHz, have most energy at 35&nbsp;kHz and have an average duration of 2.5 ms. However, unlike most bats, the long-eared can hunt their prey by hearing alone. Their hearing is sensitive enough to hear a moth in flight. This hunting strategy evolved because prey items, namely certain moth species evolved the ability to hear the echolocation and take evading action.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Parsons, S. and Jones, G. |year=2000|title=Acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks|journal=J Exp Biol|volume=203|issue=Pt 17|pages=2641–2656|doi=10.1242/jeb.203.17.2641 |pmid=10934005|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12386682}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Obrist|first1=Martin K.|last2=Boesch|first2=Ruedi|last3=Flückiger|first3=Peter F.|title=Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species: consequences, limits and options for automated field identification with a synergetic pattern recognition approach|journal=Mammalia|volume=68|issue=4|year=2004|pages=307–322 |doi=10.1515/mamm.2004.030|s2cid=86180828|url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A9612}}</ref>
ITs gay af suprem


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:Haeckel Chiroptera Plecotus auritus 1.jpg|Drawing by Ernst Haeckel
File:Haeckel Chiroptera Plecotus auritus 1.jpg|Drawing by Ernst Haeckel
Image:Haeckel Chiroptera Plecotus auritus 2.jpg|Detail of head
File:Haeckel Chiroptera Plecotus auritus 2.jpg|Detail of head
Image:plecotus_auritus_ras.jpg|Woodcut from R. A. Sterndale, 1884
File:Plecotus auritus ras.jpg|Woodcut from R. A. Sterndale, 1884
File:Braunes Langohr (Plectus auritus).jpg|Exemplar in the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]
File:Plecotus auritus 2016 stamp of Romania.jpg|Romanian stamp
File:Plecotus auritus hibernate with one ear out.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>


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;Sources
;Sources
* [http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-6K3CXY Woodland Management For Bats Guide]
* [http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-6K3CXY Woodland Management For Bats Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319132917/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-6K3CXY |date=2013-03-19 }}
* {{cite iucn |author=Gazaryan, S. |author2=Kruskop, S.V. |author3=Godlevska, L. |date=2020 |title=''Plecotus auritus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T85535522A195861341 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T85535522A195861341.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}
* {{IUCN2006|assessor=Chiroptera Specialist Group|year=1996|id=17596|title=Plecotus auritus|downloaded=12 May 2006}}
* {{aut|Stevens, Martin}} (2005): The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera. ''[[Biological Reviews|Biol. Rev.]]'' '''80'''(4): 573–588. <small>{{doi|10.1017/S1464793105006810}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Stevens, Martin}} (2005): The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera. ''[[Biological Reviews|Biol. Rev.]]'' '''80'''(4): 573–588. <small>{{doi|10.1017/S1464793105006810}}</small> (HTML abstract)


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{commons|Plecotus auritus}}
*[http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/mammals/Plecotus_auritus/ ARKive] Photographs
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080412062615/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/mammals/Plecotus_auritus/ ARKive] Photographs


{{Vespertilioninae nav}}
{{Vespertilioninae nav}}


{{Taxonbar}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q210708}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Plecotus]]
[[Category:Plecotus]]

Latest revision as of 12:34, 26 June 2024

Brown long-eared bat
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Plecotus
Species:
P. auritus
Binomial name
Plecotus auritus
Synonyms

Vespertilio auritus Linnaeus, 1758

The brown long-eared bat or common long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) is a small Eurasian insectivorous bat. It has distinctive ears, long and with a distinctive fold. It is extremely similar to the much rarer grey long-eared bat which was only validated as a distinct species in the 1960s. An adult brown long-eared bat has a body length of 4.5–4.8 cm, a tail of 4.1–4.6 cm, and a forearm length of 4–4.2 cm. The ears are 3.3–3.9 cm in length, and readily distinguish the long-eared bats from most other bat species. They are relatively slow flyers compared to other bat species.

The Brown Long-Eared bat outstretches its ears before takeoff

Habitat

[edit]

The brown long-eared bat is found throughout Europe, with the exception of Greece, southern Italy and southern Spain. It is found to the east up to the Urals and Caucasus.[3] The UK distribution can be found on the National Biodiversity Network website and can be seen here.

Brown long-eared bats regularly utilise buildings roosting in undisturbed roof spaces either singly, in crevices and timber, or in clusters around chimneys and ridge ends. This species also roosts in treeholes, bat boxes and caves which are important as winter hibernation sites. The roosts in trees may be close to the ground. Emergence from roost sites usually only occurs in the dark, around an hour after sunset.[4]

It hunts above woodland, often by day, and mostly for moths, but its diet also consists of earwigs, flies, and beetles, gleaning these insects from leaves and bark.[5] Prey is probably detected by sight and sound using the large eyes and ears, not by echolocation. A study by Eklöf and Jones (2003)[6] demonstrated the ability of the brown long-eared bat to visually detect prey. Under experimental conditions, brown long-eared bats showed a preference for situations where sonar and visual cues were available. However, visual cues were more important than sonar cues and the bats were unable to detect prey items using only sonar cues. Brown long-eared bats have relatively large eyes and ears and it is likely that visual information and passive listening allow this species to detect prey in cluttered environments.[7]

Echolocation

[edit]

Echolocation is not used to find prey. The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 27–56 kHz, have most energy at 35 kHz and have an average duration of 2.5 ms. However, unlike most bats, the long-eared can hunt their prey by hearing alone. Their hearing is sensitive enough to hear a moth in flight. This hunting strategy evolved because prey items, namely certain moth species evolved the ability to hear the echolocation and take evading action.[8][9]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Russo, D.; Cistrone, L. (2023). "Plecotus auritus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T85535522A211015413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T85535522A211015413.en. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  2. ^ Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. p. 32. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  3. ^ "Plecotus auritus", Science for Nature Foundation
  4. ^ Russ, J. (1999). The Bats of Britain and Ireland. Echolocation calls, sound analysis, and species identification. Powys: Alana Books.
  5. ^ "Brown long-eared bat".
  6. ^ Eklöf, J.; Jones, G. (2003). "Use of vision in prey detection by brown long-eared bats, Plecotus auritus". Animal Behaviour. 66 (5): 949–953. doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2272. S2CID 53194611.
  7. ^ "The Bats of Britain". www.bio.bris.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  8. ^ Parsons, S. and Jones, G. (2000). "Acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks". J Exp Biol. 203 (Pt 17): 2641–2656. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.17.2641. PMID 10934005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Obrist, Martin K.; Boesch, Ruedi; Flückiger, Peter F. (2004). "Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species: consequences, limits and options for automated field identification with a synergetic pattern recognition approach". Mammalia. 68 (4): 307–322. doi:10.1515/mamm.2004.030. S2CID 86180828.
Sources
[edit]