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A billycan is an Australian term for a lightweight cooking pot in the form of a metal bucket^[1]^[2]^[3] commonly used for boiling water, making tea/coffee or cooking over a campfire^[4] or to carry water.^[3] It is commonly known simply as a billy, or occasionally as a billy can (billy tin or billy pot in Canada).

Usage

The term billy or billycan is particularly associated with Australian usage, but is also used in New Zealand, and to a lesser extent Britain and Ireland.^[5]

In Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback and is a widespread symbol of bush life, although now regarded mostly as a symbol of an age that has long passed.^[4]

To boil the billy most often means to make tea. This expression dates from the Australian gold rushes and probably earlier.^[6] "Billy Tea" was the name of a popular brand of tea long sold by Australian grocers and supermarkets.^[7] Billies feature in many of Henry Lawson's stories and poems. Banjo Paterson's most famous of many references to the billy is surely in the first verse and chorus of Waltzing Matilda: "Waltzing Matilda and leading a waterbag", which was later changed by the Billy Tea Company to "And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled ...".^[7]

Etymology

Although there is a suggestion that the word may be associated with the Aboriginal billa (meaning water; cf. Billabong),^[8] it is widely accepted that the term billycan is derived from bouilli can, the name given to the empty canisters used for preserving soup and bouilli and other foods. With the addition of a handle, the tins were re-purposed for boiling water. Letters to newspapers^[9] in the early 20th century support this view and David George Stead quoting his father, who emigrated in 1862 aged 16, wrote "the term "billy can" was commonly used in south coastal England, to describe a "bouilli" can or tin.^[10]

The preservation of foods in tin canisters began in 1812 at the firm of Donkin, Hall and Gamble in Bermondsey, England.^[11]^{[circular reference]}

The reuse of the empty cans probably began at the same time but it is not until 1835 that there is a record of "an empty preserved-meat-canister serving the double purpose of tea-kettle and tea-pot".^[12]

By the 1840s, soup and bouilli tin or bouilli tin was increasingly being used as a generic term for any empty preserved food can.^[13]^{[circular reference]}

The earliest known use of billy for kettle is in an 1848 Tasmanian newspaper report of a criminal trial. A defendant is reported as saying "he put some bread on the table and the "billy" on the fire."^[14] Reminiscences by Heberley^[15] and Davenport^[16] place billy or billies at earlier events but these accounts were written much later.^[17]^[18]

Another early example from 1849 shows that use of the term was possibly widespread in Australia. It occurs in idyllic description of a shepherd's life in South Australia: "near the wooden fire, is what is called the billy or tea-kettle".^[19]

From 1851 the gold rushes spur British emigration to Australia with many gold diggers writing letters home describing the journey to Australia and life on the goldfields and many writers mentioning their use of a "billy". From these it is known:

In 1853 soup and bouilli cans were converted to useful items on an emigrant ship.^[20]
"Billy - (this is what you call a tin-can, which is used very often at home for milking cows in, but which the diggers have christened Billy) - and a useful Billy he is: in it we make our tea and coffee".^[21]

By 1855 "tin billys" are no longer just repurposed bouilli tins but are being sold by a Melbourne importer^[22] and by 1859 are being manufactured in Australia with "Billys, all sizes" being sold at the Kyneton Tin and Zinc Works.^[23]

Whitely Kings

Named for the secretary of the Pastoralists' Union of New South Wales, this was the swagman's contemptuous term for billycans improvised from a tin can and a length of wire as carried by inexperienced travellers. John Whiteley King (1857–1905) enticed hundreds of unemployed city men to the shearing sheds as a strike-busting strategy.^[24]^[25]

References

^ Black, S. J. S. 2010 "Tried and Tested": community cookbooks in Australia, 1890–1980. Thesis (Ph.D.). University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics
^ Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (27 November 2014). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 9781317625117 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b Farrell, Michael. "Death Watch: Reading the Common Object of the Billycan in 'Waltzing Matilda'". Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature 10 (2010)
^ ^a ^b "National Museum of Australia - Billy". National Museum of Australia.
^ Sceilig: Information Pack for Troops Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (p. 4) and The Patrol goes to Camp (pp. 9, 11)
^ Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer (Vic. : 1851 - 1856) Tue 28 Sep 1852, page 2, EUREKA DIGGINGS
^ ^a ^b John Safran (2002-12-10). "Waltzing Matilda, courtesy of a tea-leaf near you". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
^ Oxford English Dictionary
^ Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 - 1929), Friday 1 December 1916, page 9,ORIGIN OF 'BILLYCAN
^ The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954) Fri 13 Jun 1947, age 2, ORIGIN OF "BILLY"
^ "John Hall (Engineer)".
^ Narrative Of A Voyage Round The World, T.B. Wilson RN, 1835
^ "Soup and bouilli".
^ The Hobart Town Advertiser (Tas. : 1839 - 1861), Fri 21 Jul 1848, Page 2,SUPREME COURT, CRIMINAL SITTINGS.
^ "Kiwi Xmas poem or reading needed".
^ Sarah Davenport, Diary, 1841-1846 page 59 of 74
^ Evening Post, Volume LVIII, Issue 81, 3 October 1899, Page 2, EARLY DAYS IN MAORILAND
^ "Sarah Davenport: A working woman at the diggings- Gold Rush". 21 June 2018.
^ The Working Man's Handbook to South Australia, George Blakiston Wilkinson, 1849, page 79
^ British newspaper archive, Dundee, Perth and Cupar Advertiser - 9 August 1853, page 3, Extracts from the Diary of a Dundee Emigrant to Australia
^ British newspaper archive, Newry Examiner and Louth Advertiser, 15 April 1854, page 4
^ The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), Mon 28 May 1855
^ The Kyneton Observer (Vic. : 1856 - 1900) Thu 14 Apr 1859
^ The Australian National Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1988. ISBN 0195547365.
^ Moya Sharp (19 August 2023). "The Swagman's Friend". Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ "Dixie". TheFreeDictionary.com. 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2023-01-29.

External links

Media related to Billycans at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Black, S. J. S. 2010 "Tried and Tested": community cookbooks in Australia, 1890–1980. Thesis (Ph.D.). University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics

[2] Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (27 November 2014). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 9781317625117 – via Google Books.

[Farrell,_Michael_2010-3] Farrell, Michael. "Death Watch: Reading the Common Object of the Billycan in 'Waltzing Matilda'". Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature 10 (2010)

[nma.gov.au-4] "National Museum of Australia - Billy". National Museum of Australia.

[5] Sceilig: Information Pack for Troops Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (p. 4) and The Patrol goes to Camp (pp. 9, 11)

[6] Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer (Vic. : 1851 - 1856) Tue 28 Sep 1852, page 2, EUREKA DIGGINGS

[waltzing-7] John Safran (2002-12-10). "Waltzing Matilda, courtesy of a tea-leaf near you". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2013-09-29.

[8] Oxford English Dictionary

[9] Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 - 1929), Friday 1 December 1916, page 9,ORIGIN OF 'BILLYCAN

[10] The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954) Fri 13 Jun 1947, age 2, ORIGIN OF "BILLY"

[11] "John Hall (Engineer)".

[12] Narrative Of A Voyage Round The World, T.B. Wilson RN, 1835

[13] "Soup and bouilli".

[14] The Hobart Town Advertiser (Tas. : 1839 - 1861), Fri 21 Jul 1848, Page 2,SUPREME COURT, CRIMINAL SITTINGS.

[15] "Kiwi Xmas poem or reading needed".

[16] Sarah Davenport, Diary, 1841-1846 page 59 of 74

[17] Evening Post, Volume LVIII, Issue 81, 3 October 1899, Page 2, EARLY DAYS IN MAORILAND

[18] "Sarah Davenport: A working woman at the diggings- Gold Rush". 21 June 2018.

[19] The Working Man's Handbook to South Australia, George Blakiston Wilkinson, 1849, page 79

[20] British newspaper archive, Dundee, Perth and Cupar Advertiser - 9 August 1853, page 3, Extracts from the Diary of a Dundee Emigrant to Australia

[21] British newspaper archive, Newry Examiner and Louth Advertiser, 15 April 1854, page 4

[22] The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), Mon 28 May 1855

[23] The Kyneton Observer (Vic. : 1856 - 1900) Thu 14 Apr 1859

[24] The Australian National Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1988. ISBN 0195547365.

[25] Moya Sharp (19 August 2023). "The Swagman's Friend". Retrieved 3 December 2023.

[26] "Dixie". TheFreeDictionary.com. 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2023-01-29.

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+{{Short description|Metal bucket used for boiling water over a campfire}}
 {{For|the dolls or icons called Billycan|billiken}}
+A '''billycan''' is an Australian term for a lightweight [[cooking pot]] in the form of a metal bucket<ref>Black, S. J. S. 2010 ''"Tried and Tested": community cookbooks in Australia, 1890–1980''. Thesis (Ph.D.). University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak6cBQAAQBAJ&q=%22billy%22+%22can%22+%22boiling%22+%22australia%22&pg=PA1364|title=The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English|first1=Tom|last1=Dalzell|first2=Terry|last2=Victor|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317625117|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Farrell, Michael 2010">Farrell, Michael. "Death Watch: Reading the Common Object of the Billycan in 'Waltzing Matilda{{'"}}. ''Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature'' 10 (2010)</ref> commonly used for boiling water, making tea/coffee or cooking over a [[campfire]]<ref name="nma.gov.au">{{cite web |title=National Museum of Australia - Billy |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/defining-symbols-australia/billy |website=National Museum of Australia}}</ref> or to carry water.<ref name="Farrell, Michael 2010"/> It is commonly known simply as a '''billy''', or occasionally as a '''billy can''' ('''billy tin''' or '''billy pot''' in Canada).
-[[File:Billycan.jpg|thumb|right|Modern billycan on a gas stove]]
-A '''billycan''', more commonly known simply as a '''billy''' or occasionally as a '''billy can''' ('''billy tin''' in [[Canada]]), is a lightweight [[cooking pot]] which is used on a [[campfire]] or a [[camping stove]].
-==Usage and etymology of the term==
+==Usage==
 [[Image:Billycan-campfire.jpg|thumb|right|A traditional billycan on a campfire]]
-The term ''billy'' or ''billycan'' is particularly associated with [[Australia]]n usage, but is also used in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and Ireland <ref>[http://www.arklowseascouts.ie/jam08/infopack.pdf Sceilig: Information Pack for Troops] (p. 4) and [http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com/PatrolCamp.pdf The Patrol goes to Camp] (pp. 9, 11)</ref>. Elsewhere, there is no special term for a pot designed for camping use.
+The term ''billy'' or ''billycan'' is particularly associated with Australian usage, but is also used in New Zealand, and to a lesser extent Britain and Ireland.<ref>[http://www.arklowseascouts.ie/jam08/infopack.pdf Sceilig: Information Pack for Troops] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122100/http://www.arklowseascouts.ie/jam08/infopack.pdf |date=July 21, 2011 }} (p. 4) and [http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com/PatrolCamp.pdf The Patrol goes to Camp] (pp. 9, 11)</ref>
-It is commonly accepted that the term "billycan" is derived from the large cans used for transporting [[wikt:bouilli|bouilli]] or [[bully beef]] on Australia-bound ships or during exploration of the [[outback]], which after use were modified for boiling water over a fire.<ref>{{cite web|title='Swinging the Billycan' - Making Tea in the Australian Bush|date=2003-01-22|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A896628|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2007-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/sa/misc/billy.htm#billycans|title=The Manning Index of South Australian History|publisher=State Library of South Australia|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>
+In Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback and is a widespread symbol of [[The bush|bush]] life, although now regarded mostly as a symbol of an age that has long passed.<ref name="nma.gov.au"/>
-In Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback. To ''boil the billy'' most often means to make [[tea]]. "Billy Tea" is the name of a popular brand of tea long sold in Australian grocers and supermarkets<ref>{{cite web |title=Waltzing Matilda - Brand Marketing for Billy Tea|url=http://australian-history.suite101.com/article.cfm/waltzing_matilda_brand_marketing_for_billy_tea|date=2009-02-05|author=James Parsons|publisher=suite101.com|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>. Billies feature in many of [[Henry Lawson]]'s stories and poems. [[Banjo Paterson]]'s most famous of many references to the billy is surely in the first verse and chorus of [[Waltzing Matilda]]: "And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled..."
+To ''boil the billy'' most often means to make [[tea]]. This expression dates from the [[Australian gold rushes]] and probably earlier.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91930723 Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer (Vic. : 1851 - 1856) Tue 28 Sep 1852, page 2, EUREKA DIGGINGS]</ref> "Billy Tea" was the name of a popular brand of tea long sold by Australian grocers and supermarkets.<ref name=waltzing>{{cite web |title=Waltzing Matilda, courtesy of a tea-leaf near you|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/19/1040174344781.html|date=2002-12-10|author=John Safran|author-link=John Safran|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=2013-09-29}}</ref> Billies feature in many of [[Henry Lawson]]'s stories and poems. [[Banjo Paterson]]'s most famous of many references to the billy is surely in the first verse and chorus of [[Waltzing Matilda]]: "Waltzing Matilda and leading a waterbag", which was later changed by the Billy Tea Company to "And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled&nbsp;...".<ref name=waltzing />
-==Modern billies==
-[[Image:Primus EtaPower billy.jpg|thumb|right|A billy with integrated heatsink, lifted using a billy-grip]]
-In recent years, conscious of the important role played by billies in lightweight [[backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]] and [[mountaineering]], much research and innovation has gone into improving their design and performance. Issues include:
-* '''Weight'''. Billies are typically made from lightweight [[aluminium]], or the more expensive [[titanium]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hiking-gear-and-equipment-used-for-camping.com/titanium-cookware.html|title=Does Titanium Cookware Get The Nod?|publisher=hiking-gear-and-equipment-used-for-camping.com|year=2004|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> and handles are often omitted.
-* '''Durability'''. Light aluminium billies can be easily dented, so quality billies are often made from stronger alloys and [[anodising|anodised]] to harden the surface. Sometimes [[stainless steel]] is used instead.
-* '''Thermal efficiency'''. In order to save fuel and speed-up cooking, some modern billies have [[heatsink]]s integrated into their bases, and it also possible to buy separate heatsinks which can be wrapped around the pot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cascadedesigns.com/msr/cookware/cookware-accessories/heat-exchanger/product|title=Heat Exchanger|publisher=MSR|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref> These heatsinks trap much of the heat which would otherwise escape up around the sides of the pot.
-* '''Packability'''. Billies are often sold in nesting sets, and the innermost billy can often be used to store the stove or other items. Handles are either omitted, removable, or hinged to allow nesting.
-* '''Versatility''' [[Frying pan|Frying-pan]]-shaped billies can often be used as lids, and lids can often used as plates to eat from. Small pots can often be used as [[mug]]s for drinking from.
-* '''Ease of use'''. [[Non-stick]] finishes are common, to make cooking and cleaning easier.
-* '''Weatherproofing'''. Some manufacturers produce "integrated cooking systems" consisting of one or more pots and a stove, designed to work as a wind-resistant integrated unit. [[Trangia]], and more recently Jetboil,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jetboil Personal Cooking System: Owner Review|url=http://www.backpackgeartest.org/reviews/Cook%20Gear/Stoves/Jetboil%20Personal%20Cooking%20System/Owner%20Review%20by%20Jeremy%20R.%20Laporte/|date=2009-01-15|author=Jeremy R. Laporte|publisher=backpackgeartest.org|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> are well-known examples of this.
+==Etymology==
-General-purpose pot handles, often called ''billy-grips'', can be bought separately. These have a hinged [[pliers]]-like construction and can be used to grip almost any pot which has a lipped rim. The term "spondonicle" has also been applied to these handles by some Australian users.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bushwalking.org.au/FAQ/FAQ_Cooking.htm#Spon|author=Roger Caffin|title=FAQ - Cooking and Food|publisher=Confederation of Bushwalking Clubs NSW|date=2002-03-01|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref>
+Although there is a suggestion that the word may be associated with the Aboriginal ''billa'' (meaning water; ''cf.'' [[Billabong]]),<ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> it is widely accepted that the term ''billycan'' is derived from b''ouilli can'', the name given to the empty canisters used for preserving [[soup and bouilli]] and other foods. With the addition of a handle, the tins were re-purposed for boiling water. Letters to newspapers<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59909765 Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 - 1929), Friday 1 December 1916, page 9,ORIGIN OF 'BILLYCAN]</ref> in the early 20th century support this view and [[David George Stead]] quoting his father, who emigrated in 1862 aged 16, wrote "the term "billy can" was commonly used in south coastal England, to describe a "bouilli" can or tin.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18030158 The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954) Fri 13 Jun 1947, age 2, ORIGIN OF "BILLY"]</ref>
+The preservation of foods in tin canisters began in 1812 at the firm of Donkin, Hall and Gamble in Bermondsey, England.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(engineer) | title=John Hall (Engineer) }}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=June 2022}}
+The reuse of the empty cans probably began at the same time but it is not until 1835 that there is a record of  "an empty preserved-meat-canister serving the double purpose of tea-kettle and tea-pot".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.37292/page/238/mode/1up?view=theater Narrative Of A Voyage Round The World, T.B. Wilson RN, 1835]</ref>
+By the 1840s, ''soup and bouilli tin'' or ''bouilli tin'' was increasingly being used as a generic term for any empty preserved food can.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_and_bouilli | title=Soup and bouilli }}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=June 2022}}
+The earliest known use of billy for kettle is in an 1848 Tasmanian newspaper report of a criminal trial.  A defendant is reported as saying  "he put some bread on the table and the "billy" on the fire."<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264522772 The Hobart Town Advertiser (Tas. : 1839 - 1861), Fri 21 Jul 1848, Page 2,SUPREME COURT, CRIMINAL SITTINGS.]</ref> Reminiscences by Heberley<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://forum.foodlovers.co.nz/read.php?6,95501,95575 | title=Kiwi Xmas poem or reading needed }}</ref> and Davenport<ref>[https://viewer.slv.vic.gov.au/?entity=IE13142663&mode=browse Sarah Davenport, Diary, 1841-1846 page 59 of 74]</ref> place billy or billies at earlier events but these accounts were written much later.<ref>[https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18991003.2.3 Evening Post, Volume LVIII, Issue 81, 3 October 1899, Page 2, EARLY DAYS IN MAORILAND]</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.oldtreasurybuilding.org.au/sarah-davenport-diggings/ | title=Sarah Davenport: A working woman at the diggings- Gold Rush | date=21 June 2018 }}</ref>
+Another early example from 1849 shows that use of the term was possibly widespread in Australia. It occurs in idyllic description of a shepherd's life in South Australia:  "near the wooden fire, is what is called the billy or tea-kettle".<ref>The Working Man's Handbook to South Australia, George Blakiston Wilkinson, 1849, page 79</ref>
+From 1851 the gold rushes spur British emigration to Australia with many gold diggers writing letters home describing the journey to Australia and life on the goldfields and many writers mentioning their use of a "billy". From these it is known:
+*In 1853 soup and bouilli cans were converted to useful items on an emigrant ship.<ref>British newspaper archive, Dundee, Perth and Cupar Advertiser - 9 August 1853, page 3, Extracts from the Diary of a Dundee Emigrant to Australia</ref>
+*"Billy - (this is what you call a tin-can, which is used very often at home for milking cows in, but which the diggers have christened Billy) - and a useful Billy he is: in it we make our tea and coffee".<ref>British newspaper archive, Newry Examiner and Louth Advertiser, 15 April 1854, page 4</ref>
+By 1855 "tin billys" are no longer just repurposed bouilli tins but are being sold by a Melbourne importer<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4808730 The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), Mon 28 May 1855]</ref> and by 1859 are being manufactured in Australia with "Billys, all sizes" being sold at the Kyneton Tin and Zinc Works.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240896098 The Kyneton Observer (Vic. : 1856 - 1900) Thu 14 Apr 1859]</ref>
+==Whitely Kings==
+Named for the secretary of the [[Pastoralists' Union of New South Wales]], this was the [[swagman]]'s contemptuous term for billycans improvised from a tin can and a length of wire as carried by inexperienced travellers. [[John Whiteley King]] (1857–1905) enticed hundreds of unemployed city men to the shearing sheds as a strike-busting strategy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Australian National Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |page= |year=1988 |isbn=0195547365 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outbackfamilyhistoryblog.com/the-swagmans-friend/ |author=Moya Sharp |date=19 August 2023 |title=The Swagman's Friend |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[Kelly kettle]]
+* [[Mess kit]]
+* Dixie, a large metal pot (12 gallon camp kettle) for cooking, brewing tea etc.; used in military camps<ref>{{cite web | title=Dixie | website=TheFreeDictionary.com | date=2018-10-04 | url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Dixie | access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref>
+* [[Hexamine stove]]
+* [[Outdoor cooking]]
+* [[Tiffin carrier]]
+* [[Trangia]]
+* [[List of cooking vessels]]
+* [[Tea in Australia]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
+==External links==
+* {{Commons category-inline|Billycans}}
-[[Category:Cookware and bakeware]]
 [[Category:Camping equipment]]
+[[Category:Cooking vessels]]
+[[Category:Australian cuisine]]
+[[Category:Australian inventions]]
+[[Category:Tea in Australia]]