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{{Short description|Species of gastropod}}
{{Taxobox
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
⚫
| name = ''Veronicella sloanei''
{{Speciesbox
| image =
⚫
| image = Veronicella sloanei.jpg
| status =
| image_caption = A live individual of ''Veronicella sloanii'', head end towards the bottom of the image
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| genus = Veronicella
| species = sloanii
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| authority = ([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817)<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Cuvier G. (1817). ''Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée.'' Tome II, contenant les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélides. Déterville, Paris, France. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1849261</ref>
| ordo = [[Stylommatophora]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Maceira"/>
| familia = [[Veronicellidae]]
| genus = ''[[Veronicella]]''
| species = '''''V. sloanei'''''
| binomial = ''Veronicella sloanei''
| binomial_authority = ([[Cuvier]], 1817)
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
''Veronicella sloanii''
* ''Veronicella sloanei'' (Cuvier, 1817)
* ''Onchidium sloanii'' Cuvier, 1817
* ''Veronicella laevis'' Blainville, 1817
* ''Vaginula sloanei'' partim.
* ''Vaginula sloanii sloanii'' partim.
* ''Vaginula sloanii schivelyae''
}}
}}

'''''Veronicella sloanei''''', [[common name]] the '''Pancake Slug''', is a [[species]] of air-breathing land [[slug]], a [[terrestrial]], [[pulmonate]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Veronicellidae]], the leatherleaf slugs.
'''''Veronicella sloanii''''',<ref name="Robinson 2009"/><ref>Clarke N. & Fields A. (2013). "Mating in ''Veronicella sloanii'' (Cuvier, 1817) (Veronicellidae)". ''[[American Malacological Bulletin]]'' '''31''': 235-244. {{doi|10.4003/006.031.0203}}.</ref> [[common name|commonly called]] the '''pancake slug''', is a [[species]] of air-breathing [[land slug]], a [[Terrestrial molluscs|terrestrial]], [[pulmonate]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Veronicellidae]], the leatherleaf slugs.


== Description ==
== Description ==
When extended, this slug can attain a length of 12&nbsp;cm (5 in.).<ref name="Stange"/> It is highly variable in coloration and positive identification depends on [[dissection]] and inspection of the [[Reproductive system of gastropods|genitalia]].<ref name="Stange"/> It is usually very pale in color, ranging from mottle pale yellow, cream to white.<ref name="Stange"/> It may have irregular black spotting or speckling all over the dorsal surface that may coalesce into two poorly defined bands running down either side of the body;<ref name="Stange"/> in the juveniles, these two bands may be clearer and better defined as grey bands, especially anteriorly.<ref name="Stange"/> Occasionally the slug can be mostly brownish.<ref name="Stange"/> The only constant color character among different [[Caribbean]] island populations is the eye stalk, which is bluish grey with a light brown tip.<ref name="Stange"/>
The body color in this species varies; it can be white, cream or grey, with grey markings.

These slugs grow up to 12 cm in length.


== Distribution ==
== Distribution ==
The indigenous distribution of ''Veronicella sloanei'' is [[Jamaica]].<ref>Gary Rosenberg & Igor Muratov. [http://clade.ansp.org/malacology/collections/jamaica/nonendemic.html ''Distribution of non-endemic species of terrestrial mollusks from Jamaica'']. Published May 2003, modified 5 August 2005, accessed 27 October 2008.</ref>
The indigenous distribution of ''Veronicella sloanii'' is [[Jamaica]].<ref>Rosenberg G. & Muratov I. (2003-2005). [http://clade.ansp.org/malacology/collections/jamaica/nonendemic.html Distribution of non-endemic species of terrestrial mollusks from Jamaica]. Published May 2003, modified 5 August 2005, accessed 27 October 2008.</ref> The type locality is in Jamaica.<ref name="Maceira"/>


Other non-indigenous distribution includes:
Other (nonindigenous?){{Fact|date=October 2008}} distribution includes: [[Barbados]], [[Bermuda]], [[Dominica]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]]<ref name="Stange">Lionel A. Stange. http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/snail_slugs-pa.html accessed 26 October 2008, Created in Septempber 2004, updated in March 2006.</ref> and [[Cuba]] ([[Bahia Honda, Cuba|Bahia Honda]] in [[Pinar del Río Province]]).<ref>Maceira D. F. 2003. [http://rbt.biologia.ucr.ac.cr/malacolg/maceira.pdf ''Las especies de la familia Veronicellidae (Mollusca, Soleolifera) en Cuba'']. Rev. Biol. Trop. 51 (Suppl. 3): 453-461.</ref>
* [[Barbados]]
* [[Bermuda]]
* [[List of non-marine molluscs of Dominica|Dominica]] - first report from Dominica in 2009<ref name="Robinson 2009">Robinson D. G., Hovestadt A., Fields A. & Breure A. S. H. (July 2009). "The land Mollusca of Dominica (Lesser Antilles), with notes on some enigmatic or rare species". ''Zoologische Mededelingen'' '''83''' http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a13</ref>
* [[Dominican Republic]]
* [[Saint Lucia]]
* [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]]<ref name="Stange"/>
* [[List of non-marine molluscs of Cuba|Cuba]] ([[Bahia Honda, Cuba|Bahia Honda]] in [[Pinar del Río Province]]).<ref name="Maceira">Maceira D. F. (2003). "Las especies de la familia Veronicellidae (Mollusca, Soleolifera) en Cuba". ''Revista de Biología Tropical'' '''51'''(3): 453-461. [http://rbt.biologia.ucr.ac.cr/malacolg/maceira.pdf PDF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728132546/http://rbt.biologia.ucr.ac.cr/malacolg/maceira.pdf |date=28 July 2007 }}.</ref>


This slug has been introduced to [[Florida]] and it has become an agriculture pest there.<ref name="Stange"/>
This slug has been introduced to [[Florida]] and it has become an agricultural pest there.<ref name="Stange"/>

Controversially Cowie et al. (2009)<ref name="Cowie 2009"/> considered this species has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a [[pest (organism)|pest]], an [[invasive species]] which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national [[quarantine]] significance in the USA.<ref name="Cowie 2009">Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". ''American Malacological Bulletin'' '''27''': 113-132. [http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616175729/http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf |date=16 June 2016 }}.</ref>


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
Line 33: Line 42:
This slug lives in moist conditions and is [[nocturnal]].
This slug lives in moist conditions and is [[nocturnal]].


The best times to hunt for the slug is after rainfall.<ref name="Stange"/> They rest under boards, logs and other objects lying on the ground.<ref name="Stange"/>
⚫
== Life cycle ==

⚫
The slug lays a clutch of about 30 eggs, which are about 5 mm in diameter.<ref name="petsnails">http://www.petsnails.co.uk/species/veronicella_sloanei.html accessed 27 October 2008</ref> The hatching time in captivity was 15 days at 24 °C.<ref name="petsnails"/>
=== Feeding habits ===
This species attacks a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural plants including [[banana]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]], various [[beans]] and [[peas]], [[peanut]], [[eggplant]], cultivars of ''[[Brassica]]'' (e.g., broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower), carrot, hot and sweet peppers, various citrus species, lettuce, sweet potato, [[dasheen]], [[eddoe]], [[tannia]], tomato, and [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]].<ref name="Stange"/>

⚫
=== Life cycle ===
⚫
The slug lays a clutch of about 30 eggs, which are about 5&nbsp;mm in diameter.<ref name="petsnails">Anonymous. (2005) [http://www.petsnails.co.uk/species/veronicella_sloanei.html "''Veronicella'' (''Veronicella'') ''sloanei'' (Cuvier, 1817) Pancake Slug"]. PetSnails.co.uk. Accessed 27 October 2008.</ref> The hatching time in captivity was 15 days at 24&nbsp;°C.<ref name="petsnails"/>

== Importance for humans ==
This species is an agricultural [[pest (organism)|pest]].<ref name="Stange"/>

They should not be handled with bare hands because they serve as intermediate hosts of the [[nematode]] ''[[Angiostrongylus costaricensis]]'', which causes a disease called human abdominal [[angiostrongyliasis]].<ref name="Stange"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/slugs_of_florida.htm| title= Terrestrial slugs of Florida| publisher=Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and University of Florida| date=June 2011}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
This article incorporates public text a public domain [[work of the United States Government]] from the reference<ref name="Stange">[[File:PD-icon.svg|15px]] Stange L. A. (created September 2004, updated March 2006). [http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Plant-Industry-Publications/Pest-Alerts/Pest-Alerts-Snails-Slugs-Of-Regulatory-Significance-To-Florida "Snails and Slugs of Regulatory Significance to Florida"]. Division of Plant Industry, [[Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services]]. accessed 27 August 2010.</ref>
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Quattrini D, Lanza B. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5735775 ''Observations on the gonads of Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier) (Gastropoda soleolifera veronicellidae)'']. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1968 Dec 15;44(23):2023-6. (in Italian)
* {{in lang|it}} Quattrini D. & Lanza B. (15 December 1968). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5735775 "Observations on the gonads of ''Veronicella sloanei'' (Cuvier) (Gastropoda soleolifera veronicellidae)"]. ''Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper.'' '''44'''(23): 2023-2026.


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3738686}}
* Images from http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa1.html
** http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/tveronicellasloanei1.JPG
** http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/veronicellasloanei2.JPG


[[Category:Veronicellidae]]
[[Category:Veronicellidae]]
[[Category:Gastropods described in 1817]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]

Latest revision as of 01:26, 28 June 2024

Veronicella sloanii
A live individual of Veronicella sloanii, head end towards the bottom of the image
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Order: Systellommatophora
Family: Veronicellidae
Genus: Veronicella
Species:
V. sloanii
Binomial name
Veronicella sloanii
(Cuvier, 1817)[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier, 1817)
  • Onchidium sloanii Cuvier, 1817
  • Veronicella laevis Blainville, 1817
  • Vaginula sloanei partim.
  • Vaginula sloanii sloanii partim.
  • Vaginula sloanii schivelyae

Veronicella sloanii,[3][4] commonly called the pancake slug, is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial, pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Veronicellidae, the leatherleaf slugs.

Description

[edit]

When extended, this slug can attain a length of 12 cm (5 in.).[5] It is highly variable in coloration and positive identification depends on dissection and inspection of the genitalia.[5] It is usually very pale in color, ranging from mottle pale yellow, cream to white.[5] It may have irregular black spotting or speckling all over the dorsal surface that may coalesce into two poorly defined bands running down either side of the body;[5] in the juveniles, these two bands may be clearer and better defined as grey bands, especially anteriorly.[5] Occasionally the slug can be mostly brownish.[5] The only constant color character among different Caribbean island populations is the eye stalk, which is bluish grey with a light brown tip.[5]

Distribution

[edit]

The indigenous distribution of Veronicella sloanii is Jamaica.[6] The type locality is in Jamaica.[2]

Other non-indigenous distribution includes:

This slug has been introduced to Florida and it has become an agricultural pest there.[5]

Controversially Cowie et al. (2009)[7] considered this species has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.[7]

Ecology

[edit]

Habitat

[edit]

This slug lives in moist conditions and is nocturnal.

The best times to hunt for the slug is after rainfall.[5] They rest under boards, logs and other objects lying on the ground.[5]

Feeding habits

[edit]

This species attacks a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural plants including banana, plantain, various beans and peas, peanut, eggplant, cultivars of Brassica (e.g., broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower), carrot, hot and sweet peppers, various citrus species, lettuce, sweet potato, dasheen, eddoe, tannia, tomato, and yam.[5]

Life cycle

[edit]

The slug lays a clutch of about 30 eggs, which are about 5 mm in diameter.[8] The hatching time in captivity was 15 days at 24 °C.[8]

Importance for humans

[edit]

This species is an agricultural pest.[5]

They should not be handled with bare hands because they serve as intermediate hosts of the nematode Angiostrongylus costaricensis, which causes a disease called human abdominal angiostrongyliasis.[5][9]

References

[edit]

This article incorporates public text a public domain work of the United States Government from the reference[5]

  1. ^ (in French) Cuvier G. (1817). Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Tome II, contenant les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélides. Déterville, Paris, France. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1849261
  2. ^ a b c Maceira D. F. (2003). "Las especies de la familia Veronicellidae (Mollusca, Soleolifera) en Cuba". Revista de Biología Tropical 51(3): 453-461. PDF Archived 28 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ a b Robinson D. G., Hovestadt A., Fields A. & Breure A. S. H. (July 2009). "The land Mollusca of Dominica (Lesser Antilles), with notes on some enigmatic or rare species". Zoologische Mededelingen 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a13
  4. ^ Clarke N. & Fields A. (2013). "Mating in Veronicella sloanii (Cuvier, 1817) (Veronicellidae)". American Malacological Bulletin 31: 235-244. doi:10.4003/006.031.0203.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stange L. A. (created September 2004, updated March 2006). "Snails and Slugs of Regulatory Significance to Florida". Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. accessed 27 August 2010.
  6. ^ Rosenberg G. & Muratov I. (2003-2005). Distribution of non-endemic species of terrestrial mollusks from Jamaica. Published May 2003, modified 5 August 2005, accessed 27 October 2008.
  7. ^ a b Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin 27: 113-132. PDF Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ^ a b Anonymous. (2005) "Veronicella (Veronicella) sloanei (Cuvier, 1817) Pancake Slug". PetSnails.co.uk. Accessed 27 October 2008.
  9. ^ "Terrestrial slugs of Florida". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and University of Florida. June 2011.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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