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{{short description|Interoperable communications standard}}
⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
'''MirrorLink''' is a device interoperability standard that offers integration between a [[smartphone]] and a car's [[infotainment]] system.
'''MirrorLink''' is a device interoperability standard that offers integration between a [[smartphone]] and a car's [[infotainment]] system.


It transforms smartphones into [[automotive]] application platforms where apps are hosted and run on the smartphone while drivers and passengers interact with them through the steering wheel controls, dashboard buttons and touch screens of their car's [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) system.<ref name="ut-disconnect">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/story/2012-04-29/car-phones/54633246/1|title=Disconnect in the distracted-driving blame game|first=Jayne|last=O'Donnell|work=[[USA Today]]|date=4 May 2012|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref>
It transforms smartphones into [[automotive]] application platforms where apps are hosted and run on the smartphone while drivers and passengers interact with them through the steering wheel controls, dashboard buttons and touch screens of their car's [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) system.<ref name="ut-disconnect">{{cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Jayne |date=4 May 2012 |title=Disconnect in the distracted-driving blame game |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/story/2012-04-29/car-phones/54633246/1 |url-status=dead |accessdate=17 July 2012 |work=[[USA Today]] |archive-date=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703064419/http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/story/2012-04-29/car-phones/54633246/1 }}</ref> MirrorLink utilizes a set of well-established, non-proprietary technologies such as [[Internet Protocol|IP]], [[USB]], [[Wi-Fi]], [[Bluetooth]], [[Real-time Transport Protocol|Real-Time Protocol]] (RTP, for audio) and [[Universal Plug and Play]] (UPnP).<ref name="nokia info 1">{{cite web|url=http://press.nokia.com/2011/03/16/new-car-connectivity-consortium-aims-to-put-in-vehicle-infotainment-into-high-gear|title=New Car Connectivity Consortium aims to put In-Car Infotainment into high gear|publisher=[[Nokia]]|date=16 March 2011|accessdate=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111053821/http://press.nokia.com/2011/03/16/new-car-connectivity-consortium-aims-to-put-in-vehicle-infotainment-into-high-gear/|archive-date=11 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, MirrorLink uses [[Virtual Network Computing]] (VNC) as the baseline protocol to display the user interface of the smartphone applications on the infotainment system screens and to communicate user input back to the mobile device.

MirrorLink utilizes a set of well-established, non-proprietary technologies such as [[Internet Protocol|IP]], [[USB]], [[Wi-Fi]], [[Bluetooth]], [[Real-time Transport Protocol|Real-Time Protocol]] (RTP, for audio) and [[Universal Plug and Play]] (UPnP).<ref name="nokia info 1">{{cite web|url=http://press.nokia.com/2011/03/16/new-car-connectivity-consortium-aims-to-put-in-vehicle-infotainment-into-high-gear|title=New Car Connectivity Consortium aims to put In-Car Infotainment into high gear|publisher=[[Nokia]]|date=16 March 2011|accessdate=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111053821/http://press.nokia.com/2011/03/16/new-car-connectivity-consortium-aims-to-put-in-vehicle-infotainment-into-high-gear/#|archive-date=11 November 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In addition, MirrorLink uses [[Virtual Network Computing]] (VNC) as the baseline protocol to display the user interface of the smartphone applications on the infotainment system screens and to communicate user input back to the mobile device.


==Beginnings==
==Beginnings==
MirrorLink started out as a research project. Researcher Jörg Brakensiek and Raja Bose, from [[Nokia Research Center]] in [[Palo Alto]], [[United States|US]], took results from the noBounds! project invented by researcher Bernd Steinke from the Nokia Research Center in [[Bochum]], Germany and applied them to the automotive domain.
MirrorLink started out as a research project. Researcher Jörg Brakensiek and Raja Bose, from [[Nokia Research Center]] in [[Palo Alto]], [[United States|US]], took results from the noBounds! project invented by researcher Bernd Steinke from the Nokia Research Center in [[Bochum]], Germany and applied them to the automotive domain.


The initial approach<ref name="ITT info 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.internettablettalk.com/2008/03/14/the-nobounds-project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315163800/http://www.internettablettalk.com/2008/03/14/the-nobounds-project/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-03-15|title=The noBounds Project at Internet Tablet Talk}}</ref> applied by Bernd Steinke contained three specialised sub-protocols for optimal power efficiency: 2D, 3D and Media. Support for 2D graphics composition via [[X11]] mirroring was only needed by the requirements of the chosen source device, a Nokia [[N800]] mobile Linux device, and the desire to speed up demo availability to show mirroring use cases. [[OpenGL ES]] was used for fast 3D graphics and alpha based [[Porter-Duff]] compositing for shine-through 2D effects. To make this future relevant approach available on the limited N800 [[Mesa 3D]] was used<ref name="vimeo info 1">{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/784138|title=noBounds! - blast Smartphones display bounds! on Vimeo|date=|accessdate=}}</ref> for local playback. High Definition Media streaming was implemented via [[OpenMAX]], [[Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP]] and a timed sideband control to allow synchronous displayed streaming<ref name="YT info 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K4veJMCM_Q#t=52s|title=noBounds! - blast Smartphones display bounds! - YouTube @ 52sec|date=|accessdate=}}</ref> of the original video file without transcoding. The Initial implementations have remoted the GUI, Games and media content of an Nokia [[N800]] and later an [[N810]] mobile Linux device. This demonstration of, at that time, not expected capabilities of mobile devices, was widely reported.<ref name="engadget info 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/14/nokia-nobounds-projects-promises-full-hd-video-over-usb-or-wlan|title=Engadget - Nokia noBounds projects promises full HD video over USB or WLAN|publisher=[[Engadget]]|date=14 March 2008|accessdate=14 March 2008}}</ref>
The initial approach<ref name="ITT info 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.internettablettalk.com/2008/03/14/the-nobounds-project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315163800/http://www.internettablettalk.com/2008/03/14/the-nobounds-project/|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2008|title=The noBounds Project at Internet Tablet Talk}}</ref> applied by Bernd Steinke contained three specialised sub-protocols for optimal power efficiency: 2D, 3D and Media. Support for 2D graphics composition via [[X11]] mirroring was only needed by the requirements of the chosen source device, a Nokia [[N800]] mobile Linux device, and the desire to speed up demo availability to show mirroring use cases. [[OpenGL ES]] was used for fast 3D graphics and alpha based [[Porter-Duff]] compositing for shine-through 2D effects. To make this future relevant approach available on the limited N800 [[Mesa 3D]] was used<ref name="vimeo info 1">{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/784138|title=noBounds! - blast Smartphones display bounds! on Vimeo|date=|accessdate=}}</ref> for local playback. High Definition Media streaming was implemented via [[OpenMAX]], [[Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP]] and a timed sideband control to allow synchronous displayed streaming<ref name="YT info 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K4veJMCM_Q#t=52s|title=noBounds! - blast Smartphones display bounds! - YouTube @ 52sec|website=[[YouTube]] |date=13 March 2008|accessdate=}}</ref> of the original video file without transcoding. The Initial implementations have remoted the GUI, Games and media content of an Nokia [[N800]] and later an [[N810]] mobile Linux device. This demonstration of, at that time, not expected capabilities of mobile devices, was widely reported.<ref name="engadget info 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/14/nokia-nobounds-projects-promises-full-hd-video-over-usb-or-wlan|title=Engadget - Nokia noBounds projects promises full HD video over USB or WLAN|publisher=[[Engadget]]|date=14 March 2008|accessdate=14 March 2008}}</ref>


In parallel, a member of a CE4A company, who had seen the same initial results, contacted Nokia and the collaboration between Nokia and CE4A started. First ideas have been published and demonstrated using a Nokia [[N810]] Internet tablet at IEEE CCNC 2009 conference. Together with two other researchers, Raja Bose and Keun-Young Park, from Nokia Research Center in Palo Alto, and in close collaboration with the Consumer Electronics for Automotive (CE4A) group of German car manufacturer, the original Terminal Mode concept has been created. The name Terminal Mode originated from the name of the Expert Group within the CE4A, which created a Positioning Paper.<ref name="ce4a info 2">{{cite web|url=http://ccnc2009.ieee-ccnc.org/|title=Positioning Paper EG Terminal Mode, Functional Mobile Device Integration, version 0.6, CE4A|date=|accessdate=}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
In parallel, a member of a CE4A company, who had seen the same initial results, contacted Nokia and the collaboration between Nokia and CE4A started. First ideas have been published and demonstrated using a Nokia [[N810]] Internet tablet at IEEE CCNC 2009 conference. Together with two other researchers, Raja Bose and Keun-Young Park, from Nokia Research Center in Palo Alto, and in close collaboration with the Consumer Electronics for Automotive (CE4A) group of German car manufacturer, the original Terminal Mode concept has been created. The name Terminal Mode originated from the name of the Expert Group within the CE4A, which created a Positioning Paper.<ref name="ce4a info 2">{{cite web|url=http://ccnc2009.ieee-ccnc.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929084729/http://ccnc2009.ieee-ccnc.org/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2015|title=Positioning Paper EG Terminal Mode, Functional Mobile Device Integration, version 0.6, CE4A|date=|accessdate=}}</ref>


Nokia, together with [[Magneti Marelli]], publicly demonstrated a first Terminal Mode concept, during a Navteq Connection event, in conjunction with the Frankfurt International Auto Show (IAA) in September 2009.<ref name="no URL 1">{{cite web|title=NAVTEQ, Nokia and Magneti Marelli Demonstrate Technology To Integrate Smartphones Into Car Systems|url=https://mundogeo.com/en/2009/09/17/navteq-nokia-and-magneti-marelli-demonstrate-technology-to-integrate-smartphones-into-car-systems/}}</ref> A first car integration was shown at Geneva Auto Show in March 2010, using a [[Nokia N97]] prototype implementation of Terminal Mode, integrated into a [[Valmet Automotive|Valmet]] concept car.<ref name="engadget info 2">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/04/nokias-terminal-mode-spotted-in-the-wilds-of-the-geneva-motor-s|title=Nokia's Terminal Mode spotted in the wilds of the Geneva Motor Show|date=|accessdate=}}</ref> A draft 0.9 specification version<ref name="slideshare info 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/dkman/terminal-mode-architecture|title=Terminal Mode Architecture|date=27 May 2010|accessdate=}}</ref> was released in March 2010.<ref name="nokia research info 1">{{cite web|url=http://research.nokia.com/news/9356|title=NRC Developed "Terminal Mode" Announced|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214195725/http://research.nokia.com/news/9356#|archive-date=14 December 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In July 2010 the Terminal Mode was presented, integrated to a VW Passat at MobileBeat 2010.<ref name="engadget info 3">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/07/14/vw-passat-takes-the-red-pill-jacks-into-nokias-terminal-mode|title=VW Passat takes the red pill, jacks into Nokia's Terminal Mode|date=14 July 2010|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> A first real live demonstration can be seen in<ref name="engadget info 4">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/29/exclusive-vws-terminal-mode-prototype-has-a-nokia-n97-at-the-h|title=Exclusive: VW's Terminal Mode prototype with a Nokia N97 at the helm, we go hands-on|publisher=[[Engadget]]|date=29 September 2010|accessdate=29 September 2010}}</ref> from September 2010, shortly before the Terminal Mode specification became public on 6 October 2010.<ref name="ce4a info 3">{{cite web|url=http://www.ce4a.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=56|title=Terminal Mode Functional Mobile Device Integration|date=|accessdate=}}</ref> Early adopters included Continental,<ref name="nokia conversations 1">{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2010/04/14/nokia-and-continental-automotive-want-you-to-drive-tweet-and-talk|title=Nokia and Continental Automotive want you to drive, Tweet and talk|date=14 April 2010|accessdate=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418042808/http://conversations.nokia.com/2010/04/14/nokia-and-continental-automotive-want-you-to-drive-tweet-and-talk|archive-date=18 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alpine,<ref name="alpine info 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.alpine.com/e/corporate/news/20100303|title=Alpine Electronics Announces Strategic Partnership with Nokia and NAVTEQ to Integrate Smartphones into Car Infotainment Systems|date=3 March 2010|accessdate=3 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306063434/http://www.alpine.com/e/corporate/news/20100303/|archive-date=6 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Clarion.<ref name="clarion info 1">{{cite web|url=http://analysis.telematicsupdate.com/infotainment/clarion-joins-nokia%e2%80%99s-terminal-mode-collaboration-audi-unveils-new-connectivity-navigat|title=Clarion joins Nokia's Terminal Mode collaboration, as Audi unveils a new Connectivity Navigation Radio platform|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304083903/http://analysis.telematicsupdate.com/infotainment/clarion-joins-nokia%E2%80%99s-terminal-mode-collaboration-audi-unveils-new-connectivity-navigat|archivedate=4 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Nokia, together with [[Magneti Marelli]], publicly demonstrated a first Terminal Mode concept, during a Navteq Connection event, in conjunction with the Frankfurt International Auto Show (IAA) in September 2009.<ref name="no URL 1">{{cite web|title=NAVTEQ, Nokia and Magneti Marelli Demonstrate Technology To Integrate Smartphones Into Car Systems|date=17 September 2009 |url=https://mundogeo.com/en/2009/09/17/navteq-nokia-and-magneti-marelli-demonstrate-technology-to-integrate-smartphones-into-car-systems/}}</ref> A first car integration was shown at Geneva Auto Show in March 2010, using a [[Nokia N97]] prototype implementation of Terminal Mode, integrated into a [[Valmet Automotive|Valmet]] concept car.<ref name="engadget info 2">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/04/nokias-terminal-mode-spotted-in-the-wilds-of-the-geneva-motor-s|title=Nokia's Terminal Mode spotted in the wilds of the Geneva Motor Show|date=4 March 2010|accessdate=}}</ref> A draft 0.9 specification version<ref name="slideshare info 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/dkman/terminal-mode-architecture|title=Terminal Mode Architecture|date=27 May 2010|accessdate=}}</ref> was released in March 2010.<ref name="nokia research info 1">{{cite web|url=http://research.nokia.com/news/9356|title=NRC Developed "Terminal Mode" Announced|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214195725/http://research.nokia.com/news/9356|archive-date=14 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2010 the Terminal Mode was presented, integrated to a VW Passat at MobileBeat 2010.<ref name="engadget info 3">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/07/14/vw-passat-takes-the-red-pill-jacks-into-nokias-terminal-mode|title=VW Passat takes the red pill, jacks into Nokia's Terminal Mode|date=14 July 2010|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> A first real live demonstration can be seen in<ref name="engadget info 4">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/29/exclusive-vws-terminal-mode-prototype-has-a-nokia-n97-at-the-h|title=Exclusive: VW's Terminal Mode prototype with a Nokia N97 at the helm, we go hands-on|publisher=[[Engadget]]|date=29 September 2010|accessdate=29 September 2010}}</ref> from September 2010, shortly before the Terminal Mode specification became public on 6 October 2010.<ref name="ce4a info 3">{{cite web|url=http://www.ce4a.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=56|title=Terminal Mode Functional Mobile Device Integration|date=|accessdate=}}</ref> Early adopters included Continental,<ref name="nokia conversations 1">{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2010/04/14/nokia-and-continental-automotive-want-you-to-drive-tweet-and-talk|title=Nokia and Continental Automotive want you to drive, Tweet and talk|date=14 April 2010|accessdate=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418042808/http://conversations.nokia.com/2010/04/14/nokia-and-continental-automotive-want-you-to-drive-tweet-and-talk|archive-date=18 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alpine,<ref name="alpine info 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.alpine.com/e/corporate/news/20100303|title=Alpine Electronics Announces Strategic Partnership with Nokia and NAVTEQ to Integrate Smartphones into Car Infotainment Systems|date=3 March 2010|accessdate=3 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306063434/http://www.alpine.com/e/corporate/news/20100303/|archive-date=6 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Clarion.<ref name="clarion info 1">{{cite web|url=http://analysis.telematicsupdate.com/infotainment/clarion-joins-nokia%e2%80%99s-terminal-mode-collaboration-audi-unveils-new-connectivity-navigat|title=Clarion joins Nokia's Terminal Mode collaboration, as Audi unveils a new Connectivity Navigation Radio platform|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304083903/http://analysis.telematicsupdate.com/infotainment/clarion-joins-nokia%E2%80%99s-terminal-mode-collaboration-audi-unveils-new-connectivity-navigat|archivedate=4 March 2014}}</ref>


The collaboration between Nokia and CE4A on Terminal Mode led to the formation of the Car Connectivity Consortium. The Car Connectivity Consortium brought together major players in the automotive and mobile device industries including a large number of Tier-I suppliers and even a few network providers. On 12 September 2011, Terminal Mode was renamed as MirrorLink and became a commercial trademark owned by the Car Connectivity Consortium.<ref name="MirrorLink US Trademark Filing">{{cite web|url=http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4806:9yw32v.2.1|title=US Patent and Trademark Office Filing of MirrorLink(tm)}}</ref> As of May 2012, the Car Connectivity Consortium had 56 members, and included almost all major automobile and mobile device manufacturers in the world.
The collaboration between Nokia and CE4A on Terminal Mode led to the formation of the Car Connectivity Consortium. The Car Connectivity Consortium brought together major players in the automotive and mobile device industries including a large number of Tier-I suppliers and even a few network providers. On 12 September 2011, Terminal Mode was renamed as MirrorLink and became a commercial trademark owned by the Car Connectivity Consortium.<ref name="MirrorLink US Trademark Filing">{{cite web|url=http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4806:9yw32v.2.1|title=US Patent and Trademark Office Filing of MirrorLink(tm)}}</ref> As of May 2012, the Car Connectivity Consortium had 56 members, and included almost all major automobile and mobile device manufacturers in the world.

In September 2021 the Car Connectivity Consortium announced to terminate all MirrorLink operations by September 30, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Consortium |first=Car Connectivity |date=2021-09-08 |title=MirrorLink® Operations Sunsetting |url=https://carconnectivity.org/mirrorlink-operations-sunsetting-by-september-30-2023/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Car Connectivity Consortium |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Global standard==
==Global standard==
The Car Connectivity Consortium, made up of various auto and electronic manufacturers, has joined together to establish an industry standard for certifying apps and devices that are both safe and useful for drivers, called MirrorLink. The joint effort by car manufacturers and phone makers is aimed at developing open standards to define operations of smartphones linked to cars.<ref name="ut-disconnect"/>
The Car Connectivity Consortium, made up of various auto and electronic manufacturers, has joined together to establish an industry standard for certifying apps and devices that are both safe and useful for drivers, called MirrorLink. The joint effort by car manufacturers and phone makers is aimed at developing open standards to define operations of smartphones linked to cars.<ref name="ut-disconnect"/>


A unique element of MirrorLink is its ability to show the smartphone interface from a variety of mobile [[operating system|OS]] platforms on the audio head-unit display.<ref name="engadget info 5">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/01/12/sony-unveils-mirrorlink-car-stereos|title=Sony unveils MirrorLink car stereos|work=[[Engadget]]|first=Zachary|last=Lutz|date=12 January 2012|accessdate=11 July 2012}}</ref>
A unique element of MirrorLink is its ability to show the smartphone interface from a variety of mobile [[operating system|OS]] platforms on the audio head-unit display.<ref name="engadget info 5">{{cite web|url=https://fixyourandroid.com/about/samsung-mirrorlink|title=Sony unveils MirrorLink car stereos|work=[[Engadget]]|first=Zachary|last=Lutz|date=12 January 2012|accessdate=11 July 2012}}</ref>


==MirrorLink implementation==
==MirrorLink implementation==
MirrorLink currently {{When|date=August 2019}} works with [[Symbian]] phones (only Nokia Belle phones, not S60v5 phones from many manufacturers), [[Samsung Galaxy]] series (on Android Lollipop (5.0)), Samsung support for MirrorLink ended 1st of June 2020, and Sony [[Xperia Z]] series [[Android (operating system)|Android]] phones.<ref name="sony esupport 1">{{cite web|url=http://esupport.sony.com/US/perl/support-info.pl?info_id=1145|title=Compatible Devices Equipped with MirrorLink™ Feature|date=|accessdate=}}</ref> Sony audio has launched two audio [[head unit]]s in 2012 Q2, which are MirrorLink compliant.<ref name="engadget info 5"/> Phone maker [[Motorola]] and audio [[head unit]] maker [[Alpine Electronics|Alpine]] are also members of the group supporting MirrorLink. Alpine will offer MirrorLink based aftermarket systems in the US in 2013.<ref name="zdnet info 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/perlow/why-proprietary-in-car-navigation-systems-need-to-die/20650|title=Why proprietary In-car navigation systems need to die|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|work=Tech Broiler|first=Jason|last=Perlow|date=23 June 2012|accessdate=5 August 2012}}</ref>
MirrorLink currently {{When|date=August 2019}} works with [[Symbian]] phones (only Nokia Belle phones, not S60v5 phones from many manufacturers), [[Samsung Galaxy]] series (on Android Lollipop (5.0); Samsung support for MirrorLink ended 1 June 2020), and Sony [[Xperia Z]] series [[Android (operating system)|Android]] phones.<ref name="sony esupport 1">{{cite web | publisher = Sony |url= http://esupport.sony.com/US/perl/support-info.pl?info_id=1145|title=Compatible Devices Equipped with MirrorLink™ Feature}}</ref> Sony audio has launched two audio [[head unit]]s in 2012 Q2 which are MirrorLink compliant.<ref name="engadget info 5"/> Phone maker [[Motorola]] and audio [[head unit]] maker [[Alpine Electronics|Alpine]] are also members of the group supporting MirrorLink.
VW will offer MirrorLink based infotainment systems starting with its 2nd generation MIB infotainment hardware starting in 2014 with the new [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo]].<ref>https://www.largus.fr/actualite-automobile/mirrorlink-a-quoi-ca-sert-et-comment-ca-marche-5629383.html</ref> In India [[Maruti Suzuki]] Ciaz, SCross, Ertiga, Baleno hatchback and Vitara Brezza car models also have infotainment system with MirrorLink feature.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 36: Line 37:
==External links==
==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Official website}}

⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}


[[Category:Dashboard head units]]
[[Category:Dashboard head units]]

Latest revision as of 07:17, 28 June 2024

MirrorLink is a device interoperability standard that offers integration between a smartphone and a car's infotainment system.

It transforms smartphones into automotive application platforms where apps are hosted and run on the smartphone while drivers and passengers interact with them through the steering wheel controls, dashboard buttons and touch screens of their car's In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) system.[1] MirrorLink utilizes a set of well-established, non-proprietary technologies such as IP, USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Real-Time Protocol (RTP, for audio) and Universal Plug and Play (UPnP).[2] In addition, MirrorLink uses Virtual Network Computing (VNC) as the baseline protocol to display the user interface of the smartphone applications on the infotainment system screens and to communicate user input back to the mobile device.

Beginnings

[edit]

MirrorLink started out as a research project. Researcher Jörg Brakensiek and Raja Bose, from Nokia Research Center in Palo Alto, US, took results from the noBounds! project invented by researcher Bernd Steinke from the Nokia Research Center in Bochum, Germany and applied them to the automotive domain.

The initial approach[3] applied by Bernd Steinke contained three specialised sub-protocols for optimal power efficiency: 2D, 3D and Media. Support for 2D graphics composition via X11 mirroring was only needed by the requirements of the chosen source device, a Nokia N800 mobile Linux device, and the desire to speed up demo availability to show mirroring use cases. OpenGL ES was used for fast 3D graphics and alpha based Porter-Duff compositing for shine-through 2D effects. To make this future relevant approach available on the limited N800 Mesa 3D was used[4] for local playback. High Definition Media streaming was implemented via OpenMAX, RTP and a timed sideband control to allow synchronous displayed streaming[5] of the original video file without transcoding. The Initial implementations have remoted the GUI, Games and media content of an Nokia N800 and later an N810 mobile Linux device. This demonstration of, at that time, not expected capabilities of mobile devices, was widely reported.[6]

In parallel, a member of a CE4A company, who had seen the same initial results, contacted Nokia and the collaboration between Nokia and CE4A started. First ideas have been published and demonstrated using a Nokia N810 Internet tablet at IEEE CCNC 2009 conference. Together with two other researchers, Raja Bose and Keun-Young Park, from Nokia Research Center in Palo Alto, and in close collaboration with the Consumer Electronics for Automotive (CE4A) group of German car manufacturer, the original Terminal Mode concept has been created. The name Terminal Mode originated from the name of the Expert Group within the CE4A, which created a Positioning Paper.[7]

Nokia, together with Magneti Marelli, publicly demonstrated a first Terminal Mode concept, during a Navteq Connection event, in conjunction with the Frankfurt International Auto Show (IAA) in September 2009.[8] A first car integration was shown at Geneva Auto Show in March 2010, using a Nokia N97 prototype implementation of Terminal Mode, integrated into a Valmet concept car.[9] A draft 0.9 specification version[10] was released in March 2010.[11] In July 2010 the Terminal Mode was presented, integrated to a VW Passat at MobileBeat 2010.[12] A first real live demonstration can be seen in[13] from September 2010, shortly before the Terminal Mode specification became public on 6 October 2010.[14] Early adopters included Continental,[15] Alpine,[16] and Clarion.[17]

The collaboration between Nokia and CE4A on Terminal Mode led to the formation of the Car Connectivity Consortium. The Car Connectivity Consortium brought together major players in the automotive and mobile device industries including a large number of Tier-I suppliers and even a few network providers. On 12 September 2011, Terminal Mode was renamed as MirrorLink and became a commercial trademark owned by the Car Connectivity Consortium.[18] As of May 2012, the Car Connectivity Consortium had 56 members, and included almost all major automobile and mobile device manufacturers in the world.

In September 2021 the Car Connectivity Consortium announced to terminate all MirrorLink operations by September 30, 2023.[19]

Global standard

[edit]

The Car Connectivity Consortium, made up of various auto and electronic manufacturers, has joined together to establish an industry standard for certifying apps and devices that are both safe and useful for drivers, called MirrorLink. The joint effort by car manufacturers and phone makers is aimed at developing open standards to define operations of smartphones linked to cars.[1]

A unique element of MirrorLink is its ability to show the smartphone interface from a variety of mobile OS platforms on the audio head-unit display.[20]

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MirrorLink currently [when?] works with Symbian phones (only Nokia Belle phones, not S60v5 phones from many manufacturers), Samsung Galaxy series (on Android Lollipop (5.0); Samsung support for MirrorLink ended 1 June 2020), and Sony Xperia Z series Android phones.[21] Sony audio has launched two audio head units in 2012 Q2 which are MirrorLink compliant.[20] Phone maker Motorola and audio head unit maker Alpine are also members of the group supporting MirrorLink.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b O'Donnell, Jayne (4 May 2012). "Disconnect in the distracted-driving blame game". USA Today. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  2. ^ "New Car Connectivity Consortium aims to put In-Car Infotainment into high gear". Nokia. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  3. ^ "The noBounds Project at Internet Tablet Talk". Archived from the original on 15 March 2008.
  4. ^ "noBounds! - blast Smartphones display bounds! on Vimeo".
  5. ^ "noBounds! - blast Smartphones display bounds! - YouTube @ 52sec". YouTube. 13 March 2008.
  6. ^ "Engadget - Nokia noBounds projects promises full HD video over USB or WLAN". Engadget. 14 March 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  7. ^ "Positioning Paper EG Terminal Mode, Functional Mobile Device Integration, version 0.6, CE4A". Archived from the original on 29 September 2015.
  8. ^ "NAVTEQ, Nokia and Magneti Marelli Demonstrate Technology To Integrate Smartphones Into Car Systems". 17 September 2009.
  9. ^ "Nokia's Terminal Mode spotted in the wilds of the Geneva Motor Show". 4 March 2010.
  10. ^ "Terminal Mode Architecture". 27 May 2010.
  11. ^ "NRC Developed "Terminal Mode" Announced". Archived from the original on 14 December 2012.
  12. ^ "VW Passat takes the red pill, jacks into Nokia's Terminal Mode". 14 July 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  13. ^ "Exclusive: VW's Terminal Mode prototype with a Nokia N97 at the helm, we go hands-on". Engadget. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  14. ^ "Terminal Mode Functional Mobile Device Integration".
  15. ^ "Nokia and Continental Automotive want you to drive, Tweet and talk". 14 April 2010. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  16. ^ "Alpine Electronics Announces Strategic Partnership with Nokia and NAVTEQ to Integrate Smartphones into Car Infotainment Systems". 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  17. ^ "Clarion joins Nokia's Terminal Mode collaboration, as Audi unveils a new Connectivity Navigation Radio platform". Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.
  18. ^ Consortium, Car Connectivity (8 September 2021). "MirrorLink® Operations Sunsetting". Car Connectivity Consortium. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  19. ^ a b Lutz, Zachary (12 January 2012). "Sony unveils MirrorLink car stereos". Engadget. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  20. ^ "Compatible Devices Equipped with MirrorLink™ Feature". Sony.
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