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{{Infobox royalty |
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| image = [[File:Sridharavarman pillar (horserider detail).jpg|220px]] |
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| alt = Sridharavarman |
| alt = Sridharavarman |
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| title =Saka General, Great Satrap and King |
| title =Saka General, Great Satrap and King |
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| caption = |
| caption = {{center|Sridharavarman ruled in an area around [[Vidisha]]/[[Sanchi]] and [[Eran]], where his inscriptions were found. Probable image of Satyanaga, Sridharavarman's general.<ref>"There is a compartment showing a horsemen holding the reins of his horse in the left hand and a sword or a javelin in the right" {{cite book |last1=Abbasi |first1=A. A. |title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-186-0 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA159 |language=en}}</ref>}} |
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| succession = |
| succession = |
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| reign = Circa 339-368 CE |
| reign = Circa 339-368 CE |
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'''Sridharavarman''' ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad v.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|17px]][[File:Gupta allahabad n.svg|12px]], ''Shri-dha-ra-va-rmma-na'', ruled circa |
'''Sridharavarman''' ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad v.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|17px]][[File:Gupta allahabad n.svg|12px]], ''[[Shri]]-dha-ra-va-rmma-na'', ruled {{circa|339|368}} CE)<ref name="Shaw 58">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58 p58-59]</ref><ref name="CII4"/> was a [[Saka]] ([[Indo-Scythian]]) ruler of [[Central India]], around the areas of [[Vidisa]], [[Sanchi]] and [[Eran]] in the {{CE|4th century|link=y}}, just before the [[Gupta Empire]] expansion in these areas.<ref name="CII4"/><ref name="Shaw 58"/> He calls himself a general and "righteous conqueror" ({{lang|sa|dharmaviyagi mahadandanayaka}}) in an inscription, and {{lang|sa|Rajan}} ('King') and {{lang|sa|Mahaksatrapa}} ('Great Satrap') in a probably later inscription at Eran, suggesting that he may have been a high-ranked officer who later rose to the rank of a King.<ref name="CII4">{{cite book |last1=Mirashi |first1=Vasudev Vishnu |title=Corpus inscriptionum indicarum vol.4 pt.2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era |date=1955 |publisher=Archaeological Society of India |pages=605–611 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3725/page/n321}}</ref> |
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==Rule== |
==Rule== |
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[[File:Sridharavarman Mahakshatrapa title.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The "Mahakṣatrapa" title ([[Brahmi]]:[[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg|15px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|15px]]</sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|13px]]) given to Sridharavarman in the Eran pillar inscription.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirashi |first1=Vasudev Vishnu |title=Corpus inscriptionum indicarum vol.4 pt.2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era |date=1955 |pages=610–611 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3725/page/n323}}</ref>]] |
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Although Sridharavarman took the title of |
Although Sridharavarman took the title of {{lang|sa|Mahakshatrapa}}, the traditional title of the [[Western Satraps]], he probably did not belong to the line of [[Chastana]], the founder of the dynasty, and belonged to a different Saka family.<ref name="CII4"/> He probably suffered a defeat by the Gupta Emperor [[Samudragupta]] around {{CE|365}}, who then occupied the area around [[Eran]] and made his own victorious inscription there.<ref name="CII4"/> |
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Sridharavarman is probably the "Saka" ruler mentioned in the [[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of Samudragupta, as having "paid homage" to the Gupta Emperor,<ref name="CII4"/> forced to "self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces".<ref>Lines 23-24 of the [[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of Samudragupta: "Self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces through the Garuḍa badge, by the [[Kushan Empire|Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi]] and the Śaka lords and by (rulers) occupying all Island countries, such as Siṁhala and others."</ref> |
Sridharavarman is probably the "Saka" ruler mentioned in the [[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of Samudragupta, as having "paid homage" to the Gupta Emperor,<ref name="CII4"/> forced to "self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces".<ref>Lines 23-24 of the [[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of Samudragupta: "Self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces through the Garuḍa badge, by the [[Kushan Empire|Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi]] and the Śaka lords and by (rulers) occupying all Island countries, such as Siṁhala and others."</ref> |
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[[File:Eran pillar of Sridharavarman.jpg|thumb|260px|Location of the pillar of Sridharavarman with his inscription, in [[Eran]]. Coordinates: {{coord|24.0864|N|78.1762|E|display=inline}}]] |
[[File:Eran pillar of Sridharavarman.jpg|thumb|260px|Location of the pillar of Sridharavarman with his inscription, in [[Eran]]. Coordinates: {{coord|24.0864|N|78.1762|E|display=inline}}]] |
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Another inscription of the same Sridhavarman, made by his [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga]] General Satyanaga, was made on a |
Another inscription of the same Sridhavarman, made by his [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga]] General Satyanaga, was made on a pillar at [[Eran]], only the top portion of which is remaining.<ref name="Shaw 58"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirashi |first1=V. V. |title=Eran Pillar Inscription of Sridharavarman |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1951 |volume=14 |pages=23–26 |jstor=44303929 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The pillar is about 1 foot 6 inches in diameter.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |title=Report of Tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa in 1874-75 and 1876-77 ... |date=1880 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |page=89 |url=https://archive.org/stream/reporttoursinbu01cunngoog#page/n99/mode/2up/search/eran |language=English}}</ref> The inscription is dated to the 27th year of Sridharavarman's reign.<ref name="CII4"/> Another famous inscription was later added on the same pillar, the [[:File:Bhanugupta_Eran_stone_pillar_inscription.jpg|inscription of Goparaja]], who died in Eran during the rule of Gupta ruler [[Bhanugupta]], who is also only known from this very inscription.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=91–93 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n305}}</ref><ref name="CII4"/> |
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| ⚫ | The Eran inscription of Sridharavarman reads:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirashi |first1=Vasudev Vishnu |series=Corpus inscriptionum indicarum|volume=4 part 2 |title=Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era |date=1955 |pages=610–611 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3725/page/n323}}</ref>{{bq|Success! In the victorious twenty-seventh year, augmenting [his dominion for a thousand years] of the Rajan (and) Mahakshatrapa Sridharavarman, the son of the Saka Nanda —the righteous conqueror, who has obtained abundant fame by means of victories won by his valour, [who meditates on the feet of the divine [[Murugan|Mahasena]] whose army has never been vanquished] on this day (''namely''){{nbsp}}... in the {{lang|sa|adhishthana}} (town) of [[Eran|Erikina]] in Bahirika in this {{lang|sa|ahara}} of Nagendra, a flight of steps [at the river Venva] [has been caused to be constructed] with devotion by [Nara]yanasvamin for the well-being of the {{lang|sa|adhishthana}} headed by the cows and the Brahmanas, (and) for the increase [of the religious merit of his mother and father].<p> |
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The Eran inscription of Sridharavarman reads: |
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| ⚫ | [At the same ''adhishthana'' in his own ''bhoga'' there has been erected this ''yashti''] by Satyanaga, the [[Senapati]] (General) and ''Arakshika'' of the King, who is a native of [[Maharashtra]] and is foremost of .... for the removal of calamities, for the attainment of prosperity and for the happiness and well-being of all creatures.</p> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | While (our) King is ruling over the wide earth{{nbsp}}... may this ''yashti'', (raised) by the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Nagas]] themselves, remaining unimpaired, proclaim by its form the duty of the warlike people...; for this is the (meeting) place of (all) people - friends as well as foes - in (a spirit of) service and reverence!|author=Translation by [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi]] (1955)|title="Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era"|source=''Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum''}} |
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| ⚫ | At Eran, it seems that this inscription is succeeded chronologically by a monument and an inscription by [[Gupta Empire]]'s [[Samudragupta]] ({{reign|c. 336|c. 380 CE}}), established "for the sake of augmenting his fame", who may therefore have ousted Sridharavarman in his campaigns to the West.<ref name="MP">"During the course of this expedition he is believed to have attacked and defeated the Saka Chief Shridhar Varman, ruling over Eran-Vidisha region. He then annexed the area and erected a monument at Eran (modern Sagar District) "for the sake cf augmenting his fame"." in {{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |title=Madhya Pradesh: District Gazetteers |date=1982 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CYLAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | {{ |
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| ⚫ | [At the same ''adhishthana'' in his own ''bhoga'' there has been erected this ''yashti''] by Satyanaga, the [[Senapati]] (General) and ''Arakshika'' of the King, who is a native of [[Maharashtra]] and is foremost of .... for the removal of calamities, for the attainment of prosperity and for the happiness and well-being of all creatures.< |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | While (our) King is ruling over the wide earth |
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| ⚫ | At Eran, it seems that this inscription is succeeded chronologically by a monument and an inscription by [[Gupta Empire]] [[Samudragupta]] ( |
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==Connected rulers== |
==Connected rulers== |
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While the [[Western Satrap]] [[Rudrasimha II]] ruled in the western India, the Gupta Emperor [[Samudragupta]] may have ousted Sridharavarman during his campaigns in Central India.<ref name="MP"/> |
While the [[Western Satrap]] [[Rudrasimha II]] ruled in the western India, the Gupta Emperor [[Samudragupta]] may have ousted Sridharavarman during his campaigns in Central India.<ref name="MP"/> |
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Seals with the names of other Saka rulers from Malwa in the 3rd century CE are known.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology 1964-65 A Review |page=57 item 27 |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/indian-archaeology-1964-65-a-review.html |language=en}}</ref> |
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<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4"> |
<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4"> |
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File:Rudrasimha II coin.jpg|[[Rudrasimha II]] ruled the [[Western Satraps]] at the time of Sridharavarman. |
File:Rudrasimha II coin.jpg|[[Rudrasimha II]] ruled the [[Western Satraps]] at the time of Sridharavarman. |
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File:Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE.jpg|[[Samudragupta]] ruled in the East at the time of Sridharavarman. |
File:Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE.jpg|[[Samudragupta]] ruled in the East at the time of Sridharavarman. |
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File:Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription Shaka word in Line 23.jpg |
File:Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription Shaka word in Line 23.jpg|The vanquished "Śaka" ([[File:Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg|15px]]) mentioned by [[Samudragupta]] in the [[Allahabad pillar]] (Line 23) was probably Sridharavarman.<ref name="CII4"/> |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Commonscat|Sridharavarman}} |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:34, 29 June 2024
| Sridharavarman | |
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| Saka General, Great Satrap and King | |
.jpg)
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| Reign | Circa 339-368 CE |
Sridharavarman (Gupta script: 
, Shri-dha-ra-va-rmma-na, ruled c. 339 – c. 368 CE)[2][3] was a Saka (Indo-Scythian) ruler of Central India, around the areas of Vidisa, Sanchi and Eran in the 4th century CE, just before the Gupta Empire expansion in these areas.[3][2] He calls himself a general and "righteous conqueror" (dharmaviyagi mahadandanayaka) in an inscription, and Rajan ('King') and Mahaksatrapa ('Great Satrap') in a probably later inscription at Eran, suggesting that he may have been a high-ranked officer who later rose to the rank of a King.[3]
Rule
[edit]
) given to Sridharavarman in the Eran pillar inscription.[4]Although Sridharavarman took the title of Mahakshatrapa, the traditional title of the Western Satraps, he probably did not belong to the line of Chastana, the founder of the dynasty, and belonged to a different Saka family.[3] He probably suffered a defeat by the Gupta Emperor Samudragupta around 365 CE, who then occupied the area around Eran and made his own victorious inscription there.[3]
Sridharavarman is probably the "Saka" ruler mentioned in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, as having "paid homage" to the Gupta Emperor,[3] forced to "self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces".[5]
After submitting to Samudragupta, he and his successor may have ruled a bit longer in Eastern Malwa, until they were vanquished by Chandragupta II in his "conquest of the whole world".[3]
Inscriptions
[edit]
Kanakerha inscription
[edit]Sridharavarman is known from two inscriptions: the first one is the Kanakerha inscription at Sanchi.
Eran inscription
[edit]Eran pillar inscription of Sridharavarman
Pillar
.jpg)
Inscription
Rubbing
Another inscription of the same Sridhavarman, made by his Naga General Satyanaga, was made on a pillar at Eran, only the top portion of which is remaining.[2][6] The pillar is about 1 foot 6 inches in diameter.[7] The inscription is dated to the 27th year of Sridharavarman's reign.[3] Another famous inscription was later added on the same pillar, the inscription of Goparaja, who died in Eran during the rule of Gupta ruler Bhanugupta, who is also only known from this very inscription.[8][3]
The Eran inscription of Sridharavarman reads:[9]
Success! In the victorious twenty-seventh year, augmenting [his dominion for a thousand years] of the Rajan (and) Mahakshatrapa Sridharavarman, the son of the Saka Nanda —the righteous conqueror, who has obtained abundant fame by means of victories won by his valour, [who meditates on the feet of the divine Mahasena whose army has never been vanquished] on this day (namely) ... in the adhishthana (town) of Erikina in Bahirika in this ahara of Nagendra, a flight of steps [at the river Venva] [has been caused to be constructed] with devotion by [Nara]yanasvamin for the well-being of the adhishthana headed by the cows and the Brahmanas, (and) for the increase [of the religious merit of his mother and father].
[At the same adhishthana in his own bhoga there has been erected this yashti] by Satyanaga, the Senapati (General) and Arakshika of the King, who is a native of Maharashtra and is foremost of .... for the removal of calamities, for the attainment of prosperity and for the happiness and well-being of all creatures.
Moreover-
While (our) King is ruling over the wide earth ... may this yashti, (raised) by the Nagas themselves, remaining unimpaired, proclaim by its form the duty of the warlike people...; for this is the (meeting) place of (all) people - friends as well as foes - in (a spirit of) service and reverence!
— Translation by Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi (1955), "Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era", Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
At Eran, it seems that this inscription is succeeded chronologically by a monument and an inscription by Gupta Empire's Samudragupta (r. c. 336 – c. 380 CE), established "for the sake of augmenting his fame", who may therefore have ousted Sridharavarman in his campaigns to the West.[10]
Connected rulers
[edit]While the Western Satrap Rudrasimha II ruled in the western India, the Gupta Emperor Samudragupta may have ousted Sridharavarman during his campaigns in Central India.[10]
Seals with the names of other Saka rulers from Malwa in the 3rd century CE are known.[11]
-
Rudrasimha II ruled the Western Satraps at the time of Sridharavarman. -
Samudragupta ruled in the East at the time of Sridharavarman. -
![The vanquished "Śaka" () mentioned by Samudragupta in the Allahabad pillar (Line 23) was probably Sridharavarman.[3]](/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription_Shaka_word_in_Line_23.jpg/181px-Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription_Shaka_word_in_Line_23.jpg)
The vanquished "Śaka" (
) mentioned by Samudragupta in the Allahabad pillar (Line 23) was probably Sridharavarman.[3]
![The vanquished "Śaka" () mentioned by Samudragupta in the Allahabad pillar (Line 23) was probably Sridharavarman.[3]](/enwiki/wiki/File:Allahabad_pillar_Samudragupta_inscription_Shaka_word_in_Line_23.jpg)
References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sridharavarman.
- ^ "There is a compartment showing a horsemen holding the reins of his horse in the left hand and a sword or a javelin in the right" Abbasi, A. A. (2001). Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume. Sarup & Sons. p. 159. ISBN 978-81-7625-186-0.
- ^ a b c Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 p58-59
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu (1955). Corpus inscriptionum indicarum vol.4 pt.2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era. Archaeological Society of India. pp. 605–611.
- ^ Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu (1955). Corpus inscriptionum indicarum vol.4 pt.2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era. pp. 610–611.
- ^ Lines 23-24 of the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta: "Self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces through the Garuḍa badge, by the Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi and the Śaka lords and by (rulers) occupying all Island countries, such as Siṁhala and others."
- ^ Mirashi, V. V. (1951). "Eran Pillar Inscription of Sridharavarman". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 14: 23–26. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44303929.
- ^ Cunningham (1880). Report of Tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa in 1874-75 and 1876-77 ... Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 89.
- ^ Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. pp. 91–93.
- ^ Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu (1955). Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era. Corpus inscriptionum indicarum. Vol. 4 part 2. pp. 610–611.
- ^ a b "During the course of this expedition he is believed to have attacked and defeated the Saka Chief Shridhar Varman, ruling over Eran-Vidisha region. He then annexed the area and erected a monument at Eran (modern Sagar District) "for the sake cf augmenting his fame"." in Pradesh (India), Madhya; Krishnan, V. S. (1982). Madhya Pradesh: District Gazetteers. Government Central Press. p. 28.
- ^ Indian Archaeology 1964-65 A Review. p. 57 item 27.