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{{Short description|American spy, entertainer, club owner and writer}}
'''Claire Phillips''' was an American spy during [[World War II]] in the [[Philippines]].
{{for|the British portrait artist|Claire Phillips (artist)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Claire Phillips
| image = Claire_Phillips,_World_War_II_spy.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = World War II spy "High Pockets"
| birth_name = Claire Maybelle Snyder
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Michigan]], United States
| death_date = {{death date and age|1960|5|22|1907|11|2}}
| death_place = [[Portland, Oregon]], United States
| other_names = Clara Fuentes<br>Dorothy Clara Fuentes<br>"High Pockets"
| occupation = Entertainer and club owner
| known_for = [[World War II]] spy
| notable_works = ''Manila Espionage''
| spouse = (1) Manuel Fuentes<br>(2) John V. Phillips <br>(3) Robert R. Clavier
| children = Dian (Diane) Claire Fuentes
| awards = [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]]
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Claire_Maybelle_Phillips.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''Claire Maybelle Snyder''' (December 2, 1907 – May 22, 1960), also known as '''Clara Fuentes''', '''Clara Phillips''', '''Dorothy Fuentes''' as well as '''High Pockets''', was an American spy, entertainer, club owner, and writer most noted for her exploits in the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese-occupied]] [[Philippines]]. She was portrayed by [[Ann Dvorak]] in the 1951 movie ''[[I Was an American Spy]]''. She was also the author of ''Manila Espionage'', a book about her wartime experiences. In 1951, she was awarded the [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]].


Many of Phillips' statements and claims about spying were later determined to be "without foundation," although in 1957 she was awarded $1,349.21 by the [[United States Court of Claims]] in compensation for assistance she had provided to American [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] and [[Philippines|Filipino]] resistance movements.<ref name=Clavier>{{cite web |title=Clavier v. United States |url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/1957604153FSupp451_1532/CLAVIER%20v.%20UNITED%20STATES |date=July 12, 1957 |accessdate=May 20, 2016}}</ref>
==Biography==
Phillips' spy career began when she and her daughter travelled to [[Manila]] in hopes of Claire joining a dance revue. Claire met an attractive young soldier whom she married and stayed in the Philippines to be near her husband. But when her husband was caught (and later killed) she decided to help the other American prisoners in [[Cabanatuan]] Camp (the same camp her husband was in). She soon became the owner of the Manila Cabaret "Club Tsubaki", a [[gentleman's club (adult entertainment)|gentleman's club]] popular with Japanese officers. Under the alias "High Pockets" (for her pockets were full of money), Phillips gathered intelligence that were used in the resistance against the Japanese. Phillips also stored and hid messages in her [[lingerie]]. She also helped smuggle supplies and information to the prisoners of the [[Cabanatuan]] Prison Camp.


==Early years==
One day, when Phillips sent a messenger to Cabanatuan Camp, the messenger was caught, tortured, and told the Japanese who the message was from. The next morning, Phillips was apprehended by Japanese authorities (the [[Kempeitai]]) after a year and a half of working undercover. They went into the club, blindfolded Phillips, and had her march to "Bilibid Prison", the infamous Japanese prison in Cabanatuan Cuty (two miles from the American Prison Camp). She was tortured to near death but refused to talk. The Japanese became irritated by her refusal to speak. The Japanese put her in a prison cell for six months in solitary confinement. After those six months, the Japanese were ordered to execute her. However, she was liberated in January of 1945 by military forces before the Japanese could execute her and she managed to survive the war. She became the first woman to receive the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] upon the recommendation of General [[Douglas MacArthur]]. She was a guest on [[This Is Your Life]], and after a magazine article followed by a book, Manila Espionage, the subject of a movie entitled I Was An American Spy, starring [[Ann Dvorak]] as Claire Phillips. She unexpectedly died nine years later.
Claire Maybelle Snyder was born on December 2, 1907, in [[Michigan]] to Jesse Edgar Snyder, a marine engineer, and his wife Mable. Claire's family moved to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]], when she was a young child. She attended [[Franklin High School (Portland, Oregon)|Franklin High School]] in Portland before running away to join a traveling circus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/89746045 |title=Claire Maybelle "Clara" Snyder Phillips (1907 - 1960) - Find A Grave Memorial |publisher=Findagrave.com |date= |accessdate=2016-04-09}}</ref><ref name="portlandmonthlymag1">{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/arts-and-entertainment/articles/ana-fey-january-2011/1 |title=Manila Mata Hari -- Arts & Entertainment |accessdate=January 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430164148/http://www.portlandmonthlymag.com/arts-and-entertainment/articles/ana-fey-january-2011/1/ |archivedate=April 30, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="democratherald1">{{cite web|url=http://democratherald.com/news/local/adoptee-s-grandmother-was-an-american-spy/article_9f276d98-97fc-11de-9c85-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Adoptee's grandmother was 'An American Spy' &#124; Local |publisher=democratherald.com |date=2009-09-02 |accessdate=2016-04-09}}</ref> Some accounts give her birth name as Mabel Clara Dela Taste.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1859oregonmagazine.com/think-oregon/art-culture/claire-phillips/|title=Claire Phillips: Forgotten Hero|date=January 2016}}</ref><ref>Atwood, Kathryn ''Women Heroes of World War II—the Pacific Theater: 15 Stories of Resistance, Rescue, Sabotage, and Survival'' Chicago Review Press, 1 Oct 2016</ref>


==References==
==Pre-war==
In the 1930s, she worked in night clubs in the northwest U.S. and later joined a musical stock company that toured east Asia including [[Hong Kong]] and [[Manila]]. While on tour in the Philippines, she met Filipino sailor Manuel Fuentes at a night club where she was performing. They married and had a daughter, Dian (later Americanized to Diane) Claire. The marriage did not last long and soon the couple divorced. She briefly returned to Portland.
⚫
Sides, Hampton. <u>Ghost Soldiers: The Forgotten Epic Story of World War II's Most Dramatic Mission</u>. New York: Doubleday, 2001.


Before the beginning of the war, Claire, now Claire Fuentes, returned to the Philippines and was singing in a night club in Manila where she met her future second husband, Sgt. John V. Phillips of the [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|31st Infantry Regiment]]. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the couple retreated with the army away from Manila. On December 24, 1941, they were married in the jungle.<ref name="portlandmonthlymag1"/>
⚫
[[Category:American spies|Phillips, Claire]]

⚫
[[Category:World War II spies|Phillips, Claire]]
==War years==
⚫
[[Category:Female wartime spies|Phillips, Claire]]
During the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|invasion of the Philippines]] by Japanese forces in 1941 and early 1942, her husband was captured. He later died in a prison camp,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soldier Accounted For From World War II (Phillips, J.V.)|url=https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/2040994/soldier-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-phillips-jv/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency|language=en-US}}</ref> though she did not learn this until later. After the surrender of the American forces in the Philippines on April 9, 1942, she was persuaded by an American soldier turned insurgent named Cpl. John Boone (also from the 31st Infantry) to help the resistance.<ref name=PBS>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/p_phillips.html |title= People & Events: Claire Phillips |publisher=[[PBS]]: [[American Experience]] |accessdate=April 1, 2015}}</ref>
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients|Phillips, Claire]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing|Phillips, Claire]]
Working with a young Filipino dancer named Fely Corcuera, Phillips arranged forged papers and created a new identity for herself as a Philippine-born Italian dancer named Dorothy Clara Fuentes. Together the two women established a cabaret titled "Club Tsubaki", a [[Strip club|gentleman's club]] that would quickly become popular with Japanese officers in Manila. Using the cabaret as a cover, Phillips was a member of the so-called "Miss U spy ring" that obtained information from the Japanese officers who patronized the club.<ref name=PBS/> The spy ring was intended to support the [[Philippine resistance against Japan|Philippine resistance]]. Some of the information she collected was transmitted to American forces in the Pacific and used to predict and counter Japanese military activities.
[[Category:Year of death missing|Phillips, Claire]]

In addition to espionage, she worked extensively with [[Naomi Flores]], [[Margaret Utinsky]] and anti-Japanese guerrilla movements to smuggle desperately needed food, medicines, supplies and information to the prisoners of the [[Cabanatuan]] prisoner of war camp. To the prisoners of the camp, she became known as "High Pockets". The name was said to be a description of her method of smuggling messages by hiding them in her brassiere.

On May 23, 1944, Phillips was apprehended by the [[Kenpeitai]]<ref name=PBS/> (the Japanese military police) after one of the messengers she used to contact the POWs at Cabanatuan was captured, interrogated and killed. She was taken to [[New Bilibid Prison|Bilibid Prison]], the infamous Japanese prison in Manila (two miles from the American prison camp), where she was tortured for information. She was held in solitary confinement for six months and was to be executed for espionage. This sentence was commuted to twelve years' confinement at hard labor. In January 1945, when she was liberated from the prison by American forces, she was near death from starvation.

==Veracity and compensation==
After World War II, Phillips filed a claim with the United States Court of Claims for $146,850 in return for her wartime services. The Court turned down her claim and determined that she was "guilty of false testimony and fraud."<ref>Kaminsky, Theresa (2015), ''Angels of the Underground'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 420-424</ref> A subsequent 1957 court ruling found that "many" of her "statements and claims were later found to be without foundation", but nevertheless awarded her $1,349.21 for the assistance she furnished to American prisoners of war and Filipino guerrillas.<ref name=Clavier/>

== Post-war life and literary career ==


After the war, Phillips returned with her daughter, Diane,<ref name="democratherald1" /> to the United States, where she wrote ''Manila Espionage,'' a book about her experiences. Her story was made into the Hollywood movie ''[[I Was an American Spy]]'' (1951), starring [[Ann Dvorak]] as Phillips. Phillips was a guest on an episode of the television series ''[[This Is Your Life (American franchise)|This Is Your Life]]'' that aired March 15, 1950.<ref name="PBS" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classictvinfo.com/ThisIsYourLife/TIYLEpisodeList.htm |title=This Is Your Life Episode List |publisher=Classic TV Info |date= |accessdate=2016-04-09}}</ref>

Upon the recommendation of General [[Douglas MacArthur]], she received the [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]] in 1951.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eisner |first1=Peter |title=MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster who Defied the Japanese in World War II |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-525-42965-4 |page=xi, 277, 331}}</ref> She is honored at the [[Oregon World War II Memorial]] with a memorial plaque.

Claire Phillips died of [[meningitis]]<ref name=PBS /> in 1960 at the age of 52.

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*Article in "Vet News" Oregon Veterans News Winter 2015 (Oregon Department of Veterans Affairs) page 9 [http://www.oregon.gov/odva/INFO/pages/vetsnews.aspx "Oregon's Female Spy:Singer Smuggler, POW, 'Gallant Woman'"] (free subscription signup required)
*Groom, Winston. 2005. ''1942: The Year That Tried Men's Souls.'' Atlantic Monthly Press, New York. {{ISBN|0-87113-889-1}}
*Phillips, Claire, and Myron B. Goldsmith. 1947. ''Manila Espionage''. Binfolds & Mort, Portland, OR. ASIN B0007EQFT4 [https://www.amazon.com/Manila-Espionage-Claire-Pockets-Phillips/dp/B0007EQFT4]
⚫
*Sides, Hampton. 2001. ''Ghost Soldiers: The Forgotten Epic Story of World War II's Most Dramatic Mission''. Doubleday, New York. {{ISBN|0-385-49564-1}}

==External links==
*{{Oregon Encyclopedia|phillips_claire|Claire Maybelle Phillips (1907-1960)|author=Sig Unander}}

{{portalbar|United States|Philippines|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Claire}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
⚫
[[Category:Female wartime spies]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Medal of Freedom]]
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[[Category:World War II spies for the United States]]
[[Category:Franklin High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni]]
[[Category:Inmates of the New Bilibid Prison]]
[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in Oregon]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Oregon]]
[[Category:Deaths from meningitis]]
⚫
[[Category:American expatriates in the Philippines]]

Latest revision as of 12:14, 1 July 2024

For the British portrait artist, see Claire Phillips (artist).
Claire Phillips
World War II spy "High Pockets"
Born
Claire Maybelle Snyder

(1907-12-02)December 2, 1907
Michigan, United States
DiedMay 22, 1960(1960-05-22) (aged 52)
Portland, Oregon, United States
Other namesClara Fuentes
Dorothy Clara Fuentes
"High Pockets"
Occupation(s)Entertainer and club owner
Known forWorld War II spy
Notable workManila Espionage
Spouse(s)(1) Manuel Fuentes
(2) John V. Phillips
(3) Robert R. Clavier
ChildrenDian (Diane) Claire Fuentes
AwardsMedal of Freedom

Claire Maybelle Snyder (December 2, 1907 – May 22, 1960), also known as Clara Fuentes, Clara Phillips, Dorothy Fuentes as well as High Pockets, was an American spy, entertainer, club owner, and writer most noted for her exploits in the Japanese-occupied Philippines. She was portrayed by Ann Dvorak in the 1951 movie I Was an American Spy. She was also the author of Manila Espionage, a book about her wartime experiences. In 1951, she was awarded the Medal of Freedom.

Many of Phillips' statements and claims about spying were later determined to be "without foundation," although in 1957 she was awarded $1,349.21 by the United States Court of Claims in compensation for assistance she had provided to American prisoners of war and Filipino resistance movements.[1]

Early years

[edit]

Claire Maybelle Snyder was born on December 2, 1907, in Michigan to Jesse Edgar Snyder, a marine engineer, and his wife Mable. Claire's family moved to Portland, Oregon, when she was a young child. She attended Franklin High School in Portland before running away to join a traveling circus.[2][3][4] Some accounts give her birth name as Mabel Clara Dela Taste.[5][6]

Pre-war

[edit]

In the 1930s, she worked in night clubs in the northwest U.S. and later joined a musical stock company that toured east Asia including Hong Kong and Manila. While on tour in the Philippines, she met Filipino sailor Manuel Fuentes at a night club where she was performing. They married and had a daughter, Dian (later Americanized to Diane) Claire. The marriage did not last long and soon the couple divorced. She briefly returned to Portland.

Before the beginning of the war, Claire, now Claire Fuentes, returned to the Philippines and was singing in a night club in Manila where she met her future second husband, Sgt. John V. Phillips of the 31st Infantry Regiment. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the couple retreated with the army away from Manila. On December 24, 1941, they were married in the jungle.[3]

War years

[edit]

During the invasion of the Philippines by Japanese forces in 1941 and early 1942, her husband was captured. He later died in a prison camp,[7] though she did not learn this until later. After the surrender of the American forces in the Philippines on April 9, 1942, she was persuaded by an American soldier turned insurgent named Cpl. John Boone (also from the 31st Infantry) to help the resistance.[8]

Working with a young Filipino dancer named Fely Corcuera, Phillips arranged forged papers and created a new identity for herself as a Philippine-born Italian dancer named Dorothy Clara Fuentes. Together the two women established a cabaret titled "Club Tsubaki", a gentleman's club that would quickly become popular with Japanese officers in Manila. Using the cabaret as a cover, Phillips was a member of the so-called "Miss U spy ring" that obtained information from the Japanese officers who patronized the club.[8] The spy ring was intended to support the Philippine resistance. Some of the information she collected was transmitted to American forces in the Pacific and used to predict and counter Japanese military activities.

In addition to espionage, she worked extensively with Naomi Flores, Margaret Utinsky and anti-Japanese guerrilla movements to smuggle desperately needed food, medicines, supplies and information to the prisoners of the Cabanatuan prisoner of war camp. To the prisoners of the camp, she became known as "High Pockets". The name was said to be a description of her method of smuggling messages by hiding them in her brassiere.

On May 23, 1944, Phillips was apprehended by the Kenpeitai[8] (the Japanese military police) after one of the messengers she used to contact the POWs at Cabanatuan was captured, interrogated and killed. She was taken to Bilibid Prison, the infamous Japanese prison in Manila (two miles from the American prison camp), where she was tortured for information. She was held in solitary confinement for six months and was to be executed for espionage. This sentence was commuted to twelve years' confinement at hard labor. In January 1945, when she was liberated from the prison by American forces, she was near death from starvation.

Veracity and compensation

[edit]

After World War II, Phillips filed a claim with the United States Court of Claims for $146,850 in return for her wartime services. The Court turned down her claim and determined that she was "guilty of false testimony and fraud."[9] A subsequent 1957 court ruling found that "many" of her "statements and claims were later found to be without foundation", but nevertheless awarded her $1,349.21 for the assistance she furnished to American prisoners of war and Filipino guerrillas.[1]

Post-war life and literary career

[edit]

After the war, Phillips returned with her daughter, Diane,[4] to the United States, where she wrote Manila Espionage, a book about her experiences. Her story was made into the Hollywood movie I Was an American Spy (1951), starring Ann Dvorak as Phillips. Phillips was a guest on an episode of the television series This Is Your Life that aired March 15, 1950.[8][10]

Upon the recommendation of General Douglas MacArthur, she received the Medal of Freedom in 1951.[11] She is honored at the Oregon World War II Memorial with a memorial plaque.

Claire Phillips died of meningitis[8] in 1960 at the age of 52.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Clavier v. United States". July 12, 1957. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  2. ^ "Claire Maybelle "Clara" Snyder Phillips (1907 - 1960) - Find A Grave Memorial". Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  3. ^ a b "Manila Mata Hari -- Arts & Entertainment". Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Adoptee's grandmother was 'An American Spy' | Local". democratherald.com. 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  5. ^ "Claire Phillips: Forgotten Hero". January 2016.
  6. ^ Atwood, Kathryn Women Heroes of World War II—the Pacific Theater: 15 Stories of Resistance, Rescue, Sabotage, and Survival Chicago Review Press, 1 Oct 2016
  7. ^ "Soldier Accounted For From World War II (Phillips, J.V.)". Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  8. ^ a b c d e "People & Events: Claire Phillips". PBS: American Experience. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  9. ^ Kaminsky, Theresa (2015), Angels of the Underground, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 420-424
  10. ^ "This Is Your Life Episode List". Classic TV Info. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  11. ^ Eisner, Peter (2017). MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster who Defied the Japanese in World War II. Penguin. p. xi, 277, 331. ISBN 978-0-525-42965-4.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Article in "Vet News" Oregon Veterans News Winter 2015 (Oregon Department of Veterans Affairs) page 9 "Oregon's Female Spy:Singer Smuggler, POW, 'Gallant Woman'" (free subscription signup required)
  • Groom, Winston. 2005. 1942: The Year That Tried Men's Souls. Atlantic Monthly Press, New York. ISBN 0-87113-889-1
  • Phillips, Claire, and Myron B. Goldsmith. 1947. Manila Espionage. Binfolds & Mort, Portland, OR. ASIN B0007EQFT4 [1]
  • Sides, Hampton. 2001. Ghost Soldiers: The Forgotten Epic Story of World War II's Most Dramatic Mission. Doubleday, New York. ISBN 0-385-49564-1
[edit]
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