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Chicken manure is the feces of chickens used as an organic fertilizer, especially for soil low in nitrogen.^[1] Of all animal manures, it has the highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.^[2] Chicken manure is sometimes pelletized for use as a fertilizer, and this product may have additional phosphorus, potassium or nitrogen added.^[3] Optimal storage conditions for chicken manure include keeping it in a covered area and retaining its liquid, because a significant amount of nitrogen exists in the urine.^[4]

Fresh chicken manure contains 0.5%^[5] to 0.9% nitrogen,^[6] 0.4%^[4] to 0.5% phosphorus,^[5] and 1.2% to 1.7% potassium.^[5] One chicken produces approximately 8 to 11 pounds (3.6 to 5.0 kg) of manure monthly.^[6] Chicken manure can be used to create homemade plant fertilizer.^[6]

Studies

In 1986, a master's thesis study in the Philippines compared the effects of using various fertilizers to enhance milkfish production in brackish water ponds.^[7] The study compared the use of using chicken manure only, cow manure only, 16-20-0 fertilizer only, a mixture of cow manure and 16-20-0 fertilizer, a mixture of chicken manure and 16-20-0 fertilizer, and a control group that used no fertilizer.^[7] The study concluded that the use of cow manure only as a fertilizer fared best, and the use of chicken manure only as a fertilizer fared second best.^[7]

Pollution

Mass applications of chicken manure may create an unpleasant odor. In April 2014 in Escondido, California, a golf course that had "dumped" chicken manure on its grounds was cited by the county government after complaints from local residents about the odor.^[8]

In December 2011, the environmental group Environment Maryland asserted that water runoff from agricultural land fertilized with chicken manure was increasing the pollution levels of Chesapeake Bay.^[9] The group asserted that excessive phosphorus from the runoff was contributing to the increase of dead zones in the bay.^[9] In 2015, in efforts to address the matter before leaving office, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley put a new regulation into use that "would have limited the amount of poultry manure that Eastern Shore farmers can use on their fields".^[10] However, the following Governor Larry Hogan quickly absolved the new regulation after being sworn into office.^[10] The runoff problem has been attributed to the use of "an outdated scientific tool for calculating the correct amount of manure".^[10] A proposed solution from scientists at the University of Maryland is to have farmers use a new (corrected) formula to calculate proper quantities of chicken manure for agricultural uses.^[10]

Human deterrent

Chicken manure has been used as a human deterrent. In July 2013, in Abbotsford, British Columbia, city workers applied chicken manure at a tent encampment to deter homeless people from the area.^[11] The affected homeless planned on initiating small claims lawsuits for loss of property and property damage.^[11] One of the affected homeless people described the tactics of city workers as "a chicken shit way to do things".^[12] The mayor of Abbotsford and the Fraser Valley city manager later apologized regarding the incident.^[11]^[13] Similar instances of using chicken manure in this manner have occurred in British Columbia in Surrey and in Port Coquitlam, the latter of which occurred "shortly after the Abbotsford incident".^[11]

References

^ Telkamp, Mick. "The Straight Poop On Using Chicken Manure as Fertilizer". Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ Martin, Deborah L.; Gershuny, Grace, eds. (1992). The Rodale Book of Composting: Easy Methods for Every Gardener (revised ed.). Rodale. p. 126. ISBN 9780878579914.
^ Barrett, J. (2008). FCS Soil Science L3. FET college series. Pearson Education South Africa. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-77025-114-4.
^ ^a ^b Pullin, R.S.V.; Shehadeh, Z.H. (1980). Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture Farming Systems: Proceedings of the ICLARM-SEARCA Conference on Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Farming Systems, Manila, Philippines, 6-9 August 1979. ICLARM conference proceedings. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management. p. 80.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Manure is an Excellent Fertilizer". Ecochem. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Foreman, Patricia; Long, Cheryl (April–May 2013). "Chickens in the Garden: Eggs, Meat, Chicken Manure Fertilizer and More". Mother Earth News. Retrieved February 18, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Garcia, Y.T.; Aragon, C.T.; Dator, M.A.L. Milkfish Bibliography A Compilation of Abstracts on Milkfish Studies. WorldFish. p. 191.
^ "Chicken manure stink could be costly". U-T San Diego. April 14, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Chicken manure adds to Chesapeake Bay pollution, group says". WTOP. December 28, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Hogan shelves chicken manure rules". The Frederick News-Post. January 27, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Big Stink Over Manure Dump". The Huffington Post. July 24, 2013. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ "Abbotsford Homeless Campers Clash With City, Police". The Huffington Post. June 19, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ "Chicken Poop Scheme Shames Mayor". The Huffington Post. June 6, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2015.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Feces of chickens used as an organic fertilizer, especially for soil low in nitrogen}}
 {{About|organic fertilizer|the slang term|Chicken shit}}
 [[File:NRCSSC97008 - South Carolina (5991)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|thumb|A chicken manure sample being collected for a nutrient analysis]]
-[[File:Modern Farming- Agriculture in Britain, 1943 D15985.jpg|thumb|A poultryman in 1943 on a Hampshire County farm in England moves a poultry fold into line with the others in the field. Each of these chicken sheds contains 25 birds and are moved their length every day, providing fresh ground for the hens to feed on and also ensuring that the chicken manure is spread across the whole field.]]
+[[File:Modern Farming- Agriculture in Britain, 1943 D15985.jpg|thumb|A poultryman in 1943 on a Hampshire County farm in England moves a poultry fold ([[chicken tractor]]) into line with the others in the field. Each of these chicken sheds contains 25 birds and are moved their length every day, providing fresh ground for the hens to feed on and also ensuring that the chicken manure is spread across the whole field.]]
 [[File:INTERIOR, DETAIL OF MANURE CAR - Ritter Ranch, Chicken House, Dolores, Montezuma County, CO HABS COLO,42-DOL.V,4D-2.tif|thumb|A manure car for the transport of chicken manure at a [[Poultry farming|chicken house]] in Dolores, Colorado]]
 [[File:Chicken Sheds at Balado Airfield - geograph.org.uk - 354043.jpg|thumb|Chicken sheds at Balado Airfield, Scotland. Poultry sheds like this are common in the Kinross area of Scotland. Manure from the sheds is now collected for use as fuel in a [[biomass]]-burning power station at Westfield in Fife.]]
-'''Chicken manure''' are the [[feces]] of [[chicken]]s used as an [[organic fertilizer]], especially for soil low in [[nitrogen]].<ref name="Telkamp">{{cite web|url=http://www.hgtvgardens.com/chickens/backyard-chickens-the-straight-poop-on-using-chicken-manure-as-fertilizer|title=The Straight Poop On Using Chicken Manure as Fertilizer|last=Telkamp|first=Mick|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> Of all animal [[manure]]s, it has the highest amount of nitrogen, [[phosphorus]], and [[potassium]].<ref name="Rodale">{{cite book|editor1=Deborah L. Martin |editor2=Grace Gershuny |title=The Rodale Book of Composting: Easy Methods for Every Gardener|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6sx5-OM_psC&pg=PA126 |edition=revised|year=1992|publisher=Rodale|isbn=9780878579914|page=126}}</ref> Chicken manure is sometimes [[Pelletizing|pelletized]] for use as a [[fertilizer]], and this product may have additional phosphorus, potassium or nitrogen added.<ref name="Barrett"/> Optimal storage conditions for chicken manure include keeping it in a covered area and retaining its liquid, because a significant amount of nitrogen exists in the [[urine]].<ref name="Pullin & Shehadeh"/>
+'''Chicken manure''' is the [[feces]] of [[chicken]]s used as an [[organic fertilizer]], especially for soil low in [[nitrogen]].<ref name="Telkamp">{{cite web|url=http://www.hgtvgardens.com/chickens/backyard-chickens-the-straight-poop-on-using-chicken-manure-as-fertilizer|title=The Straight Poop On Using Chicken Manure as Fertilizer|last=Telkamp|first=Mick|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Of all animal [[manure]]s, it has the highest amount of nitrogen, [[phosphorus]], and [[potassium]].<ref name="Rodale">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6sx5-OM_psC&pg=PA126 |title=The Rodale Book of Composting: Easy Methods for Every Gardener |publisher=Rodale |year=1992 |isbn=9780878579914 |editor1=Martin |editor-first=Deborah L. |edition=revised |page=126 |editor2=Gershuny |editor-first2=Grace |editor-link2=Grace Gershuny}}</ref> Chicken manure is sometimes [[Pelletizing|pelletized]] for use as a [[fertilizer]], and this product may have additional phosphorus, potassium or nitrogen added.<ref name="Barrett"/> Optimal storage conditions for chicken manure include keeping it in a covered area and retaining its liquid, because a significant amount of nitrogen exists in the [[urine]].<ref name="Pullin & Shehadeh"/>
-Fresh chicken manure contains 0.5%<ref name="Ecochem"/> to 0.9% nitrogen,<ref name="Foreman & Long"/> 0.4%<ref name="Pullin & Shehadeh"/> to 0.5% phosphorus,<ref name="Ecochem"/> and 1.2% to 1.7 %potassium.<ref name="Ecochem"/> One chicken produces approximately 8–11 pounds of manure monthly.<ref name="Foreman & Long"/> Chicken manure can be used to create homemade plant fertilizer.<ref name="Foreman & Long"/>
+Fresh chicken manure contains 0.5%<ref name="Ecochem"/> to 0.9% nitrogen,<ref name="Foreman & Long"/> 0.4%<ref name="Pullin & Shehadeh"/> to 0.5% phosphorus,<ref name="Ecochem"/> and 1.2% to 1.7% potassium.<ref name="Ecochem"/> One chicken produces approximately {{convert|8|to|11|lbs|kg}} of manure monthly.<ref name="Foreman & Long"/> Chicken manure can be used to create homemade plant fertilizer.<ref name="Foreman & Long"/>
 ==Studies==
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 ==Pollution==
-Mass applications of chicken manure may create an unpleasant odor. In April 2014 in Escondido, California, a golf course that had "dumped" chicken manure on its grounds was cited by the county government after complaints from local residents about the odor.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chicken manure stink could be costly | website=U-T San Diego | date=April 14, 2014  | url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/apr/14/escondido-country-club-golf-manure-chicken/ | ref={{sfnref | U-T San Diego | 2014}} | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref>
+Mass applications of chicken manure may create an unpleasant odor. In April 2014 in Escondido, California, a golf course that had "dumped" chicken manure on its grounds was cited by the county government after complaints from local residents about the odor.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chicken manure stink could be costly | website=U-T San Diego | date=April 14, 2014  | url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/apr/14/escondido-country-club-golf-manure-chicken/ | ref={{sfnref | U-T San Diego | 2014}} | access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref>
-In December 2011, the environmental group Environment Maryland asserted that water runoff from agricultural land fertilized with chicken manure was increasing the pollution levels of Chesapeake Bay.<ref name="WTOP 2011">{{cite web | title=Chicken manure adds to Chesapeake Bay pollution, group says | website=WTOP | date=December 28, 2011  | url=http://wtop.com/news/2011/12/chicken-manure-adds-to-chesapeake-bay-pollution-group-says/ | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref> The group asserted that excessive phosphorus from the runoff was contributing to the increase of [[Dead zone (ecology)|dead zone]]s in the bay.<ref name="WTOP 2011"/> In 2015, in efforts to address the matter before leaving office, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley put a new regulation into use that "would have limited the amount of poultry manure that Eastern Shore farmers can use on their fields".<ref name="TFNP">{{cite web | title=Hogan shelves chicken manure rules | website=The Frederick News-Post | date=January 27, 2015  | url=http://www.fredericknewspost.com/opinion/editorial/hogan-shelves-chicken-manure-rules/article_e1158828-cc00-5eb6-9b95-ff9ab74fd924.html | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref> However, the following Governor Larry Hogan quickly absolved the new regulation after being sworn into office.<ref name="TFNP"/> The runoff problem has been attributed to the use of "an outdated scientific tool for calculating the correct amount of manure".<ref name="TFNP"/> A proposed solution from scientists at the University of Maryland is to have farmers use a new (corrected) formula to calculate proper quantities of chicken manure for agricultural uses.<ref name="TFNP"/>
+In December 2011, the environmental group Environment Maryland asserted that water runoff from agricultural land fertilized with chicken manure was increasing the pollution levels of Chesapeake Bay.<ref name="WTOP 2011">{{cite web | title=Chicken manure adds to Chesapeake Bay pollution, group says | website=WTOP | date=December 28, 2011  | url=http://wtop.com/news/2011/12/chicken-manure-adds-to-chesapeake-bay-pollution-group-says/ | access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> The group asserted that excessive phosphorus from the runoff was contributing to the increase of [[Dead zone (ecology)|dead zone]]s in the bay.<ref name="WTOP 2011"/> In 2015, in efforts to address the matter before leaving office, Maryland Governor [[Martin O'Malley]] put a new regulation into use that "would have limited the amount of poultry manure that Eastern Shore farmers can use on their fields".<ref name="TFNP">{{cite web | title=Hogan shelves chicken manure rules | website=The Frederick News-Post | date=January 27, 2015  | url=http://www.fredericknewspost.com/opinion/editorial/hogan-shelves-chicken-manure-rules/article_e1158828-cc00-5eb6-9b95-ff9ab74fd924.html | access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> However, the following Governor [[Larry Hogan]] quickly absolved the new regulation after being sworn into office.<ref name="TFNP"/> The runoff problem has been attributed to the use of "an outdated scientific tool for calculating the correct amount of manure".<ref name="TFNP"/> A proposed solution from scientists at the University of Maryland is to have farmers use a new (corrected) formula to calculate proper quantities of chicken manure for agricultural uses.<ref name="TFNP"/>
 ===Human deterrent===
-Chicken manure has been used as a human deterrent. In July 2013, in Abbotsford, British Columbia, city workers applied chicken manure at a tent encampment to deter homeless people from the area.<ref name="CP">{{cite web | author= | title=Big Stink Over Manure Dump | website=The Huffington Post | date=July 24, 2013  | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/07/24/homeless-sue-abbotsford-manure_n_3645924.html | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref> The affected homeless planned on initiating small claims lawsuits for loss of property and property damage.<ref name="CP"/> One of the affected homeless people described the tactics of city workers as "a [[chicken shit]] way to do things".<ref>{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Abbotsford Homeless Campers Clash With City, Police | website=The Huffington Post | date=June 19, 2013  | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/06/19/abbotsford-homeless-clash-city-police_n_3467572.html | ref=harv | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref> The mayor of Abbotsford and the Fraser Valley city manager later apologized regarding the incident.<ref name="CP"/><ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Chicken Poop Scheme Shames Mayor | website=The Huffington Post | date=June 6, 2013  | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/06/06/abbotsford-manure-dump-homeless_n_3398629.html | ref=harv | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref> Similar instances of using chicken manure in this manner have occurred in British Columbia in Surrey and in Port Coquitlam, the latter of which occurred "shortly after the Abbotsford incident".<ref name="CP"/>
+Chicken manure has been used as a human deterrent. In July 2013, in Abbotsford, British Columbia, city workers applied chicken manure at a tent encampment to deter homeless people from the area.<ref name="CP">{{cite web |author= |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Big Stink Over Manure Dump |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/07/24/homeless-sue-abbotsford-manure_n_3645924.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134413/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/07/24/homeless-sue-abbotsford-manure_n_3645924.html |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=February 18, 2015 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The affected homeless planned on initiating small claims lawsuits for loss of property and property damage.<ref name="CP"/> One of the affected homeless people described the tactics of city workers as "a [[chicken shit]] way to do things".<ref>{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Abbotsford Homeless Campers Clash With City, Police | website=The Huffington Post | date=June 19, 2013  | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/06/19/abbotsford-homeless-clash-city-police_n_3467572.html | access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> The mayor of Abbotsford and the Fraser Valley city manager later apologized regarding the incident.<ref name="CP"/><ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Chicken Poop Scheme Shames Mayor | website=The Huffington Post | date=June 6, 2013  | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/06/06/abbotsford-manure-dump-homeless_n_3398629.html | access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> Similar instances of using chicken manure in this manner have occurred in British Columbia in Surrey and in Port Coquitlam, the latter of which occurred "shortly after the Abbotsford incident".<ref name="CP"/>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 {{reflist|refs=
 <ref name="Barrett">{{cite book | last=Barrett | first=J. | title=FCS Soil Science L3 | publisher=Pearson Education South Africa | series=FET college series | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-77025-114-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHtsNfBL3TQC&pg=PA70 | page=70}}</ref>
-<ref name="Pullin & Shehadeh">{{cite book | last=Pullin | first=R.S.V. | last2=Shehadeh | first2=Z.H. | title=Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture Farming Systems: Proceedings of the ICLARM-SEARCA Conference on Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Farming Systems, Manila, Philippines, 6-9 August 1979 | publisher=International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management | series=ICLARM conference proceedings | year=1980 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOYO2BscuT8C&pg=PA80 | page=80}}</ref>
+<ref name="Pullin & Shehadeh">{{cite book | last1=Pullin | first1=R.S.V. | last2=Shehadeh | first2=Z.H. | title=Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture Farming Systems: Proceedings of the ICLARM-SEARCA Conference on Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Farming Systems, Manila, Philippines, 6-9 August 1979 | publisher=International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management | series=ICLARM conference proceedings | year=1980 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOYO2BscuT8C&pg=PA80 | page=80}}</ref>
-<ref name="Garcia, Aragon & Dator">{{cite book | last=Garcia | first=Y.T. | last2=Aragon | first2=C.T. | last3=Dator | first3=M.A.L. | title=Milkfish Bibliography A Compilation of Abstracts on Milkfish Studies | publisher=WorldFish | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs9OTi3t-OAC&pg=PA191 | page=191}}</ref>
+<ref name="Garcia, Aragon & Dator">{{cite book | last1=Garcia | first1=Y.T. | last2=Aragon | first2=C.T. | last3=Dator | first3=M.A.L. | title=Milkfish Bibliography A Compilation of Abstracts on Milkfish Studies | publisher=WorldFish | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs9OTi3t-OAC&pg=PA191 | page=191}}</ref>
-<ref name="Ecochem">{{cite web | publisher=Ecochem| title=Manure is an Excellent Fertilizer | website=Ecochem | url=http://ecochem.com/t_manure_fert.html | accessdate=December 11, 2016}}</ref>
+<ref name="Ecochem">{{cite web | title=Manure is an Excellent Fertilizer | website=Ecochem | url=http://ecochem.com/t_manure_fert.html | access-date=December 11, 2016}}</ref>
-<ref name="Foreman & Long">{{cite web | last=Foreman | first=Patricia | last2=Long | first2=Cheryl (April–May 2013)| title=Chickens in the Garden: Eggs, Meat, Chicken Manure Fertilizer and More | website=Mother Earth News | url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/chicken-manure-fertilizer-zm0z13amzkon.aspx | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref>
+<ref name="Foreman & Long">{{cite web | last1=Foreman | first1=Patricia | last2=Long | first2=Cheryl (April–May 2013)| title=Chickens in the Garden: Eggs, Meat, Chicken Manure Fertilizer and More | website=Mother Earth News | url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/chicken-manure-fertilizer-zm0z13amzkon.aspx | access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref>
 }}
 ==Further reading==
-* {{cite web | title=A new use for chicken manure | work=[[The West Australian]] |author=Raston, Kate| date=January 8, 2015 | url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/countryman/a/25930752/a-new-use-for-chicken-manure/ | ref={{sfnref | A new use for chicken manure | 2015}} | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}
+* {{cite web | title=A new use for chicken manure | work=[[The West Australian]] |author=Raston, Kate| date=January 8, 2015 | url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/countryman/a/25930752/a-new-use-for-chicken-manure/ | ref={{sfnref | A new use for chicken manure | 2015}} | access-date=February 18, 2015}}
-* {{cite web | title=Poultry power: Turning chicken manure to energy | author=Patience, Martin|publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=June 25, 2012 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18575389 | ref={{sfnref | BBC News | 2012}} | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}
+* {{cite web | title=Poultry power: Turning chicken manure to energy | author=Patience, Martin|publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=June 25, 2012 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18575389 | ref={{sfnref | BBC News | 2012}} | access-date=February 18, 2015}}
-* {{cite web | title=Are humans endangered if cattle dine on chicken manure? | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=August 23, 1997| url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/23/chicken.manure/ | ref={{sfnref | CNN | 1997}} | accessdate=February 18, 2015}}
+* {{cite web | title=Are humans endangered if cattle dine on chicken manure? | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=August 23, 1997| url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/23/chicken.manure/ | ref={{sfnref | CNN | 1997}} | access-date=February 18, 2015}}
-* {{cite book | last=Dabney | first=Seth Mason | title=Chicken manure in New York State | publisher=Cornell University | issue=volume 1 | date=May 1978 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmZQAAAAYAAJ | ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book | last=Dabney | first=Seth Mason | title=Chicken manure in New York State | publisher=Cornell University | issue=volume 1 | date=May 1978 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmZQAAAAYAAJ }}
 [[Category:Organic fertilizers]]
 [[Category:Chickens|manure]]
 [[Category:Feces]]
+[[Category:Manure]]