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{{infobox person
{{infobox person
| name = Russell Sturgis
| name = Russell Sturgis
| image =
| image = Russell_Sturgis.jpg
| image caption = Painted by [[Anna Lea Merritt]]
| birth_name = Russell Sturgis
| birth_name = Nathaniel Russell Sturgis
| birth_date = {{birth date|1805|07|07}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1805|07|07}}
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{dda|1887|11|02|1805|07|07}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1887|11|02|1805|07|07}}
| death_place = [[Leatherhead]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| death_place = [[Leatherhead]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard College]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard College]]
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* {{marriage|Julia Overing Boit<br>|June 4, 1846<!--|November 2, 1887|reason=his death-->}}
* {{marriage|Julia Overing Boit<br>|June 4, 1846<!--|November 2, 1887|reason=his death-->}}
{{endplainlist}}
{{endplainlist}}
| children = [[John Hubbard Sturgis]]<br>[[Henry Parkman Sturgis]]<br>[[Julian Sturgis]]<br>[[Howard Sturgis]]
| children = Russell Sturgis<br>Lucy Lyman Paine Sturgis<br>[[John Hubbard Sturgis]]<br>Mary Greene Sturgis<br>[[Henry Parkman Sturgis]]<br>[[Julian Sturgis]]<br>Mary Greene Hubbard Sturgis<br>[[Howard Overing Sturgis]]
| relations = [[Russell Sturgis (1750–1826)|Russell Sturgis]] (grandfather)<br>[[Julian Codman]] (grandson)<br>[[Richard Clipston Sturgis]] (grandson)
| relations = [[Russell Sturgis (1750–1826)|Russell Sturgis]] (grandfather)<br>[[Julian Codman]] (grandson)<br>[[Richard Clipston Sturgis]] (grandson)
}}
}}


'''Russell Sturgis''' (July 7, 1805 {{ndash}} November 2, 1887) was a [[Boston]] merchant active in the China trade, and later head of [[Barings Bank|Baring Brothers]] in London.
'''Russell Sturgis''' (July 7, 1805 – November 2, 1887) was a [[Boston]] merchant active in the China trade, and later head of [[Barings Bank|Baring Brothers]] in London.


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Sturgis was born Nathaniel Russell Sturgis, jr., in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] on July 7, 1805. He was a son of Nathaniel Russell Sturgis (1779–1856) and his wife, Susannah Thomsen ([[née]] Parkman) Sturgis.<ref>{{cite book|author=McCormick, John|title=George Santayana: A Biography|year=2009|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-7658-0503-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kONGQ49RMNIC&pg=PA14|page=14}}</ref><ref name="Downs2014">{{cite book |last1=Downs |first1=Jacques M. |last2=Grant Jr. |first2=Frederic D. |title=The Golden Ghetto: The American Commercial Community at Canton and the Shaping of American China Policy, 1784–1844 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8139-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw4wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA367 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> His younger brother was fellow merchant Henry Parkman Sturgis (father of author [[Maria Trinidad Howard Sturgis Middlemore]]), who served as [[U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines|United States Consul to the Philippines]].<ref name="Kienholz2008">{{cite book |last1=Kienholz |first1=M. |title=Opium Traders and Their Worlds-Volume One: A Revisionist Exposé of the World's Greatest Opium Traders |date=2008 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-91078-6 |page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YlO9qraI4MC&pg=PT194 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
Sturgis was born Nathaniel Russell Sturgis Jr., in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], on July 7, 1805. He was a son of Nathaniel Russell Sturgis (1779–1856) and his wife, Susannah Thomsen ([[née]] Parkman) Sturgis.<ref>{{cite book|author=McCormick, John|title=George Santayana: A Biography|year=2009|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-7658-0503-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kONGQ49RMNIC&pg=PA14|page=14}}</ref><ref name="Downs2014">{{cite book |last1=Downs |first1=Jacques M. |last2=Grant Jr. |first2=Frederic D. |title=The Golden Ghetto: The American Commercial Community at Canton and the Shaping of American China Policy, 1784–1844 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8139-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw4wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA367 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> His younger brother was fellow merchant Henry Parkman Sturgis (father of author [[Maria Trinidad Howard Sturgis Middlemore]]), who served as [[U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines|United States Consul to the Philippines]].<ref name="Kienholz2008">{{cite book |last1=Kienholz |first1=M. |title=Opium Traders and Their Worlds-Volume One: A Revisionist Exposé of the World's Greatest Opium Traders |date=2008 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-91078-6 |page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YlO9qraI4MC&pg=PT194 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


His paternal grandparents were the noted merchant [[Russell Sturgis (1750–1826)|Russell Sturgis]] (1750-1826) and his wife Elizabeth (née Perkins) Sturgis (a sister of merchant [[Thomas Handasyd Perkins]]), both of [[Boston Brahmin]] families.<ref name="Chaitkin1999">{{cite book |last1=Chaitkin |first1=Anton |title=Treason In America: From Aaron Burr To Averell Harriman |date=1999 |publisher=Executive Intelligence Review |page=[https://archive.org/details/treasoninamerica00chai/page/n102 75] |url=https://archive.org/details/treasoninamerica00chai |url-access=registration |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Through his grand-uncle Thomas Sturgis (the younger brother of his grandfather [[Russell Sturgis (1750–1826)|Russell]]), he was a second cousin of architect and art critic [[Russell Sturgis]] (1836-1909),who married Sarah Maria Barney, a daughter of [[Danford Newton Barney]], a president of [[Wells Fargo & Company]].<ref name="1910Critic">{{cite news |title=RUSSELL STURGIS'S ARCHITECTURE; The Second Volume of the Magnum Opus Loft Unfinished by the Distinguished Critic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/07/23/archives/russell-sturgiss-architecture-the-second-volume-of-the-magnum-opus.html?searchResultPosition=4 |access-date=1 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 23, 1910}}</ref>
His paternal grandparents were the merchant [[Russell Sturgis (1750–1826)|Russell Sturgis]] (1750-1826) and Elizabeth (née Perkins) Sturgis (a sister of merchant [[Thomas Handasyd Perkins]]), both of [[Boston Brahmin]] families. Through his great-uncle Thomas Sturgis (the younger brother of his grandfather [[Russell Sturgis (1750–1826)|Russell]]), he was a second cousin of architect and art critic [[Russell Sturgis]] (1836-1909), who married Sarah Maria Barney, a daughter of [[Danford Newton Barney]], a president of [[Wells Fargo & Company]].<ref name="1910Critic">{{cite news |title=RUSSELL STURGIS'S ARCHITECTURE; The Second Volume of the Magnum Opus Loft Unfinished by the Distinguished Critic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1910/07/23/archives/russell-sturgiss-architecture-the-second-volume-of-the-magnum-opus.html |access-date=1 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 23, 1910}}</ref>


Sturgis went to [[Harvard College]] at the age of twelve, graduating with the class of 1823 as a member of the [[Phi Beta Kappa]] society.<ref name="NEHGS">{{cite book |last1=Society |first1=New England Historic Genealogical |title=Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society |date=1907 |publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society|The New England Historic Genealogical Society]] |page=317 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3MtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He studied law at [[Northampton, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Roberts1898"/>
Sturgis entered [[Harvard College]] at the age of twelve and graduated in 1823 as a member of the [[Phi Beta Kappa]] society.<ref name="NEHGS">{{cite book |last1=Society |first1=New England Historic Genealogical |title=Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society |date=1907 |publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society|The New England Historic Genealogical Society]] |page=317 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3MtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He studied law at [[Northampton, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Roberts1898"/>


==Career==
==Career==
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In 1828, he changed his name legally to Russell Sturgis.<ref>List of Persons Whose Names Have Been Changed in Massachusetts, 1780-1883. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Company: 1885.</ref> That same year, after his second marriage, he made his first voyage abroad then practiced law in Boston for a time. He sailed for [[Guangzhou|Canton]] in 1833 on behalf of [[opium]] trader [[John Perkins Cushing]],<ref name="Roberts1898"/> settling for some time in Macau where Lady Elizabeth Napier, wife of British emissary [[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier|William John, 9th Lord Napier]], found him "very intelligent".{{sfn|Napier|1995|p=138}} While he was there, his portrait and those of three of his four children by his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard, were painted by the English portraitist [[George Chinnery]]. In Asia, he entered a succession of trading firms (Russell & Sturgis of Manila; Russell, Sturgis & Co. of Canton; [[Russell & Co.]]), and in 1842 he became a full partner.<ref name="Austin2015">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter E. |title=Baring Brothers and the Birth of Modern Finance |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31471-4 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ecvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
In 1828, he changed his name legally to Russell Sturgis.<ref>List of Persons Whose Names Have Been Changed in Massachusetts, 1780-1883. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Company: 1885.</ref> That same year, after his second marriage, he made his first voyage abroad then practiced law in Boston for a time. He sailed for [[Guangzhou|Canton]] in 1833 on behalf of [[opium]] trader [[John Perkins Cushing]],<ref name="Roberts1898"/> settling for some time in Macau where Lady Elizabeth Napier, wife of British emissary [[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier|William John, 9th Lord Napier]], found him "very intelligent".{{sfn|Napier|1995|p=138}} While he was there, his portrait and those of three of his four children by his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard, were painted by the English portraitist [[George Chinnery]]. In Asia, he entered a succession of trading firms (Russell & Sturgis of Manila; Russell, Sturgis & Co. of Canton; [[Russell & Co.]]), and in 1842 he became a full partner.<ref name="Austin2015">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter E. |title=Baring Brothers and the Birth of Modern Finance |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31471-4 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ecvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


In 1844, Sturgis retired to Boston to rejoin his children who had been sent there to school after their mother's 1837 death in Manila. He married for a third time, to Julia Overing Boit, and decided to return to China with his family in 1851. The steamer on which they crossed the Atlantic arrived too late to catch the onward ship from London. In their interval there, Sturgis was asked by the senior member of [[Barings Bank]] to become a partner.<ref name="Austin2015"/> He accepted and ultimately became head of the firm, succeeding fellow American [[Joshua Bates (financier)|Joshua Bates]] (husband to Sturgis' cousin Lucretia).<ref name="Roberts1898"/>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|[[Joshua Bates (financier)|Joshua Bates]]'s daughter, Elizabeth Anne Sturgis Bates (1817–1878), was married to Belgian Prime Minister [[Sylvain Van de Weyer]].<ref name="Venn2011">{{cite book |last1=Venn |first1=John |title=Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108036160 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWSiYp0-AGEC&pg=PA276 |access-date=19 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Their daughter, Victoria van de Weyer was married to [[Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden]] (a brother of Hon. Mary Cecilia Brand, who married Sturgis' son, [[Henry Parkman Sturgis]], the [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[South Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|South Dorset]]).<ref name="Santayana2001">{{cite book |last1=Santayana |first1=George |title=The Letters of George Santayana |date=2001 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-19457-0 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0HKsFMDFTEC&pg=SA1-PA190 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}}
In 1844, Sturgis retired to Boston to rejoin his children who had been sent there to school after their mother's 1837 death in Manila. He married for a third time, to Julia Overing Boit, and decided to return to China with his family in 1851. The steamer on which they crossed the Atlantic arrived too late to catch the onward ship from London. In their interval there, Sturgis was asked by the senior member of [[Barings Bank]] to become a partner.<ref name="Austin2015"/> He accepted and ultimately became head of the firm, succeeding fellow American [[Joshua Bates (financier)|Joshua Bates]] (husband to Sturgis' cousin Lucretia).<ref name="Roberts1898"/>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|[[Joshua Bates (financier)|Joshua Bates]]'s daughter, Elizabeth Anne Sturgis Bates (1817–1878), was married to Belgian Prime Minister [[Sylvain Van de Weyer]].<ref name="Venn2011">{{cite book |last1=Venn |first1=John |title=Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108036160 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWSiYp0-AGEC&pg=PA276 |access-date=19 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Their daughter, Victoria van de Weyer was married to [[Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden]] (a brother of Hon. Mary Cecilia Brand, who married Sturgis' son, [[Henry Parkman Sturgis]], the [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[South Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|South Dorset]]).<ref name="Santayana2001">{{cite book |last1=Santayana |first1=George |title=The Letters of George Santayana |date=2001 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-19457-0 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0HKsFMDFTEC&pg=SA1-PA190 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}}


In England, he lived at 17 [[Carlton House Terrace]] in London (today home to the [[Federation of British Artists]] and the [[Mall Galleries]]), and Givons Grove in [[Leatherhead]]. Although he never renounced his U.S. citizenship, Sturgis did not return to the United States and died in England in 1887.<ref>{{Cite book| title = Barbarian Eye: Lord Napier in China, 1834, the prelude to Hong Kong| last1 = Napier| first1 = Priscilla| author-link = Priscilla Napier| year = 1995| publisher = London: Brassey's| isbn = 9781857531169| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/barbarianeyelord00napi}}</ref>
In England, he lived at 17 [[Carlton House Terrace]] in London (today home to the [[Federation of British Artists]] and the [[Mall Galleries]]), and Givons Grove in [[Leatherhead]]. Although he never renounced his U.S. citizenship, Sturgis did not return to the United States and died in England in 1887.<ref>{{Cite book| title = Barbarian Eye: Lord Napier in China, 1834, the prelude to Hong Kong| last1 = Napier| first1 = Priscilla| author-link = Priscilla Napier| year = 1995| publisher = London: Brassey's| isbn = 9781857531169| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/barbarianeyelord00napi}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
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Sturgis married three times. He married his first wife, Lucy Lyman Paine (1805–1828), on April 3, 1828.<ref name="Roberts1898"/> Lucy was a daughter of Henry Paine and his wife Olive Lyman. Her paternal grandfather was [[Robert Treat Paine]], a lawyer, politician, signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], and the first [[Massachusetts Attorney General|Attorney General]] of Massachusetts.<ref name=Paine>{{cite book|title=Paine Ancestry. The family of Robert Treat Paine, Signer of the Declaration of Independence|publisher=Dabid Clapp & Son|page=[https://archive.org/details/paineancestryfa00popegoog/page/n330 317]|url=https://archive.org/details/paineancestryfa00popegoog|quote=Robert Treat Paine Storer.|location=Boston, Mass.|author=Sarah Cushing Paine|year=1912|access-date=2009-11-11}}</ref> Lucy died, aged 22, on August 20, 1828, just four months after their marriage.<ref name="Roberts1898"/>
Sturgis married three times. He married his first wife, Lucy Lyman Paine (1805–1828), on April 3, 1828.<ref name="Roberts1898"/> Lucy was a daughter of Henry Paine and his wife Olive Lyman. Her paternal grandfather was [[Robert Treat Paine]], a lawyer, politician, signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], and the first [[Massachusetts Attorney General|Attorney General]] of Massachusetts.<ref name=Paine>{{cite book|title=Paine Ancestry. The family of Robert Treat Paine, Signer of the Declaration of Independence|publisher=Dabid Clapp & Son|page=[https://archive.org/details/paineancestryfa00popegoog/page/n330 317]|url=https://archive.org/details/paineancestryfa00popegoog|quote=Robert Treat Paine Storer.|location=Boston, Mass.|author=Sarah Cushing Paine|year=1912|access-date=2009-11-11}}</ref> Lucy died, aged 22, on August 20, 1828, just four months after their marriage.<ref name="Roberts1898"/>


On September 28, 1829, Sturgis married his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard (1806–1837), a daughter of John Hubbard and his wife Jane Parkinson. She bore four children, the youngest of whom (Mary Greene Sturgis) died in infancy:<ref name="NEHGS"/>. The other three were:
On September 28, 1829, Sturgis married his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard (1806–1837), a daughter of John Hubbard and his wife Jane Parkinson. She bore four children, the youngest of whom (Mary Greene Sturgis) died in infancy:.<ref name="NEHGS"/> The other three, all of whom were members of the Codman family, were:


* Russell Sturgis, jr. (1831–1899),<ref name="Adams1992">{{cite book |last1=Adams, Henry |author-link=Henry Adams |last2=Samuels, Edited by |first2=Ernest |title=Henry Adams, Selected Letters |date=1992 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University |page=168 |isbn=9780674387577 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoFYjRmfd4sC&pg=PA168 |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> who married Susan Codman Welles (1832–1862), a daughter of Benjamin Welles <ref name="Harvard1906">{{cite book |last1=of 1881 |first1=Harvard College (1780-) Class |title=Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report of the Secretary of the Class of 1881 of Harvard College |date=1906 |publisher=Riverside Press |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDgmAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and his wife Susan Codman. After his wife's death, this Sturgis married Margaret Cenos McCulloh (1835–1927), a daughter of Maryland [[Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates|Speaker]] [[James W. McCulloh]] <ref name="Harvard1916">{{cite book |last1=of 1896 |first1=Harvard College (1780-) Class |title=Harvard College Class of 1896 Secretary's Fifth Report |date=1916 |publisher=Plimpton Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_g-8nAAAAYAAJ/page/n278 258] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_g-8nAAAAYAAJ |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and his wife, Abigail Sears.
* Russell Sturgis Jr. (1831–1899),<ref name="Adams1992">{{cite book |last1=Adams, Henry |author-link=Henry Adams |last2=Samuels, Edited by |first2=Ernest |title=Henry Adams, Selected Letters |date=1992 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University |page=168 |isbn=9780674387577 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoFYjRmfd4sC&pg=PA168 |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> who married Susan Codman Welles (1832–1862), a daughter of Benjamin Welles <ref name="Harvard1906">{{cite book |last1=of 1881 |first1=Harvard College (1780-) Class |title=Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report of the Secretary of the Class of 1881 of Harvard College |date=1906 |publisher=Riverside Press |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDgmAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and his wife Susan Codman. After his wife's death, this Sturgis married Margaret Cenos McCulloh (1835–1927), a daughter of Maryland [[Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates|Speaker]] [[James W. McCulloh]],<ref name="Harvard1916">{{cite book |last1=of 1896 |first1=Harvard College (1780-) Class |title=Harvard College Class of 1896 Secretary's Fifth Report |date=1916 |publisher=Plimpton Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_g-8nAAAAYAAJ/page/n278 258] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_g-8nAAAAYAAJ |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> who was the center of the landmark Supreme Court case [[McCulloch v. Maryland]], 17 U.S. 316 (1819), and his wife, Abigail Sears.
* Lucy Lyman Paine Sturgis (1833–1907), who married Col. Charles Russell Codman (1829–1918), an uncle to [[Ogden Codman Jr.]]<ref name="Alstyne1907"/>
* Lucy Lyman Paine Sturgis (1833–1907), who married Col. [[Charles R. Codman (Civil War)|Charles Russell Codman]] (1829–1918)<ref name="Alstyne1907"/>
* [[John Hubbard Sturgis]] (1834–1888),<ref name="Wiencek1999">{{cite book |last1=Wiencek |first1=Henry |last2=Lucey |first2=Donna M. |title=National Geographic Guide to America's Great Houses: More Than 150 Outstanding Mansions Open to the Public |date=1999 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |isbn=9780792274247 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zI3AQAAIAAJ |access-date=11 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> an architect who married Frances Anne Codman (a half-sister to Lucy's husband Charles).<ref name="Alstyne1907">{{cite book |last1=Alstyne |first1=Lawrence Van |last2=Ogden |first2=Charles Burr |title=The Ogden family in America, Elizabethtown branch, and their English ancestry: John Ogden, the Pilgrim, and his descendants, 1640-1906 |date=1907 |publisher=Printed for private circulation by J.B. Lippincott company |page=[https://archive.org/details/ogdenfamilyiname00whee/page/407 407] |url=https://archive.org/details/ogdenfamilyiname00whee |access-date=11 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[John Hubbard Sturgis]] (1834–1888),<ref name="Wiencek1999">{{cite book |last1=Wiencek |first1=Henry |last2=Lucey |first2=Donna M. |title=National Geographic Guide to America's Great Houses: More Than 150 Outstanding Mansions Open to the Public |date=1999 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |isbn=9780792274247 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zI3AQAAIAAJ |access-date=11 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> an architect who married Frances Anne Codman (a half-sister to Lucy's husband Charles).<ref name="Alstyne1907">{{cite book |last1=Alstyne |first1=Lawrence Van |last2=Ogden |first2=Charles Burr |title=The Ogden family in America, Elizabethtown branch, and their English ancestry: John Ogden, the Pilgrim, and his descendants, 1640-1906 |date=1907 |publisher=Printed for private circulation by J.B. Lippincott company |page=[https://archive.org/details/ogdenfamilyiname00whee/page/407 407] |url=https://archive.org/details/ogdenfamilyiname00whee |access-date=11 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


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With Julia, Sturgis had four more children:
With Julia, Sturgis had four more children:


* [[Henry Parkman Sturgis]] (1847–1929), who served as a [[Member of Parliament]] for [[South Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|South Dorset]] and [[High Sheriff of the County of London]]. He married the Hon. Mary Cecilia Brand, daughter of [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker]] [[Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden]], in 1872.<ref name="ViscountHampden">{{cite web |title=Hampden, Viscount (UK, 1884) |url=http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/hampden1884.htm |website=www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk |publisher=Heraldic Media Limited |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> After her death in 1886, he married Marie "Mariette" Eveleen Meredith, a daughter of the novelist [[George Meredith]], in 1896.<ref name="Burke's1878">{{cite book |title=Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage |date=1878 |publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited. |page=318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyJNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA318 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Henry Parkman Sturgis]] (1847–1929), who served as a [[Member of Parliament]] for [[South Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|South Dorset]] and [[High Sheriff of the County of London]]. He married the Hon. Mary Cecilia Brand, daughter of [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker]] [[Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden]], in 1872.<ref name="ViscountHampden">{{cite web |title=Hampden, Viscount (UK, 1884) |url=http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/hampden1884.htm |website=www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk |publisher=Heraldic Media Limited |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> After her death in 1886, he married Marie "Mariette" Eveleen Meredith, a daughter of the novelist [[George Meredith]], in 1896.<ref name="Burke's1878">{{cite book |title=Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage |date=1878 |publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited. |page=318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyJNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA318 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Julian Sturgis|Julian Russell Sturgis]] (1848–1904), a novelist, poet, librettist and lyricist who married Mary Maud de la Poer Beresford, a daughter of Colonel Marcus de La Poer Beresford, in 1883.<ref name="Lee1912">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Sir Sidney |title=Dictionary of National Biography: Neil-Young |date=1912 |publisher=Macmillan |page=451 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFxHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA451 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Julian Sturgis|Julian Russell Sturgis]] (1848–1904), a novelist, poet, librettist and lyricist who married Mary Maud de la Poer Beresford, a daughter of Colonel Marcus de La Poer Beresford, in 1883.<ref name="Lee1912">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Sir Sidney |title=Dictionary of National Biography: Neil-Young |date=1912 |publisher=Macmillan |page=451 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFxHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA451 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Mary Greene Hubbard Sturgis (1851–1942), who married Lt.-Col. Leopold Richard Seymour (1841–1904), son of British diplomat [[George Hamilton Seymour|Sir Hamilton Seymour]] and a grandson of [[Lord George Seymour]] and [[Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre]]. After his death, she married [[Bertram Falle, 1st Baron Portsea]] in 1906.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extinct United Kingdom Baronies |url=http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/Ext%20UK%20Barons.htm |website=www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk |publisher=Heraldic Media Limited |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
* Mary Greene Hubbard Sturgis (1851–1942), who married Lt.-Col. Leopold Richard Seymour (1841–1904), son of British diplomat [[George Hamilton Seymour|Sir Hamilton Seymour]] and a grandson of [[Lord George Seymour]] and [[Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre]]. After his death, she married [[Bertram Falle, 1st Baron Portsea]] in 1906.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extinct United Kingdom Baronies |url=http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/Ext%20UK%20Barons.htm |website=www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk |publisher=Heraldic Media Limited |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[Howard Sturgis|Howard Overing Sturgis]] (1855–1920), a novelist and close friend of [[Henry James]] and [[Edith Wharton]].<ref name="New York Review of Books">[http://www.nybooks.com/nyrb/authors/13553 ''The New York Review of Books'']</ref> After the death of his mother in 1888 he moved with his lover, William Haynes-Smith, into a country house named Queen's Acre, near [[Windsor Great Park]].<ref name="New York Review of Books"/>
* [[Howard Sturgis|Howard Overing Sturgis]] (1855–1920), a novelist and close friend of [[Henry James]] and [[Edith Wharton]].<ref name="New York Review of Books">[http://www.nybooks.com/nyrb/authors/13553 ''The New York Review of Books'']</ref> After the death of his mother in 1888 he moved with his lover, William Haynes-Smith, into a country house named Queen's Acre, near [[Windsor Great Park]].<ref name="New York Review of Books"/>


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===Descendants===
===Descendants===
Through his daughter Lucy, he was a grandfather of Anne McMasters Codman (1864–1944) (who married [[Cabot family|Henry Bromfield Cabot]]), and lawyer [[Julian Codman]] (1870–1932), who was a vigorous opponent of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] and was involved with the [[American Anti-Imperialist League|Anti-Imperialist League]].<ref>{{cite newspaper|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1926/5/11/codman-urges-virulent-to-disregard-dry|title=Codman Urges Virulent to Disregard Dry Law|date=11 May 1926|newspaper=Harvard Crimson}}</ref> Julian married Nora Chadwick, a daughter of Dr. [[James Read Chadwick]].<ref name="JCObit1932">{{cite news |title=J. CODMAN IS DEAD; LONG DRY LAW FOE; Boston Attorney Was Widely Known as a Vigorous Prohibition Opponent. COUNSEL FOR WET GROUPS Began Fight Soon After Passage of Volatead Act--Was Executive Commander of Crusaders. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/12/31/100886328.pdf |access-date=11 September 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 31, 1932 |language=en}}</ref>
Through his daughter Lucy, he was a grandfather of Anne McMasters Codman (1864–1944) (who married [[Cabot family|Henry Bromfield Cabot]]), and lawyer [[Julian Codman]] (1870–1932), who was a vigorous opponent of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] and was involved with the [[American Anti-Imperialist League|Anti-Imperialist League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1926/5/11/codman-urges-virulent-to-disregard-dry|title=Codman Urges Virulent to Disregard Dry Law|date=11 May 1926|newspaper=Harvard Crimson}}</ref> Julian married Nora Chadwick, a daughter of Dr. [[James Read Chadwick]].<ref name="JCObit1932">{{cite news |title=J. CODMAN IS DEAD; LONG DRY LAW FOE; Boston Attorney Was Widely Known as a Vigorous Prohibition Opponent. COUNSEL FOR WET GROUPS Began Fight Soon After Passage of Volatead Act--Was Executive Commander of Crusaders. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/12/31/100886328.pdf |access-date=11 September 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 31, 1932 |language=en}}</ref>


Through his eldest son, Russell, Sturgis was a grandfather of architect [[Richard Clipston Sturgis]] (1860–1951) who was successor to his uncle's practice. He married Esther Mary Ogden and was the father of Richard Clipston Sturgis Jr., also an architect.<ref name="Harvard 1921">{{cite book |last1=of 1881 |first1=Harvard University Class |title=Report of the Secretary of the Class of 1881 of Harvard College |date=1921 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oihOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA233 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
Through his eldest son, Russell, Sturgis was a grandfather of architect [[Richard Clipston Sturgis]] (1860–1951) who was successor to his uncle's practice. He married Esther Mary Ogden and was the father of Richard Clipston Sturgis Jr., also an architect.<ref name="Harvard 1921">{{cite book |last1=of 1881 |first1=Harvard University Class |title=Report of the Secretary of the Class of 1881 of Harvard College |date=1921 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oihOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA233 |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commons}}
{{commons category}}


{{Foreign trade in Imperial China |state=collapsed}}
{{Foreign trade in Imperial China |state=collapsed}}
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[[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni]]
[[Category:American expatriates in China]]
[[Category:American expatriates in China]]
[[Category:American merchants]]
[[Category:19th-century American merchants]]
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Sturgis family]]

Latest revision as of 22:03, 2 July 2024

Russell Sturgis
Painted by Anna Lea Merritt
Born
Nathaniel Russell Sturgis

(1805-07-07)July 7, 1805
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedNovember 2, 1887(1887-11-02) (aged 82)
Leatherhead, Surrey, England
Alma materHarvard College
Spouses
Lucy Lyman Paine
​
​
(m. 1828; died 1828)​
Mary Greene Hubbard
​
​
(m. 1829; died 1837)​
Julia Overing Boit
​
​
(m. 1846)​
ChildrenRussell Sturgis
Lucy Lyman Paine Sturgis
John Hubbard Sturgis
Mary Greene Sturgis
Henry Parkman Sturgis
Julian Sturgis
Mary Greene Hubbard Sturgis
Howard Overing Sturgis
Parent(s)Nathaniel Russell Sturgis
Susannah Thomsen Parkman
RelativesRussell Sturgis (grandfather)
Julian Codman (grandson)
Richard Clipston Sturgis (grandson)

Russell Sturgis (July 7, 1805 – November 2, 1887) was a Boston merchant active in the China trade, and later head of Baring Brothers in London.

Early life

[edit]

Sturgis was born Nathaniel Russell Sturgis Jr., in Boston, Massachusetts, on July 7, 1805. He was a son of Nathaniel Russell Sturgis (1779–1856) and his wife, Susannah Thomsen (née Parkman) Sturgis.[1][2] His younger brother was fellow merchant Henry Parkman Sturgis (father of author Maria Trinidad Howard Sturgis Middlemore), who served as United States Consul to the Philippines.[3]

His paternal grandparents were the merchant Russell Sturgis (1750-1826) and Elizabeth (née Perkins) Sturgis (a sister of merchant Thomas Handasyd Perkins), both of Boston Brahmin families. Through his great-uncle Thomas Sturgis (the younger brother of his grandfather Russell), he was a second cousin of architect and art critic Russell Sturgis (1836-1909), who married Sarah Maria Barney, a daughter of Danford Newton Barney, a president of Wells Fargo & Company.[4]

Sturgis entered Harvard College at the age of twelve and graduated in 1823 as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society.[5] He studied law at Northampton, Massachusetts.[6]

Career

[edit]
Russell and Sturgis's former office along the Pasig River in Manila, 1900.

In 1828, he changed his name legally to Russell Sturgis.[7] That same year, after his second marriage, he made his first voyage abroad then practiced law in Boston for a time. He sailed for Canton in 1833 on behalf of opium trader John Perkins Cushing,[6] settling for some time in Macau where Lady Elizabeth Napier, wife of British emissary William John, 9th Lord Napier, found him "very intelligent".[8] While he was there, his portrait and those of three of his four children by his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard, were painted by the English portraitist George Chinnery. In Asia, he entered a succession of trading firms (Russell & Sturgis of Manila; Russell, Sturgis & Co. of Canton; Russell & Co.), and in 1842 he became a full partner.[9]

In 1844, Sturgis retired to Boston to rejoin his children who had been sent there to school after their mother's 1837 death in Manila. He married for a third time, to Julia Overing Boit, and decided to return to China with his family in 1851. The steamer on which they crossed the Atlantic arrived too late to catch the onward ship from London. In their interval there, Sturgis was asked by the senior member of Barings Bank to become a partner.[9] He accepted and ultimately became head of the firm, succeeding fellow American Joshua Bates (husband to Sturgis' cousin Lucretia).[6][a]

In England, he lived at 17 Carlton House Terrace in London (today home to the Federation of British Artists and the Mall Galleries), and Givons Grove in Leatherhead. Although he never renounced his U.S. citizenship, Sturgis did not return to the United States and died in England in 1887.[12]

Personal life

[edit]

Sturgis married three times. He married his first wife, Lucy Lyman Paine (1805–1828), on April 3, 1828.[6] Lucy was a daughter of Henry Paine and his wife Olive Lyman. Her paternal grandfather was Robert Treat Paine, a lawyer, politician, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the first Attorney General of Massachusetts.[13] Lucy died, aged 22, on August 20, 1828, just four months after their marriage.[6]

On September 28, 1829, Sturgis married his second wife, Mary Greene Hubbard (1806–1837), a daughter of John Hubbard and his wife Jane Parkinson. She bore four children, the youngest of whom (Mary Greene Sturgis) died in infancy:.[5] The other three, all of whom were members of the Codman family, were:

  • Russell Sturgis Jr. (1831–1899),[14] who married Susan Codman Welles (1832–1862), a daughter of Benjamin Welles [15] and his wife Susan Codman. After his wife's death, this Sturgis married Margaret Cenos McCulloh (1835–1927), a daughter of Maryland Speaker James W. McCulloh,[16] who was the center of the landmark Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819), and his wife, Abigail Sears.
  • Lucy Lyman Paine Sturgis (1833–1907), who married Col. Charles Russell Codman (1829–1918)[17]
  • John Hubbard Sturgis (1834–1888),[18] an architect who married Frances Anne Codman (a half-sister to Lucy's husband Charles).[17]

After the death of his wife Mary, Sturgis married, for a third time, to Julia Overing Boit (1823–1888) on June 4, 1846.[19] She was the daughter of John Boit Jr.,[20] one of the first Americans involved in the maritime fur trade.[21] and his wife Eleanor Auchmuty Jones. With Julia, Sturgis had four more children:

Sturgis died at his country seat in Leatherhead, Surrey on November 2, 1887. His widow also died there, less than a year later, on May 31, 1888.[6]

Descendants

[edit]

Through his daughter Lucy, he was a grandfather of Anne McMasters Codman (1864–1944) (who married Henry Bromfield Cabot), and lawyer Julian Codman (1870–1932), who was a vigorous opponent of Prohibition and was involved with the Anti-Imperialist League.[27] Julian married Nora Chadwick, a daughter of Dr. James Read Chadwick.[28]

Through his eldest son, Russell, Sturgis was a grandfather of architect Richard Clipston Sturgis (1860–1951) who was successor to his uncle's practice. He married Esther Mary Ogden and was the father of Richard Clipston Sturgis Jr., also an architect.[29]

References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ Joshua Bates's daughter, Elizabeth Anne Sturgis Bates (1817–1878), was married to Belgian Prime Minister Sylvain Van de Weyer.[10] Their daughter, Victoria van de Weyer was married to Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden (a brother of Hon. Mary Cecilia Brand, who married Sturgis' son, Henry Parkman Sturgis, the MP for South Dorset).[11]
Sources
  1. ^ McCormick, John (2009). George Santayana: A Biography. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7658-0503-4.
  2. ^ Downs, Jacques M.; Grant Jr., Frederic D. (2014). The Golden Ghetto: The American Commercial Community at Canton and the Shaping of American China Policy, 1784–1844. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8139-09-5. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  3. ^ Kienholz, M. (2008). Opium Traders and Their Worlds-Volume One: A Revisionist Exposé of the World's Greatest Opium Traders. iUniverse. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-595-91078-6. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  4. ^ "RUSSELL STURGIS'S ARCHITECTURE; The Second Volume of the Magnum Opus Loft Unfinished by the Distinguished Critic". The New York Times. July 23, 1910. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b Society, New England Historic Genealogical (1907). Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society. The New England Historic Genealogical Society. p. 317. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Roberts, Oliver Ayer (1898). History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts, Now Called the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. 1637-1888. A. Mudge & son, printers. p. 75. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  7. ^ List of Persons Whose Names Have Been Changed in Massachusetts, 1780-1883. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Company: 1885.
  8. ^ Napier 1995, p. 138.
  9. ^ a b Austin, Peter E. (2015). Baring Brothers and the Birth of Modern Finance. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-317-31471-4. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  10. ^ Venn, John (2011). Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. ISBN 9781108036160. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  11. ^ Santayana, George (2001). The Letters of George Santayana. MIT Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-262-19457-0. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  12. ^ Napier, Priscilla (1995). Barbarian Eye: Lord Napier in China, 1834, the prelude to Hong Kong. London: Brassey's. ISBN 9781857531169.
  13. ^ Sarah Cushing Paine (1912). Paine Ancestry. The family of Robert Treat Paine, Signer of the Declaration of Independence. Boston, Mass.: Dabid Clapp & Son. p. 317. Retrieved 2009-11-11. Robert Treat Paine Storer.
  14. ^ Adams, Henry; Samuels, Edited by, Ernest (1992). Henry Adams, Selected Letters. Belknap Press of Harvard University. p. 168. ISBN 9780674387577. Retrieved 1 April 2020. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  15. ^ of 1881, Harvard College (1780-) Class (1906). Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report of the Secretary of the Class of 1881 of Harvard College. Riverside Press. p. 138. Retrieved 1 April 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ of 1896, Harvard College (1780-) Class (1916). Harvard College Class of 1896 Secretary's Fifth Report. Plimpton Press. p. 258. Retrieved 1 April 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b Alstyne, Lawrence Van; Ogden, Charles Burr (1907). The Ogden family in America, Elizabethtown branch, and their English ancestry: John Ogden, the Pilgrim, and his descendants, 1640-1906. Printed for private circulation by J.B. Lippincott company. p. 407. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  18. ^ Wiencek, Henry; Lucey, Donna M. (1999). National Geographic Guide to America's Great Houses: More Than 150 Outstanding Mansions Open to the Public. National Geographic Society. p. 34. ISBN 9780792274247. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  19. ^ James, Henry (2016). The Complete Letters of Henry James, 1880–1883: Volume 1. U of Nebraska Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8032-8547-7. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  20. ^ The Descendants of Robert Shaw Sturgis & Susan Brimmer Inches. Priv. Print. by W.F. Fell Company. 1943. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  21. ^ Boit, Robert Apthorp (1915). Chronicles of the Boit family and their descendants and of other allied families. Boston: S. J. Parkhill & Company. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  22. ^ "Hampden, Viscount (UK, 1884)". www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  23. ^ Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. Burke's Peerage Limited. 1878. p. 318. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  24. ^ Lee, Sir Sidney (1912). Dictionary of National Biography: Neil-Young. Macmillan. p. 451. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  25. ^ "Extinct United Kingdom Baronies". www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  26. ^ a b The New York Review of Books
  27. ^ "Codman Urges Virulent to Disregard Dry Law". Harvard Crimson. 11 May 1926.
  28. ^ "J. CODMAN IS DEAD; LONG DRY LAW FOE; Boston Attorney Was Widely Known as a Vigorous Prohibition Opponent. COUNSEL FOR WET GROUPS Began Fight Soon After Passage of Volatead Act--Was Executive Commander of Crusaders" (PDF). The New York Times. December 31, 1932. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  29. ^ of 1881, Harvard University Class (1921). Report of the Secretary of the Class of 1881 of Harvard College. p. 233. Retrieved 1 April 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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