Queen Insu

Queen Sohye 소혜왕후 昭惠王后
Naehun (Instructions for women)
Grand queen dowager of Joseon 인수 대왕대비
Tenure	29 January 1495 – 21 May 1504
Predecessor	Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong with Grand Queen Dowager Inhye
Successor	Grand Queen Dowager Seongryeol
Queen dowager of Joseon 인수 대비
Tenure	1475 – 29 January 1495
Predecessor	Queen Dowager Jaseong with Queen Dowager Inhye
Successor	Queen Dowager Jasun
Queen with unspecified status 인수 왕비
Tenure	1470–1475
Crown Princess consort of Joseon
Tenure	1455 – 29 September 1457
Predecessor	Crown Princess Hyeondeok
Successor	Crown Princess Jangsun
Born	16 October 1437 Hanseong, Joseon
Died	21 May 1504 (1504-05-22) (aged 66) Gyeongchun Hall, Changgyeong Palace, Hanseong, Joseon
Burial	Gyeongneung
Spouse	Crown Prince Uigyeong ​ ​ (m. 1450⁠–⁠1457)​
Issue	Yi Jeong, Grand Prince Wolsan Yi Gyeong-geun, Princess Myeongsuk Yi Hyeol, King Seongjong
Posthumous name 인수자숙휘숙명의소혜왕후 仁粹慈淑徽肅明懿昭惠王后
Clan	Cheongju Han clan (by birth) Jeonju Yi clan (by marriage)
Dynasty	House of Yi
Father	Han Hwak
Mother	Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan

Queen Sohye (16 October 1437 – 21 May 1504), of the Cheongju Han clan, was the only wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong. She never was the consort of a reigning king. Nevertheless, she was honored as Queen Insu (인수왕후) and later as Queen Dowager Insu (인수왕대비) during the reign of her son Yi Hyeol, King Seongjong. Moreover, she was later honored as Grand Queen Dowager Insu (인수대왕대비) during the reign of her grandson Yi Yung, Prince Yeonsan. After her death, she was posthumously honored with the title Queen Sohye (소혜왕후).

She is mostly known for her proficiency in Chinese Classics, Confucianism and Buddhism as well, and for her involvement in the political affairs of her time, from the accession of Grand Prince Suyang to the throne to the reign of Yeonsangun. She authored the Naehun in 1475.

Lady Han, the Crown Princess

Born as Han Do-san (한도산; 韓桃山), the future Queen Insu was born as a member of the Cheongju Han clan, a powerful yangban family with a long tradition of providing high-ranking officers and royal consorts as well. She was given a high education in Confucian values and the Chinese classics.

Lady Han married Yi Jang, Prince Dowon in 1450, during the reign of Munjong, the 5th Joseon ruler, and was given the royal title of Princess Consort Dowon (도원군부인; 桃源君夫人) with the Senior 2nd rank (정2품; 正二品). Their families decided this union when Han Hwak, her father, was 4th Councilor (좌찬성) and Yi Yu, Prince Dowon's father, was a Grand Prince among the others. After the 1453 coup, aka Gyeyu Jeongnan (계유정난), Grand Prince Suyang became Chief State Councilor (영의정) and Minister of Personnel (이조 판서) as well. In the same move, Han Hwak became Third State Councilor (우의정).

Moreover, Han Myeong-hoe (한명회 韓明澮), the organizer of the plot, was a 6th (older) cousin (육촌오빠) of Lady Han, while Han Myeong-jin (한명진 韓明溍), another cousin, was also enlisted as 3,17 in the reward list (정난공신) for the coup. This started the network of her political influence.

In the second step, the 1455 coup deprived Danjong, the child King, of any power and instated Suyang to the throne, later honored with temple name Sejo. As a result, Dowon was elevated to the Crown Prince status as Crown Prince Uigyeong and Lady Han was elevated and firstly honored as Crown Princess Consort Jeong (정빈) on 26 July 1455, lunar calendar. But she was later honored a different title, Crown Princess Consort Su (수빈), as to not confuse her with Queen Wongyeong’s previous title.

Insu, the Queen Mother

In 1454, the Crown Princess bore Yi Jeong (Prince Wolsan), her first child, had a daughter (Princess Myeongsuk) the next year and gave birth to Yi Hyeol (Prince Jasan) in 1457. The same year, Uigyeong died on 2 September, lunar calendar. In the royal palace, the Crown Princess became known for her scholarly interest in Confucian education and she devoted herself to the education of the royal grandsons. She had a good relationship to King Sejo, who referred to her as a good daughter-in-law. At the death of Sejo, the second son of the late King accessed to the throne and the influence of Lady Han waned. But the reign of Yejong only lasted 14 months. And then, Jasan, the second son of Lady Han accessed to the throne in 1469.

Queen Sohye's grave

At this date, the status of Lady Han was not so clear, since Uigyeong never reigned. In a first step in 1470, Uigyeong was elevated and honored posthumously as king without a temple name, so he was addressed as King Uigyeong (의경왕), and Lady Han received the ambiguous title of Queen Insu (인수왕비, Insu Wangbi). The next year, several of Insu's direct relatives were enlisted as meritorious subjects: Han Chi-hyeong (한치형; 淸城君; 2nd cousin 사천) as 3.17, together with her brothers Han Chi-in (한치인; 韓致仁), Han Chi-ui (한치의; 韓致義) and Han Chi-rye (한치례; 韓致禮) as 4.17, 4.23 and 4.26. Han Myeong-hoe himself was enlisted as 1.02.

In any case, the regency (1469–1476) was exerted by Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong, the mother-in-law of Insu, so that Insu's political influence was constrained to the point of not receiving a title acknowledging her as the mother of the reigning king. After some time, Insu's title still became matter of debate because queen consort title was reserved for primary consort of the reigning king, while Insu herself was the King's mother. But, in order to honour Insu as queen dowager, there was a need to determine the rank between her and Queen Dowager Inhye (Yejong's widow). Jaseong, as grand queen dowager and the most senior elder in the royal family, solved this problem with her statement that Insu had been entrusted with the task of protecting Yejong by the late King Sejo, implying her seniority above both the late Yejong and Queen Dowager Inhye. Thus, it was more appropriate to place Insu above Inhye. So Insu was honored as queen dowager in 1474 and had higher rank than Inhye, and her late husband received temple name Deokjong (덕종; 德宗), acknowledging them as Seongjong's formally recognized parents.

The young Queen Consort of the King died in 1474 at the age 17 and was posthumously honored as Queen Gonghye. The Ksitigarbha Pranidahana Sutra (The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva) was commissioned by the three queens dowager through the Royal Treasury Agency. This Sutra is now considered an important artifact for the study of printing and Buddhism during the Joseon Dynasty.

Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong died in 1483 and was posthumously honored as Queen Jeonghui and Insu became the most influent elder in the palace, exerting a large part of the royal power. With the death of Seongjong and the accession of her grandson Yeonsangun, she became the Grand Queen Dowager Insu (인수대왕대비) and gathered even more power. At the end, this led to a brutal clash and she died in 1504 after an altercation with Yeonsangun who found out about the cause of his birth mother’s death.

After her death, she was granted the posthumous name Queen Sohye (소혜왕후). Her tomb is at Gyeongneung Royal Tomb in Goyang, just beside Dowon's tomb. The latter is a very simple one, since Dowon was only a Crown Prince at his death in 1457. On the other hand, Sohye's tomb was built in full regalia, and placed at the left of the Dowon's tomb since, in 1504, Sohye was deceased with the status of Grand Queen Dowager.

Authorship

Queen Insu authored the Naehun (Instructions for women) in 1475. This books appears as a Confucian morality guidebook for women, describing appropriate behavior in accordance with Confucian ideals. It can also be read as a manifesto describing self-cultivation as the most appropriate behavior for a women, endorsing the political activities of the author.

With the exception of a few poems, this book is the first known book written by a woman in Korea.

Family

• Father: Han Hwak (한확; 1400–1456)
• Mother: Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan (남양 홍씨; 1403–1450)
• Husband: Yi Jang, Crown Prince Uigyeong (이장 의경세자; 12 October 1438 – 29 September 1457)
  • Son: Yi Jeong, Grand Prince Wolsan (이정 월산대군; 14 January 1455 – 31 January 1489)
    • Daughter-in-law: Grand Internal Princess Consort Seungpyeong of the Suncheon Park clan (승평부대부인 박씨; 1455 – 20 July 1506)
  • Daughter: Princess Myeongsuk (명숙공주; 1456 – 23 November 1482)
    • Son-in-law: Hong Sang (홍상; 1457–1513)
  • Son: King Seongjong of Joseon (조선 성종; 28 August 1457 – 29 January 1495)
    • Daughter-in-law: Queen Gonghye of the Cheongju Han clan (공혜왕후 한씨; 17 November 1456 – 9 May 1474)
    • Daughter-in-law: Deposed Queen Jeheon of the Haman Yun clan (제헌왕후 윤씨; 24 July 1455 – 7 September 1482)
    • Daughter-in-law: Queen Jeonghyeon of the Papyeong Yun clan (정현왕후 윤씨; 30 July 1462 – 23 September 1530)

In popular culture

Drama

• Portrayed by Hwang Jeong-sun in the 1972 TBC TV series Song of a Parental Love
• Portrayed by Go Do-sim in the 1984–1985 MBC TV series 500 Years of Joseon: The Ume Tree in the Midst of the Snow
• Portrayed by Kim Yeong-ran in the 1994 KBS TV series Han Myeong-hoe
• Portrayed by Ban Hyo-jung in the 1995 KBS TV series Jang Noksu
• Portrayed by Chae Shi-ra in 1998–2000 KBS1 TV series The King and the Queen.
• Portrayed by Jeon In-hwa in the 2007–2008 SBS TV series The King and I.
• Portrayed by Chae Shi-ra and Hahm Eun-jung in the 2011–2012 JTBC TV series Insu, The Queen Mother.
• Portrayed by Moon Sook in the 2017 MBC TV series The Rebel.

Film

• Portrayed by Jeon Ok in the 1962 film Prince Yeonsan
• Portrayed by Jeong Hye-seon in the 1987 film Prince Yeonsan
• Portrayed by Han Eun-jin in the 1988 film Diary of King Yeonsan.
• Portrayed by Yun So-jeong in the 2005 film The King and the Clown.
• Portrayed by Jang Yeong-nam in the 2017 film The King’s Case Note

Novels

• Queen Dowager Insu by Shin Bong-seung, 1999, ISBN 89-88086-36-8
• Queen Dowager Insu by Yi Su-gwang, 2011, ISBN 978-89-962724-8-9
• The Woman Who Made the King, Shin Bong-seung, 2012, ISBN 978-89-6370-791-4

Sources

• Ko, Dorothy; Haboush, JaHyun Kim; Piggott, Joan, eds. (2003). Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23138-2. 250 pages.
• Duncan, John (2015). "The Naehun and the Politics of Gender in Fifteenth-Century Korea". In Young-Key Kim-Renaud (ed.). Creative Women of Korea: The Fifteenth Through the Twentieth Centuries. pp. 26–57. doi:10.4324/9781315705378. ISBN 978-0-7656-3994-3.
• Park, Si Nae (2005). Re-reading Queen Sohye's Naehun (Thesis). University of British Columbia. viii+105 pages.
• Sillok (1471a). "Seongjong Sillok, 2년 3월 27일".
• EncyKor (2020a). "계유정난" [Gyeyu Jeongnan, 1453]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
• Seoul History Compilation Center (2020b). "조선 단종 원년" [gyeyunyeon, 1453]. Seoul six hundred years history.
• Seoul History Compilation Center (2020c). "조선 단종 3년 · 세조 원년" [eulhaenyeon, 1455]. Seoul six hundred years history.
• "Queen Sohye's Instruction for Women (Queen mother Insu, Seongjong's mother)". Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
• Cultural Heritage Administration (2020). "Royal Tombs". Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
• "Ksitigarbha pranidhana Sutra (Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva), treasure=1567". Cultural Heritage Administration. 2008. Retrieved 2021-01-20.

External links

1. Royal Ladies of Joseon Dynasty
2. Royal Tombs of Joseon