Varanus spinulosus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of lizard}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Varanus spinulosus.JPG |
| image = Varanus spinulosus.JPG |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name= |
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Allison, A. |author2=Hamilton, A. |author3=Tallowin, O. |date=2013 |title=''Varanus spinulosus'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T196662A2472069 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T196662A2472069.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| genus = Varanus |
| genus = Varanus |
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| parent = Varanus (Solomonsaurus) |
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| species = spinulosus |
| species = spinulosus |
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| authority = [[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], 1941 |
| authority = [[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], 1941 |
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| synonyms = ''Varanus indicus spinulosus'' <small>Mertens, 1941</small> |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB/> |
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'''''Varanus spinulosus''''', the '''Solomon Island spiny monitor''', '''Isabel monitor''',<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=RDB/> or '''spiny-neck monitor''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Lizard-Species/Spiny-Neck-Monitor |title=Spiny-neck monitor |work=reptilesmagazine.com |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[monitor lizard]]. It is [[endemic]] to the [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands archipelago]] and is also known from [[Santa Isabel Island]], [[San Jorge Island]] ([[Solomon Islands]]) and [[Bougainville Island|Bourgainville Island]] ([[Papua New Guinea]]).<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=RDB/> |
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'''''Varanus spinulosus''''', the '''spiny-necked mangrove monitor''', is a [[species]] of [[monitor lizard]]. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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It is [[endemic]] to [[Papua New Guinea]] and the [[Solomon Islands]]. Also distributed in Santa Isabel Island, San Jorge Islands and Papua New Guinea. |
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''Varanus spinulosus'' was first described by [[Robert Mertens]] in 1941 from a single male specimen, and named ''Varanus indicus spinulosus'' as a subspecies of the [[mangrove monitor]]. This species was known only by the holotype until 1989, when 5 female specimens were collected. In 1994, the taxon was elevated to specific status as ''Varanus spinulosus'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sprackland|first=Robert|date=28 December 1994|title=Rediscovery and taxonomic review of ''Varanus indicus spinulosus'' Mertens, 1941 |journal=Herpetofauna |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=33–38 }}</ref> but remained a member of the subgenus ''Euprepriosaurus'' and the ''V. indicus'' species complex until it was declared ''[[incertae sedis]]'' in 2010, when it was concluded that the species likely represented a new subgenus due to its genital morphology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Andre |date=November 2010 |title=Updated checklist of the living monitor lizards of the world (Squamata: Varanidae) |journal=Bonn Zoological Bulletin |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=127–136 |s2cid=87945208 }}</ref> In 2016, the monotypic subgenus ''Solomonsaurus'' was coined for this species based on its unique scale structure, the latter which is reflected by this taxon's specific epithet ''spinulosus'', meaning "spiny".<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Bucklitsch |first1=Yannick |last2=BöHme |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Koch |first3=André |title=Scale Morphology and Micro-Structure of Monitor Lizards (Squamata: Varanidae: ''Varanus'' spp.) and their Allies: Implications for Systematics, Ecology, and Conservation |journal=Zootaxa |date=17 August 2016 |volume=4153 |issue=1 |pages=1–192 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4153.1.1 |pmid=27615821 }}</ref> A 2020 phylogenetic analysis suggests that this species dispersed to the Solomon Islands shortly after the genus ''Varanus'' formed 30 million years ago in the Oligocene, and is not particularly closely related to ''Euprepiosaurus'', which diverged much later in the [[Late Miocene]].<ref name=":2">{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Brennan |first1=Ian G. |last2=Lemmon |first2=Alan R. |last3=Lemmon |first3=Emily Moriarty |last4=Portik |first4=Daniel M. |last5=Weijola |first5=Valter |last6=Welton |first6=Luke |last7=Donnellan |first7=Stephen C. |last8=Keogh |first8=J. Scott |title=Phylogenomics of monitor lizards and the role of competition in dictating body size disparity |date=3 February 2020 |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.02.02.931188 }}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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This species is in many respects similar to the mangrove monitors of the ''V. indicus'' species complex, but has a number of unique morphological characteristics, and is not particularly closely related to them.<ref name=":2" /> It has a spiny scale texture as each of the small body scales are strongly keeled and conical in shape, which is a feature unique amongst all monitor lizards. It has 3-4 rows of bright yellow spots running across its back, and has relatively large eyes.<ref name=":0" /> It also possesses a distinct and acute canthus, a feature that is generally uncommon among other monitor species. Spiny-necked monitors also generally retain an "extreme dark morph" coloring, a trait likely stemming from the geographic restriction of the species. Unlike most mangrove monitors, this species maintains a uniform black ventral surface, and does not have light facial coloring. They also possess enlarged colored scales, with a lack of distinct mandibular bar patterns prevalent in other ''Varanidae'', something observed only in this species. This species also possesses a variant pink base tongue color, though a third of the anterodorsal portion could also share the same pigment.<ref name=":1">{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1777527055}} |last1=Sprackland |first1=Robert George |date=1995 |title=Evolution, systematics, and variation of Pacific mangrove monitor lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Varanidae) }}{{pn|date=October 2023}}</ref> |
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The color and pattern of various populations of V. salvator varies geographically. Juveniles have a distinctive pattern, but in some populations the pattern becomes obscured with age. |
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== Habitat == |
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This species generally resides in [[Deserts and xeric shrublands|xeric]] (areas with higher rainfall during a selective period per year) and quasi-xeric environments. The selective environments for settling resulted in geographical restrictions to the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Island chains.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Lifespan == |
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In zoos and other private collections, spiny-necked monitors live on average approximately 7.5 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mendyk |first1=Robert W. |title=Life expectancy and longevity of varanid lizards (Reptilia:Squamata:Varanidae) in North American zoos |journal=Zoo Biology |date=March 2015 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1002/zoo.21195 |pmid=25503984 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==Diet== |
==Diet== |
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Similarly to most other monitor species, this species is carnivorous, consuming insects, other invertebrates, and birds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arbuckle |first=Kevin |title=Ecological function of venom in ''Varanus'', with a compilation of dietary records from the literature |date=2009 |journal=Biawak |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=46–56 |s2cid=90554179 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Varanus |species=spinulosus |accessdate=230 April 2020}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3014194}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3014194}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Varanus]] |
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[[Category:Lizards of Asia]] |
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[[Category:Reptiles of Papua New Guinea]] |
[[Category:Reptiles of Papua New Guinea]] |
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[[Category:Reptiles of the Solomon Islands]] |
[[Category:Reptiles of the Solomon Islands]] |
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[[Category:Reptiles described in 1941]] |
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1941]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Mertens]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:10, 4 July 2024
| Varanus spinulosus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Varanidae |
| Genus: | Varanus |
| Subgenus: | Solomonsaurus |
| Species: | V. spinulosus
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| Binomial name | |
| Varanus spinulosus Mertens, 1941
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Varanus indicus spinulosus Mertens, 1941 | |
Varanus spinulosus, the Solomon Island spiny monitor, Isabel monitor,[1][2] or spiny-neck monitor,[3] is a species of monitor lizard. It is endemic to the Solomon Islands archipelago and is also known from Santa Isabel Island, San Jorge Island (Solomon Islands) and Bourgainville Island (Papua New Guinea).[1][2]
Taxonomy
[edit]Varanus spinulosus was first described by Robert Mertens in 1941 from a single male specimen, and named Varanus indicus spinulosus as a subspecies of the mangrove monitor. This species was known only by the holotype until 1989, when 5 female specimens were collected. In 1994, the taxon was elevated to specific status as Varanus spinulosus,[4] but remained a member of the subgenus Euprepriosaurus and the V. indicus species complex until it was declared incertae sedis in 2010, when it was concluded that the species likely represented a new subgenus due to its genital morphology.[5] In 2016, the monotypic subgenus Solomonsaurus was coined for this species based on its unique scale structure, the latter which is reflected by this taxon's specific epithet spinulosus, meaning "spiny".[6] A 2020 phylogenetic analysis suggests that this species dispersed to the Solomon Islands shortly after the genus Varanus formed 30 million years ago in the Oligocene, and is not particularly closely related to Euprepiosaurus, which diverged much later in the Late Miocene.[7]
Description
[edit]This species is in many respects similar to the mangrove monitors of the V. indicus species complex, but has a number of unique morphological characteristics, and is not particularly closely related to them.[7] It has a spiny scale texture as each of the small body scales are strongly keeled and conical in shape, which is a feature unique amongst all monitor lizards. It has 3-4 rows of bright yellow spots running across its back, and has relatively large eyes.[6] It also possesses a distinct and acute canthus, a feature that is generally uncommon among other monitor species. Spiny-necked monitors also generally retain an "extreme dark morph" coloring, a trait likely stemming from the geographic restriction of the species. Unlike most mangrove monitors, this species maintains a uniform black ventral surface, and does not have light facial coloring. They also possess enlarged colored scales, with a lack of distinct mandibular bar patterns prevalent in other Varanidae, something observed only in this species. This species also possesses a variant pink base tongue color, though a third of the anterodorsal portion could also share the same pigment.[8]
Habitat
[edit]This species generally resides in xeric (areas with higher rainfall during a selective period per year) and quasi-xeric environments. The selective environments for settling resulted in geographical restrictions to the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Island chains.[8]
Lifespan
[edit]In zoos and other private collections, spiny-necked monitors live on average approximately 7.5 years.[9]
Diet
[edit]Similarly to most other monitor species, this species is carnivorous, consuming insects, other invertebrates, and birds.[10]
They feed on megapode eggs and on fish, often emerging from the bush. In the intertidal zone at low tide, it is possible that they would search for dead fish.[citation needed]
Relationship with humans
[edit]During the 1990s, many V. spinulosus were imported under the common name “mangrove monitor” due to increased desirability in the pet trade.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Allison, A.; Hamilton, A.; Tallowin, O. (2013). "Varanus spinulosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T196662A2472069. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T196662A2472069.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ a b c Varanus spinulosus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 230 April 2020.
- ^ "Spiny-neck monitor". reptilesmagazine.com. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ Sprackland, Robert (28 December 1994). "Rediscovery and taxonomic review of Varanus indicus spinulosus Mertens, 1941". Herpetofauna. 24 (2): 33–38.
- ^ Koch, Andre (November 2010). "Updated checklist of the living monitor lizards of the world (Squamata: Varanidae)". Bonn Zoological Bulletin. 57 (2): 127–136. S2CID 87945208.
- ^ a b Bucklitsch, Yannick; BöHme, Wolfgang; Koch, André (17 August 2016). "Scale Morphology and Micro-Structure of Monitor Lizards (Squamata: Varanidae: Varanus spp.) and their Allies: Implications for Systematics, Ecology, and Conservation". Zootaxa. 4153 (1): 1–192. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4153.1.1. PMID 27615821.
- ^ a b Brennan, Ian G.; Lemmon, Alan R.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Portik, Daniel M.; Weijola, Valter; Welton, Luke; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Keogh, J. Scott (3 February 2020). "Phylogenomics of monitor lizards and the role of competition in dictating body size disparity". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.02.02.931188.
- ^ a b Sprackland, Robert George (1995). Evolution, systematics, and variation of Pacific mangrove monitor lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Varanidae) (Thesis). ProQuest 1777527055.[page needed]
- ^ Mendyk, Robert W. (March 2015). "Life expectancy and longevity of varanid lizards (Reptilia:Squamata:Varanidae) in North American zoos". Zoo Biology. 34 (2): 139–152. doi:10.1002/zoo.21195. PMID 25503984.
- ^ Arbuckle, Kevin (2009). "Ecological function of venom in Varanus, with a compilation of dietary records from the literature". Biawak. 3 (2): 46–56. S2CID 90554179.