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{{Short description|Combination drug}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Drugbox
{{Drugbox
| image = Estradiol valerate.svg
| image = Estradiol valerate.svg
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| image2 = Norethindrone enanthate.svg
| image2 = Norethindrone enanthate.svg
| width2 = 250px
| width2 = 250px
| caption2 = [[Estradiol valerate]] (top) and<br />[[norethisterone enanthate]] (bottom)
| caption2 = [[Estradiol valerate]] (top) and<br />[[norethisterone enantate]] (bottom)


<!-- Combo data -->
<!-- Combo data -->
| type = combo
| type = combo
| drug_name = Estradiol valerate / <br />norethisterone enanthate
| drug_name = Estradiol valerate / <br />norethisterone enantate
| component1 = Estradiol valerate
| component1 = Estradiol valerate
| class1 = [[Estrogen (medication)|Estrogen]]
| class1 = [[Estrogen (medication)|Estrogen]]
| component2 = Norethisterone enanthate
| component2 = Norethisterone enantate
| class2 = [[Progestogen]]
| class2 = [[Progestogen]]


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<!-- Identifiers -->
<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number =
| CAS_number = 979-32-8
| CAS_number2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number2 = 3836-23-5
| CAS_supplemental =
| CAS_supplemental =
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
⚫
| UNII = OKG364O896
| UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII2 = HY3S2K0J0F
| ATCvet =
| ATCvet =
| ATC_prefix =
| ATC_prefix =
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| DrugBank =
| DrugBank =
| ChemSpiderID =
| ChemSpiderID =
⚫
| UNII =
| KEGG =
| KEGG =
| ChEBI =
| ChEBI =
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}}
}}


'''Estradiol valerate/norethisterone enanthate''' ('''EV/NETE'''), sold under the brand name '''Mesigyna''' among others, is a form of [[combined injectable birth control]] which is used to prevent [[pregnancy]] in women.<ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="pmid8013220">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sang GW | title = Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives | journal = Contraception | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–85 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8013220 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7 | url = }}</ref><ref name="BagadePawar2014" /> It contains [[estradiol valerate]] (EV), an [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]], and [[norethisterone enanthate]] (NETE), a [[progestin]].<ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="pmid8013220" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" /> The medication is given once a month by [[intramuscular injection|injection into muscle]].<ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="pmid8013220" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" />
'''Estradiol valerate/norethisterone enantate''' ('''EV/NETE'''), sold under the brand name '''Mesigyna''' among others, is a form of [[combined injectable birth control]] which is used to prevent [[pregnancy]] in women.<ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="pmid8013220">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sang GW | title = Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives | journal = Contraception | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–85 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8013220 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7 }}</ref><ref name="BagadePawar2014" /><ref name="MesigynaLabel">{{cite web |url=https://www.farmaciasahumada.cl/fasa/MFT/PRODUCTO/P7747.HTM |title=MESIGYNA Solución Inyectable |website=www.farmaciasahumada.cl |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118165202/https://www.farmaciasahumada.cl/fasa/MFT/PRODUCTO/P7747.HTM |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It contains [[estradiol valerate]] (EV), an [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]], and [[norethisterone enantate]] (NETE), a [[progestin]].<ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="pmid8013220" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" /> The medication is given once a month by [[intramuscular injection|injection into muscle]].<ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="pmid8013220" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" />


EV/NETE is approved for use in at least 36&nbsp;countries, and is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive.<ref name="pmid9806239" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" /> It is available widely throughout [[Latin America]], in a few [[Asia]]n and [[Africa]]n countries, and in [[Turkey]].<ref name="Drugs.com" /><ref name="Martindale" /><ref name="Micromedex" />
EV/NETE is approved for use in at least 36&nbsp;countries, and is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive.<ref name="pmid9806239" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" /> It is available widely throughout [[Latin America]], in a few [[Asia]]n and [[Africa]]n countries, and in [[Turkey]].<ref name="Drugs.com" /><ref name="Martindale" /><ref name="Micromedex" />
Line 59: Line 67:


===Available forms===
===Available forms===
EV/NETE is available in the form of an [[oil solution]] containing 5&nbsp;mg [[estradiol valerate]] (EV) and 50&nbsp;mg [[norethisterone enanthate]] (NETE).<ref name="pmid9806239" /><ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="pmid8013220" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" />
EV/NETE is available in the form of an [[oil solution]] containing 5&nbsp;mg [[estradiol valerate]] (EV) and 50&nbsp;mg [[norethisterone enantate]] (NETE).<ref name="pmid9806239" /><ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="pmid8013220" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" />

==Pharmacology==

===Pharmacodynamics===
[[File:Hormone levels in men with a single intramuscular injection of 5 mg estradiol valerate and 50 mg norethisterone enanthate in oil.png|thumb|right|450px|Hormone levels following a single intramuscular injection of EV/NETE (5&nbsp;mg/50&nbsp;mg) in healthy young men.<ref name="ValleAlvarez2011" /> Testosterone levels were maximally suppressed by about 94%, to ~30&nbsp;ng/dL, when measured at day 7.<ref name="ValleAlvarez2011" />]]

EV/NETE is a combination of EV, an [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]], and NETE, a [[progestogen (medication)|progestogen]] with weak [[androgen]]ic activity.

Through its progestogenic activity, NETE has potent [[antigonadotropic]] effects and can inhibit [[fertility]] and suppress [[sex hormone]] levels. A single intramuscular injection of EV/NETE has been found to strongly suppress testosterone levels in men.<ref name="ValleAlvarez2011">{{cite thesis | type = MSc | author-last = Valle Alvarez | author-first = Doris del Cisne | title = Efecto de una Dosis de 50 mg de Enantato de Noretisterona y 5 mg de Valerato de Estradiol en los Niveles de Testosterona Total en Hombres Mexicanos Sanos | trans-title = Effect of a Dose of 50 mg of Norethisterone Enanthate and 5 mg of Estradiol Valerate on Total Testosterone Levels in Healthy Mexican Men | date = 11 May 2011 | publisher = National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico | url = http://repositoriodigital.ipn.mx/handle/123456789/12490}}</ref> Levels of testosterone decreased from ~503&nbsp;ng/dL at baseline to ~30&nbsp;ng/dL at the lowest point (–94%) which occurred at day&nbsp;7 post-injection.<ref name="ValleAlvarez2011" />

===Pharmacokinetics===
[[Cmax (pharmacology)|Peak levels]] of [[estradiol (medication)|estradiol]] after an intramuscular injection of EV/NETE (5&nbsp;mg/50&nbsp;mg) are reached within 2&nbsp;days and range from 232 to 428&nbsp;pg/mL.<ref name="MesigynaLabel" /><ref name="pmid8013219" />


==History==
==History==
EV/NETE, along with [[estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate]] (EC/MPA; code name HRP-112), was developed by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="pmid9806239">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hall PE | title = New once-a-month injectable contraceptives, with particular reference to Cyclofem/Cyclo-Provera | journal = Int J Gynaecol Obstet | volume = 62 Suppl 1 | issue = | pages = S43–56 | date = August 1998 | pmid = 9806239 | doi = 10.1016/S0020-7292(98)00090-3 | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid12290848" /> Both EV/NETE and EC/MPA became available in 1993.<ref name="pmid8185807">{{cite journal | vauthors = d'Arcangues C | title = Once-a-month injectable contraceptives | journal = World Health Forum | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 439–40 | date = 1993 | pmid = 8185807 | doi = | url = }}</ref>
EV/NETE, along with [[estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate]] (EC/MPA; code name HRP-112), was developed by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="pmid9806239">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hall PE | title = New once-a-month injectable contraceptives, with particular reference to Cyclofem/Cyclo-Provera | journal = Int J Gynaecol Obstet | volume = 62 | pages = S43–56 | date = August 1998 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 9806239 | doi = 10.1016/S0020-7292(98)00090-3 | s2cid = 2826689 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12290848" /> Both EV/NETE and EC/MPA became available in 1993.<ref name="pmid8185807">{{cite journal | vauthors = d'Arcangues C | title = Once-a-month injectable contraceptives | journal = World Health Forum | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 439–40 | date = 1993 | pmid = 8185807 }}</ref>


==Society and culture==
==Society and culture==


===Generic names===
===Generic names===
EV/NETE is also known by its former developmental code name ''HRP-102''.<ref name="pmid8013221">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koetsawang S | title = Once-a-month injectable contraceptives: efficacy and reasons for discontinuation | journal = Contraception | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 387–98 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8013221 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(94)90034-5 | url = }}</ref>
EV/NETE is also known by its former developmental code name ''HRP-102''.<ref name="pmid8013221">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koetsawang S | title = Once-a-month injectable contraceptives: efficacy and reasons for discontinuation | journal = Contraception | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 387–98 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8013221 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(94)90034-5 }}</ref>


===Brand names===
===Brand names===
EV/NETE has been marketed under a variety of brand names including Chinese injectable No. 3, Ginediol, Mesigyna, Mesygest, Nofertyl, Noregyna, Norifam, Norigynon, and Nostidyn.<ref name="Drugs.com" /><ref name="Martindale" /><ref name="Micromedex" /><ref name="HumansCancer1999" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" /><ref name="SenanayakePotts2008" /><ref name="pmid12290848" /><ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="HumansOrganization2007" />
EV/NETE has been marketed under a variety of brand names including Chinese Injectable No. 3, Effectimes, Ginediol, Mesigyna, Mesilar, Meslart, Mesocept, Mesygest, Nofertyl, Nofertyl Lafrancol, Noregyna, Norestrin, Norifam, Norigynon, Nostidyn, Sexseg, and Solouna.<ref name="Drugs.com" /><ref name="Martindale" /><ref name="Micromedex" /><ref name="HumansCancer1999" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" /><ref name="SenanayakePotts2008" /><ref name="pmid12290848" /><ref name="pmid8013219" /><ref name="HumansOrganization2007" />


===Availability===
===Availability===
EV/NETE has been marketed in at least 36&nbsp;countries, including [[Argentina]], the [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Ecuador]], [[Egypt]], [[El Salvador]], [[Ghana]], [[Grenada]], [[Guatemala]], [[Guyana]], [[Haiti]], [[Honduras]], [[Jamaica]], [[Kenya]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[St. Lucia]], [[Turkey]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="Drugs.com">https://www.drugs.com/international/norethisterone.html</ref><ref name="Martindale">{{cite book |editor=Sweetman, Sean C. |chapter=Sex hormones and their modulators |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |edition=36th |year=2009 |page=2082 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London|isbn=978-0-85369-840-1|url=}}</ref><ref name="Micromedex">http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/</ref><ref name="HumansCancer1999">{{cite book|author1=IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans|author2=International Agency for Research on Cancer|title=Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy|date=1 January 1999|publisher=IARC|isbn=978-92-832-1272-0|page=65|url=https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono72.pdf}}</ref><ref name="BagadePawar2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S | title = Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control | journal = World J Pharm Pharm Sci | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | pages = 364–392 | year = 2014 | issn = 2278-4357 | doi = | url = http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf}}</ref><ref name="SenanayakePotts2008">{{cite book|author1=Pramilla Senanayake|author2=Malcolm Potts|title=Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dDKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|date=14 April 2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-34732-4|pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="pmid12290848">{{cite journal | vauthors = Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE | title = A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives | journal = J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore) | volume = 4 Suppl 1 | issue = | pages = S1–34 | year = 1994 | pmid = 12290848 | doi = 10.3109/01443619409027641| url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid8013219">{{cite journal | vauthors = Garza-Flores J | title = Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives | journal = Contraception | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 347–59 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8013219 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9 | url = }}</ref><ref name="HumansOrganization2007">{{cite book|author1=IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans|author2=World Health Organization|author3=International Agency for Research on Cancer|title=Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGDU5xibtNgC&pg=PA431|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-1291-1|pages=431–}}</ref> At least 15&nbsp;of the countries in which EV/NETE is registered are [[Carribean]] states.<ref name="pmid9806239" /> EV/NETE is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive.<ref name="pmid9806239" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" />
EV/NETE has been marketed in at least 36&nbsp;countries, including [[Argentina]], the [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Ecuador]], [[Egypt]], [[El Salvador]], [[Ghana]], [[Grenada]], [[Guatemala]], [[Guyana]], [[Haiti]], [[Honduras]], [[Jamaica]], [[Kenya]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[St. Lucia]], [[Turkey]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="Drugs.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/norethisterone.html|title = Norethisterone}}</ref><ref name="Martindale">{{cite book |editor=Sweetman, Sean C. |chapter=Sex hormones and their modulators |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |edition=36th |year=2009 |page=2082 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London|isbn=978-0-85369-840-1}}</ref><ref name="Micromedex">{{Cite web|url=http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/|title=Micromedex Products: Please Login}}</ref><ref name="HumansCancer1999">{{cite book|author1=IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans|author2=International Agency for Research on Cancer|title=Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy|date=1 January 1999|publisher=IARC|isbn=978-92-832-1272-0|page=65|url=https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono72.pdf|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828080855/https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono72.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BagadePawar2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S | title = Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control | journal = World J Pharm Pharm Sci | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | pages = 364–392 | year = 2014 | issn = 2278-4357 | url = http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf}}</ref><ref name="SenanayakePotts2008">{{cite book|author1=Pramilla Senanayake|author2=Malcolm Potts|title=Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dDKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|date=14 April 2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-34732-4|pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="pmid12290848">{{cite journal | vauthors = Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE | title = A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives | journal = J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore) | volume = 4 | pages = S1–34 | year = 1994 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 12290848 | doi = 10.3109/01443619409027641}}</ref><ref name="pmid8013219">{{cite journal | vauthors = Garza-Flores J | title = Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives | journal = Contraception | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 347–59 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8013219 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9 }}</ref><ref name="HumansOrganization2007">{{cite book|author1=IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans|author2=World Health Organization|author3=International Agency for Research on Cancer|title=Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGDU5xibtNgC&pg=PA431|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-832-1291-1|pages=431–}}</ref> At least 15&nbsp;of the countries in which EV/NETE is registered are [[Caribbean]] states.<ref name="pmid9806239" /> EV/NETE is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive.<ref name="pmid9806239" /><ref name="BagadePawar2014" />


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Combined injectable birth control#Available forms|Combined injectable birth control § Available forms]]
* [[Combined injectable birth control#Available forms|Combined injectable birth control § Available forms]]
* [[Special Programme on Human Reproduction]]
* [[List of combined sex-hormonal preparations]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}



{{Birth control methods}}
{{Birth control methods}}
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{{Progesterone receptor modulators}}
{{Progesterone receptor modulators}}


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{{Portal bar|Medicine}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Estradiol valerate norethisterone enanthate}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Estradiol valerate norethisterone enantate}}
[[Category:Combined injectable contraceptives]]
[[Category:Combined injectable contraceptives]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]

⚫
{{Portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}}

Latest revision as of 15:16, 4 July 2024

Estradiol valerate /
norethisterone enantate
Estradiol valerate (top) and
norethisterone enantate (bottom)
Combination of
Estradiol valerateEstrogen
Norethisterone enantateProgestogen
Clinical data
Trade namesMesigyna, others
Other namesEV/NETE; HRP-102
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular injection
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
UNII

Estradiol valerate/norethisterone enantate (EV/NETE), sold under the brand name Mesigyna among others, is a form of combined injectable birth control which is used to prevent pregnancy in women.[1][2][3][4] It contains estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and norethisterone enantate (NETE), a progestin.[1][2][3] The medication is given once a month by injection into muscle.[1][2][3]

EV/NETE is approved for use in at least 36 countries, and is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive.[5][3] It is available widely throughout Latin America, in a few Asian and African countries, and in Turkey.[6][7][8]

Medical uses

[edit]

EV/NETE is used as a combined injectable contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women.[1][2][3] It is given by intramuscular injection once a month.[1][2][3]

Available forms

[edit]

EV/NETE is available in the form of an oil solution containing 5 mg estradiol valerate (EV) and 50 mg norethisterone enantate (NETE).[5][1][2][3]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]
Hormone levels following a single intramuscular injection of EV/NETE (5 mg/50 mg) in healthy young men.[9] Testosterone levels were maximally suppressed by about 94%, to ~30 ng/dL, when measured at day 7.[9]

EV/NETE is a combination of EV, an estrogen, and NETE, a progestogen with weak androgenic activity.

Through its progestogenic activity, NETE has potent antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone levels. A single intramuscular injection of EV/NETE has been found to strongly suppress testosterone levels in men.[9] Levels of testosterone decreased from ~503 ng/dL at baseline to ~30 ng/dL at the lowest point (–94%) which occurred at day 7 post-injection.[9]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

Peak levels of estradiol after an intramuscular injection of EV/NETE (5 mg/50 mg) are reached within 2 days and range from 232 to 428 pg/mL.[4][1]

History

[edit]

EV/NETE, along with estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (EC/MPA; code name HRP-112), was developed by the World Health Organization.[5][10] Both EV/NETE and EC/MPA became available in 1993.[11]

Society and culture

[edit]

Generic names

[edit]

EV/NETE is also known by its former developmental code name HRP-102.[12]

Brand names

[edit]

EV/NETE has been marketed under a variety of brand names including Chinese Injectable No. 3, Effectimes, Ginediol, Mesigyna, Mesilar, Meslart, Mesocept, Mesygest, Nofertyl, Nofertyl Lafrancol, Noregyna, Norestrin, Norifam, Norigynon, Nostidyn, Sexseg, and Solouna.[6][7][8][13][3][14][10][1][15]

Availability

[edit]

EV/NETE has been marketed in at least 36 countries, including Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe.[6][7][8][13][3][14][10][1][15] At least 15 of the countries in which EV/NETE is registered are Caribbean states.[5] EV/NETE is the most widely used combined injectable contraceptive.[5][3]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Garza-Flores J (April 1994). "Pharmacokinetics of once-a-month injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 347–59. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90032-9. PMID 8013219.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–85. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7. PMID 8013220.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bagade O, Pawar V, Patel R, Patel B, Awasarkar V, Diwate S (2014). "Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception: safe, reliable, and cost-effective birth control" (PDF). World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3 (10): 364–392. ISSN 2278-4357.
  4. ^ a b "MESIGYNA Solución Inyectable". www.farmaciasahumada.cl. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hall PE (August 1998). "New once-a-month injectable contraceptives, with particular reference to Cyclofem/Cyclo-Provera". Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 62 (Suppl 1): S43–56. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(98)00090-3. PMID 9806239. S2CID 2826689.
  6. ^ a b c "Norethisterone".
  7. ^ a b c Sweetman, Sean C., ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2082. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.
  8. ^ a b c "Micromedex Products: Please Login".
  9. ^ a b c d Valle Alvarez Dd (11 May 2011). Efecto de una Dosis de 50 mg de Enantato de Noretisterona y 5 mg de Valerato de Estradiol en los Niveles de Testosterona Total en Hombres Mexicanos Sanos [Effect of a Dose of 50 mg of Norethisterone Enanthate and 5 mg of Estradiol Valerate on Total Testosterone Levels in Healthy Mexican Men] (MSc). National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico.
  10. ^ a b c Newton JR, D'arcangues C, Hall PE (1994). "A review of "once-a-month" combined injectable contraceptives". J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore). 4 (Suppl 1): S1–34. doi:10.3109/01443619409027641. PMID 12290848.
  11. ^ d'Arcangues C (1993). "Once-a-month injectable contraceptives". World Health Forum. 14 (4): 439–40. PMID 8185807.
  12. ^ Koetsawang S (April 1994). "Once-a-month injectable contraceptives: efficacy and reasons for discontinuation". Contraception. 49 (4): 387–98. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)90034-5. PMID 8013221.
  13. ^ a b IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer (1 January 1999). Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy (PDF). IARC. p. 65. ISBN 978-92-832-1272-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  14. ^ a b Pramilla Senanayake, Malcolm Potts (14 April 2008). Atlas of Contraception, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-203-34732-4.
  15. ^ a b IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 431–. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1.
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