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{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in Central Asia}}
'''Parya''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Парья язык) is a [[List of Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]] language spoken in parts of [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]. Tajuzbeki (or Tadj-Uzbeki) was an alternative name coined by [[Bholanath Tivari]] for the same language.
{{Infobox language
|name=Parya
|nativename={{lang|paq|Парйа}}
|states=[[Tajikistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Afghanistan]]
|region=[[Gissar Valley]], [[Surxondaryo (river)|Surkhandarya basin]]
|speakers=2,600
|date=2008–2017
|ref=e25
|speakers2=Tajikistan: 1,600 (2017)<ref name=e25/><br>Uzbekistan: 1,000 (2008)<ref name=e25/><br>Afghanistan: Extinct (no date)<ref name=e25/>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Hindi languages|Central Zone]]
|fam5=[[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]]
|iso3=paq
|glotto=pary1242
|glottorefname=Parya
}}


'''Parya''' ([[Tajik alphabet]]: {{lang|paq|Парйа}}) is an isolated [[List of Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]] language spoken in the border region between [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. There are several thousand speakers worldwide.
== Region and Genealogy ==
Parya is largely spoken in the border regions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, specifically in the towns of [[Hisor]], [[Shahrinaw district|Shehr-e-nau]], [[Tursunzoda|Regar/Tursunzoda]] and Surchi, located in the [[Gissar Valley]] of Tajikistan and the [[Surxondaryo Province|Surkhandarya basin]] of Uzbekistan. It is based on the [[Brij Bhasha|Braj]], [[Haryanvi|Hariyani]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] dialects, and is highly influenced by [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Tajik language|Tajik]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] languages.<ref name="Tivari1">Bholanath Tivari, "Soviet Sangh mein boli jane vali Hindi boli: Tajuzbeki : Aitihasik aur tulanatmak adhyayan tatha sankshipt shabdkosh" or "Tajuzbeki: The Hindi of the Soviet Union: A historical and comparative study, and glossary", National Publishing House, 1970</ref><ref name="Oranskaia">Tatiana Oranskaia, "Parya yazyk", Yazyki Rossiyskoy Federatsii i sosednix gosudarstv. Entsiklopediya. V tryox tomax. II K-R. Moskva: "Nauka"; 2001</ref>


== Classification and Status ==
There are about 2,500 speakers worldwide. Parya speakers are usually bilingual in Tajik, but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.<ref name="Ethno1">Barbara F. Grimes, Richard Saunders Pittman, Joseph Evans Grimes, "Ethnologue: Languages of the World", Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1996; ISBN 0883128152, 9780883128152</ref>
Parya is classified as a [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Zone]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4943|title=Did you know Parya is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref> language in the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9138|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last1=Abbess|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|access-date=October 10, 2020|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref>


Tajuzbeki (or Tadj-Uzbeki) was an alternative name coined by Bholanath Tiwari for the same language.<ref name="tiwari">{{cite book|title=Tajuzbeki|last=Tiwari|first=Bholanath|publisher=National Publishing House|url=https://archive.org/details/Tajuzbeki-Dr.BholanathTiwari|year=1970}}</ref> Much of the academic research in documenting and characterizing Parya was done by prominent [[Soviet people|Soviet]] [[linguist]] [[I. M. Oranski]]. The language may also be referred to as Afgana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, or Pbharya.<ref name=e25/>
== Vigesimal counting ==

Parya employs some [[vigesimal]] numeral counting patterns, though the base words used are Hindi.<ref name="Jadranka1">Jadranka Gvozdanović, "Numeral types and changes worldwide", Walter de Gruyter, 1999; ISBN 3110161133, 9783110161137</ref><ref name="Oranski1">Iosef Mikhailovich Oranski, "Dva indoariyski dialekta iz Srednei Azii", Indiyskaya i Iranskaya Filologiya; Institut Narodov Azii, Nauka, 1964.</ref>
SIL estimates that there may be between 2,500 and 7,500 speakers.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-014.Pdf|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last1=Abbess|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|access-date=March 10, 2017|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6b5GQ4Q4YC&q=parya+endangered+language&pg=PA238|title=Language Diversity Endangered|last=Brenzinger|first=Matthias|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110170504|language=en}}</ref>

The language is not officially recognized or used in schools<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321062037_Stable_multilingualism_in_Tajikstan |chapter=Stable Multilingualism in Tajikistan|title= CLS 46-2: The parasessions|date= 2010 |pages=17–25|publisher= Chicago Linguistic Society |last=Clifton|first=John}}</ref> and is categorized as severely endangered.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/1339|title=Number of Endangered Languages by Country|last=ChartsBin|work=ChartsBin|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref>

== Speakers of Parya ==
Parya is spoken in the [[Gissar Valley|Hissor Valley]] of Tajikistan, west of Dushanbe, and the adjacent [[Surxondaryo Region|Surkhondaryo basin]] of Uzbekistan, including the towns of [[Hisor]], [[Shahrinav]], [[Tursunzoda|Regar/Tursunzoda]], Surchi, Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism.

The language is mostly spoken with one's family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://dhcp-128-171-46-84.its.hawaii.edu/lang/4943?hl=en|title=Did you know Parya is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref>

Parya speakers tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9138|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last1=Abbess|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|access-date=March 6, 2021|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref> but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.<ref name=e25/>

The Tajik language has increasingly influenced the Parya language.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFVthqmDs_kC&q=parya+endangered+language&pg=PA45|title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|date=2010-01-01|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231040962|language=en}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants<ref name="tiwari"/>
! colspan=2|
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar-<br>Palatal
! Retroflex
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan=3 | Stop/<br>Affricate
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|q}}
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA link|f}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}}
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|v}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Vigesimal counting ===
Parya employs some [[vigesimal]] numeral counting patterns.<ref name="Jadranka1">Jadranka Gvozdanović, "Numeral types and changes worldwide", Walter de Gruyter, 1999; {{ISBN|3-11-016113-3}}, {{ISBN|978-3-11-016113-7}}</ref><ref name="Oranski1">Iosef Mikhailovich Oranski, "Dva indoariyski dialekta iz Srednei Azii", Indiyskaya i Iranskaya Filologiya; Institut Narodov Azii, Nauka, 1964.</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 14: Line 135:
! Parya
! Parya
! Hindi
! Hindi
! Hindi root words
! Cognate Hindi words
|-
|-
|One
|one
|Jek
|yek
|Aik
|ek
|
|
|-
|-
|Two
|two
|Du
|du
|Do
|do
|
|
|-
|-
|three
|Three
|Tin
|tin
|tīn
|Teen
|
|
|-
|-
|four
|Four
|char
|Tshar
|cār
|Char
|
|
|-
|-
|five
|Five
|panj
|Pandzh
|pāñc
|Panch
|
|
|-
|-
|Ten
|ten
|Dus
|dus
|Dus
|das
|
|
|-
|-
|twenty
|Twenty
|Bis
|bis
|bīs
|Bis
|
|
|-
|-
|seventy
|Seventy
|Sare teen bisi
|sare tin bisi
|sattar
|Sattar
|Sare-teen = three and a half; bees = twenty
|sāṛhe tīn = three and a half; bīs = twenty
|-
|-
|ninety
|Ninety
|Sare chaar bisi
|sare char bisi
|nabbe
|Nabbey
|Sare-chaar = four and a half; bees = twenty
|sāṛhe cār = four and a half; bīs = twenty
|}
|}


Line 65: Line 186:
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


== External Links ==
== External links ==
* [http://web.mit.edu/rbhatt/www/24.956/l1.pdf The Indo-Aryan languages - a tour]
* [http://web.mit.edu/rbhatt/www/24.956/l1.pdf The Indo-Aryan languages - a tour]
* [http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Parya.htm Parya numerals]
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116150626/https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Parya.htm|date=2021-01-16|title=Parya numerals}}

{{Languages of Tajikistan}}
{{Languages of Uzbekistan}}
{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}


[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Dialects of Hindi]]
[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Dialects of Hindustani]]

{{ie-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 06:37, 5 July 2024

Parya
Парйа
Native toTajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan
RegionGissar Valley, Surkhandarya basin
Native speakers
2,600 (2008–2017)[1]
Tajikistan: 1,600 (2017)[1]
Uzbekistan: 1,000 (2008)[1]
Afghanistan: Extinct (no date)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3paq
Glottologpary1242
ELPParya

Parya (Tajik alphabet: Парйа) is an isolated Central Indo-Aryan language spoken in the border region between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. There are several thousand speakers worldwide.

Classification and Status

[edit]

Parya is classified as a Central Zone[2] language in the Indo-Aryan language family.[3]

Tajuzbeki (or Tadj-Uzbeki) was an alternative name coined by Bholanath Tiwari for the same language.[4] Much of the academic research in documenting and characterizing Parya was done by prominent Soviet linguist I. M. Oranski. The language may also be referred to as Afgana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, or Pbharya.[1]

SIL estimates that there may be between 2,500 and 7,500 speakers.[5][6]

The language is not officially recognized or used in schools[7] and is categorized as severely endangered.[8]

Speakers of Parya

[edit]

Parya is spoken in the Hissor Valley of Tajikistan, west of Dushanbe, and the adjacent Surkhondaryo basin of Uzbekistan, including the towns of Hisor, Shahrinav, Regar/Tursunzoda, Surchi, Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism.

The language is mostly spoken with one's family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.[9]

Parya speakers tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,[10] but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.[1]

The Tajik language has increasingly influenced the Parya language.[11]

Phonology

[edit]
Consonants[4]
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar-
Palatal 		Retroflex Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n̪ ɲ ɳ ŋ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t̪ t͡ʃ ʈ k q
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ t͡ʃʰ ʈʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ d͡ʒ ɖ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ɣ
Approximant ɾ l j ɽ ɦ

Grammar

[edit]

Vigesimal counting

[edit]

Parya employs some vigesimal numeral counting patterns.[12][13]

English Parya Hindi Cognate Hindi words
one yek ek
two du do
three tin tīn
four char cār
five panj pāñc
ten dus das
twenty bis bīs
seventy sare tin bisi sattar sāṛhe tīn = three and a half; bīs = twenty
ninety sare char bisi nabbe sāṛhe cār = four and a half; bīs = twenty

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Parya at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  3. ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Tiwari, Bholanath (1970). Tajuzbeki. National Publishing House.
  5. ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  6. ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2007-01-01). Language Diversity Endangered. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110170504.
  7. ^ Clifton, John (2010). "Stable Multilingualism in Tajikistan". CLS 46-2: The parasessions. Chicago Linguistic Society. pp. 17–25.
  8. ^ ChartsBin. "Number of Endangered Languages by Country". ChartsBin. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  9. ^ "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  10. ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  11. ^ Moseley, Christopher (2010-01-01). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231040962.
  12. ^ Jadranka Gvozdanović, "Numeral types and changes worldwide", Walter de Gruyter, 1999; ISBN 3-11-016113-3, ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7
  13. ^ Iosef Mikhailovich Oranski, "Dva indoariyski dialekta iz Srednei Azii", Indiyskaya i Iranskaya Filologiya; Institut Narodov Azii, Nauka, 1964.
[edit]
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