Symphysodon aequifasciatus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of fish}} |
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{{Italic title}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Taxobox |
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| image = Николаевский зоопарк. Аквариум.8 - panoramio.jpg <!-- If changing the photo, please try to make sure that it at least resembles a blue discus, not one of the numerous captive variants that are the result of hybridization between discus species/forms and extensive selective breeding (see also last paragraph in article "Discus (fish)#Taxonomy"). Note: discus identifications on wiki.commons are to a large extent a complete mess --> |
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| name = |
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| image2 = S aequifasciata axelrodi.jpg <!-- If changing the photo, please try to make sure that it at least resembles a brown discus, not one of the numerous captive variants that are the result of hybridization between discus species/forms and extensive selective breeding (see also last paragraph in article "Discus (fish)#Taxonomy"). Note: discus identifications on wiki.commons are to a large extent a complete mess --> |
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| status = NE |
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| image2_caption = Blue discus (above) and brown discus (below) |
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| status = LC |
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| image = Blue_Discus.jpg |
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| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio)|author-link=Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation |year=2022 |title=''Symphysodon aequifasciatus'' |page= e.T49830657A141105884 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T49830657A141105884.pt |access-date=5 July 2024|lang=pt}}</ref> |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
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| ordo = [[Perciformes]] |
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| familia = [[Cichlidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Symphysodon]]'' |
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| species = '''''S. aequifasciatus''''' |
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| synonyms = |
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* ''Symphysodon discus var. aequifasciata'' <small>Pellegrin, 1904</small> |
* ''Symphysodon discus var. aequifasciata'' <small>Pellegrin, 1904</small> |
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'''''Symphysodon aequifasciatus''''', the '''blue discus''' or '''brown discus''', is a [[species]] of [[cichlid]] native to rivers of the eastern and central [[Amazon Basin]] downriver from the [[Purus |
'''''Symphysodon aequifasciatus''''', the '''blue discus''' or '''brown discus''', is a [[species]] of [[cichlid]] native to rivers of the eastern and central [[Amazon Basin]] downriver from the [[Purus Arch]].<ref name=Ready2006>{{cite journal|last1=Ready|first1=J.S.|last2=Ferreira|first2=E.J.G.|last3=Kullander|first3=S.O.|title=Discus fishes: mitochondrial DNA evidence for a phylogeographic barrier in the Amazonian genus Symphysodon (Teleostei: Cichlidae)|year=2006|journal=Fish Biology|volume=69|pages=200–211|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01232.x}}</ref> This [[Discus (fish)|discus]] is found in [[Blackwater river|black-]], [[Clearwater river (river type)|clear-]] and [[Whitewater river (river type)|whitewater]],<ref name=Ready2006/><ref name=Campton2008>{{cite journal | last1 = Crampton | year = 2008 | title = Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae) | journal = Neotrop. Ichthyol. | volume = 6 | issue = 4| pages = 599–612 | doi = 10.1590/S1679-62252008000400008 | doi-access = free | url = http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/346f/4b11de8a392944e7b6ad4b93bab7496a41a4.pdf }}</ref> but its preference for [[lentic]] habitats such as [[floodplain]]s and [[flooded forest]]s means that the whitewater it inhabits contain little suspended material (unlike main sections of whitewater rivers).<ref name=Amado2011/> It is largely restricted to water with a high temperature of {{convert|25|-|32|C|F|abbr=on}} and a [[pH]] of 5.2–7.7.<ref name=Bleher2007>{{cite journal|last1=Bleher|first1=H.|last2=Stölting|first2=K.N.|last3=Salzburger|first3=W.|last4=Meyer|first4=A.|title=Revision of the genus Symphysodon Heckel, 1840 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) based on molecular and morphological characters|year=2007|journal=Aqua|volume=12|pages=133–174}}</ref> |
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It typically reaches a length of up to {{convert|15.2|cm|in|0}} [[fish measurement|SL]],<ref name=Campton2008/> but captives have been claimed to reach {{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discus |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/symphysodon-aequifasciatus/ |publisher=Seriously Fish | |
It typically reaches a length of up to {{convert|15.2|cm|in|0}} [[fish measurement|SL]],<ref name=Campton2008/> but captives have been claimed to reach {{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discus |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/symphysodon-aequifasciatus/ |publisher=Seriously Fish |access-date=25 January 2017 }}</ref> It is commonly kept in [[aquarium]]s.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase |genus= Symphysodon|species= aequifasciatus| month = January | year = 2017}}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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In 2007 it was suggested that the correct scientific name of the blue/brown discus is ''S. haraldi'', whereas ''S. aequifasciatus'' is the correct name for the [[green discus]].<ref name=Bleher2007/> |
In 2007 it was suggested that the correct scientific name of the blue/brown discus is ''S. haraldi'', whereas ''S. aequifasciatus'' is the correct name for the [[green discus]].<ref name=Bleher2007/> |
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In 2011 a study indicated that it should be split into three: Brown discus (''S. aequifasciatus''; East Amazon downriver from [[Meeting of Waters]]), blue discus (''S.'' sp. 1; central Amazon from Purus |
In 2011 a study indicated that it should be split into three: Brown discus (''S. aequifasciatus''; East Amazon downriver from [[Meeting of Waters]]), blue discus (''S.'' sp. 1; central Amazon from Purus Arch to the Meeting of Waters) and the Xingu group (''S.'' sp. 2; [[Xingu River|Xingu]] and [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]]).<ref name=Amado2011>{{cite journal|last1=Amado|first1=M.V.|last2=Farias|first2=I.P.|last3=Hrbek|first3=T.|title=A Molecular Perspective on Systematics, Taxonomy and Classification Amazonian Discus Fishes of the Genus Symphysodon|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|date=2011|doi=10.4061/2011/360654|pmc=3147135|pmid=21811676|volume=2011 |page=360654 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Xingu group currently [[Undescribed taxon|lacks a scientific name]], but it is possible that the correct name for the blue is ''S. haraldi''.<ref name=Amado2011/> This taxonomy where both ''S. haraldi'' and ''S. aequifasciatus'' are recognized as described valid species has been adopted by the [[Catalog of Fishes]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eschmeyer|first1=W.N.|last2=Fricke|first2=R.|last3=van der Laan|first3=R.|title=Symphysodon |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp <!-- search for Symphysodon -->|date=3 January 2017 |work=Catalog of Fishes |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |access-date=27 January 2017 }}</ref> Some [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] occurs (or has occurred) between the species recognized in the 2011 study and also between the brown and [[Heckel discus]] (''S. discus''), but overall they maintain their separate evolutionary trajectories.<ref name=Amado2011/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3091839}} |
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[[Category:Symphysodon|aequifasciatus]] |
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[[Category:Fish of the Amazon basin]] |
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[[Category:Endemic fish of Brazil]] |
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[[Category:Fish described in 1904]] |
[[Category:Fish described in 1904]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin]] |
[[Category:Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin]] |
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{{Cichlidae-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 09:49, 5 July 2024
| Symphysodon aequifasciatus | |
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| Blue discus (above) and brown discus (below) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | Symphysodon |
| Species: | S. aequifasciatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904
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| Synonyms | |
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Symphysodon aequifasciatus, the blue discus or brown discus, is a species of cichlid native to rivers of the eastern and central Amazon Basin downriver from the Purus Arch.[2] This discus is found in black-, clear- and whitewater,[2][3] but its preference for lentic habitats such as floodplains and flooded forests means that the whitewater it inhabits contain little suspended material (unlike main sections of whitewater rivers).[4] It is largely restricted to water with a high temperature of 25–32 °C (77–90 °F) and a pH of 5.2–7.7.[5]
It typically reaches a length of up to 15.2 centimetres (6 in) SL,[3] but captives have been claimed to reach 23 cm (9 in).[6] It is commonly kept in aquariums.[7]
Taxonomy
[edit]The taxonomy is disputed, but FishBase follows a review of the genus from 2006.[2][8]
In 2007 it was suggested that the correct scientific name of the blue/brown discus is S. haraldi, whereas S. aequifasciatus is the correct name for the green discus.[5]
In 2011 a study indicated that it should be split into three: Brown discus (S. aequifasciatus; East Amazon downriver from Meeting of Waters), blue discus (S. sp. 1; central Amazon from Purus Arch to the Meeting of Waters) and the Xingu group (S. sp. 2; Xingu and Tocantins).[4] The Xingu group currently lacks a scientific name, but it is possible that the correct name for the blue is S. haraldi.[4] This taxonomy where both S. haraldi and S. aequifasciatus are recognized as described valid species has been adopted by the Catalog of Fishes.[9] Some hybridization occurs (or has occurred) between the species recognized in the 2011 study and also between the brown and Heckel discus (S. discus), but overall they maintain their separate evolutionary trajectories.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) (2022). "Symphysodon aequifasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (in Portuguese). 2022: e.T49830657A141105884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T49830657A141105884.pt. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Ready, J.S.; Ferreira, E.J.G.; Kullander, S.O. (2006). "Discus fishes: mitochondrial DNA evidence for a phylogeographic barrier in the Amazonian genus Symphysodon (Teleostei: Cichlidae)". Fish Biology. 69: 200–211. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01232.x.
- ^ a b Crampton (2008). "Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)" (PDF). Neotrop. Ichthyol. 6 (4): 599–612. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252008000400008.
- ^ a b c d Amado, M.V.; Farias, I.P.; Hrbek, T. (2011). "A Molecular Perspective on Systematics, Taxonomy and Classification Amazonian Discus Fishes of the Genus Symphysodon". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2011: 360654. doi:10.4061/2011/360654. PMC 3147135. PMID 21811676.
- ^ a b Bleher, H.; Stölting, K.N.; Salzburger, W.; Meyer, A. (2007). "Revision of the genus Symphysodon Heckel, 1840 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) based on molecular and morphological characters". Aqua. 12: 133–174.
- ^ "Discus". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Symphysodon aequifasciatus". FishBase. January 2017 version.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Symphysodon". FishBase. January 2017 version.
- ^ Eschmeyer, W.N.; Fricke, R.; van der Laan, R. (3 January 2017). "Symphysodon". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 27 January 2017.