Voiceless retroflex fricative: Difference between revisions

Voiceless retroflex approximant
Voiceless retroflex approximant
ɻ̊
IPA number	152 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r\`_0

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
ɻ̝̊
ɻ̊˔
ʈ˕
IPA number	152 402B 429
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r\`_0_r

Voiceless retroflex fricative
Voiceless retroflex fricative
ʂ
IPA number	136
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʂ
Unicode (hex)	U+0282
X-SAMPA	s`
Braille
Image

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The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of ⟨s⟩ (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɻ̊⟩.

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminal [ʂ̻].

The commonality of [ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.^[1]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		амш/amš	[amʂ]	'day'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		пшъашъэ/pšáša	[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]^ⓘ	'girl'	Laminal.
Chinese	Mandarin	石/shí	[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]	'stone'	Apical. See Mandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol	Romagnol	sé	[ˈʂĕ]	'yes'	Apical; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʃ] instead.
Faroese		fýrs	[fʊʂ]	'eighty'
Faroese		bert	[pɛɻ̊ʈ]	'only'	Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.^[2] See Faroese phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	कष्ट/kašť	[ˈkəʂʈ]	'trouble'	See Hindi phonology
Kannada		ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa	[kɐʂʈɐ]	'difficult'	Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology.
Kazakh		шағын, şağın	[ʂɑɣɯn]	'small, compact'	See Kazakh phonology
Khanty	Most northern dialects	шаш/šaš	[ʂɑʂ]	'knee'	Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate /ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects.
Lower Sorbian^[3]^[4]		glažk	[ˈɡläʂk]	'glass'
Malayalam		കഷ്ടം/kaštam	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Malayalam phonology
Mapudungun^[5]		trukur	[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]	'fog'	Possible allophone of /ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.^[5]
Marathi		ऋषी/reši	[r̩ʂiː]	'sage'	See Marathi phonology
Nepali		षष्ठी/sóšthi	[sʌʂʈʰi]	'Shashthi (day)'	Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian		norsk	[nɔʂk]	'Norwegian'	Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
Oʼodham		Cuk-Ṣon	[tʃʊk ʂɔn]	Tucson
Pashto	Southern dialect	ښودل/šodël	[ʂodəl]	'to show'
Polish	Standard^[6]	szum	[ʂ̻um]^ⓘ	'rustle'	After voiceless consonants it is also represented by ⟨rz⟩. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.^[7] It is transcribed /ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
	Southeastern Cuyavian dialects^[8]	schowali	[ʂxɔˈväli]	'they hid'	Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʂ/ and /s/ into [s] (see szadzenie).
	Suwałki dialect^[9]	schowali	[ʂxɔˈväli]	'they hid'
Romanian	Moldavian dialects^[10]	șură	['ʂurə]	'barn'	Apical.^[10] See Romanian phonology
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects^[10]	șură	['ʂurə]	'barn'	Apical.^[10] See Romanian phonology
Russian^[6]		шут/šut	[ʂut̪]	'jester'	See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[11]^[12]		шал / šal	[ʂȃ̠l]	'scarf'	Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak^[13]		šatka	[ˈʂätkä]	'kerchief'
Swedish		fors	[fɔʂ]	'rapids'	Allophone of the sequence /rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Tamil		கஷ்டம்/kaštham	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology
Telugu		కష్టం/kaštam	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology
Toda^[14]			[pɔʂ]	'(clan name)'	Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.^[15]
Torwali^[16]		šeš/ݜیݜ	[ʂeʂ]	'thin rope'
Ubykh			[ʂ̺a]	'head'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		шахи/šahy	[ˈʂɑxɪ]	'chess'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects^[17]^[18]	^{[example needed]}	—	—	Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʃ] in standard language.^[3]
Vietnamese	Southern dialects^[19]	sữa	[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]	'milk'	See Vietnamese phonology
Yi		ꏂ/shy	[ʂ̺ɹ̩˧]	'gold'
Yurok^[20]		segep	[ʂɛɣep]	'coyote'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[21]	^{[example needed]}	—	—	Allophone of /ʃ/ before [a] and [u].

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Angami^[22]		ɻ̥ə³	[ɻ̥ə˨]	'to plan'	Contrasts with /ɻ/
Chokri^[23]		[təɻ̥ɨ˥˧]		'sew'	In free variation with /χ/; contrasts with /ɻ/
Ormuri^[24]^[25]	Kaniguram dialect	suř	[suɻ̝̊]	'red'	Usually corresponds to /ʃ/ in the Logar dialect

Notes

^ Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.
^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.
^ ^a ^b Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41
^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
^ ^a ^b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
^ ^a ^b Hamann (2004), p. 65
^ Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
^ Taras, Barbara. "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
^ Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pop (1938), p. 31.
^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.
^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.
^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
^ Zygis (2003), p. 180.
^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
^ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
^ Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (Fall 1993). "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 16 (2): 87.
^ Bielenberg, Brian; Zhalie, Nienu (Fall 2001). "Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 24 (2): 85–122. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013). "Other Eastern Iranian Languages". Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation). Prague: Charles University. p. 59. This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages
^ Efimov, V. A. (2011). Baart, Joan L. G. (ed.). The Ormuri Language in Past and Present. Translated by Baart, Joan L. G. Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives. ISBN 978-969-9437-02-1. ...and ř for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using ṣ̌ʳ to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler ṛ̌.

References

Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604, S2CID 2224095, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-14, retrieved 2015-04-09
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives", ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

External links

[1] Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.

[FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011115-2] Árnason (2011), p. 115.

[Šewc-3] Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41

[FOOTNOTEZygis2003180–181,_190–191-4] Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.

[FOOTNOTESadowskyPainequeoSalamancaAvelino201390-5] Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.

[Hamann-6] Hamann (2004), p. 65

[7] Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.

[8] Taras, Barbara. "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.

[9] Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.

[FOOTNOTEPop193831-10] Pop (1938), p. 31.

[FOOTNOTEKordić20065-11] Kordić (2006), p. 5.

[FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199967-12] Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.

[FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374-13] Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.

[FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168-14] Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.

[FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200366-15] Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.

[FOOTNOTELunsford200116–20-16] Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.

[FOOTNOTEŠewc-Schuster198441-17] Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.

[FOOTNOTEZygis2003180-18] Zygis (2003), p. 180.

[FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-19] Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

[20] "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMerrill2008109-21] Merrill (2008), p. 109.

[22] Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (Fall 1993). "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 16 (2): 87.

[23] Bielenberg, Brian; Zhalie, Nienu (Fall 2001). "Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 24 (2): 85–122. Retrieved 28 December 2016.

[24] Novák, Ľubomír (2013). "Other Eastern Iranian Languages". Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation). Prague: Charles University. p. 59. This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages

[25] Efimov, V. A. (2011). Baart, Joan L. G. (ed.). The Ormuri Language in Past and Present. Translated by Baart, Joan L. G. Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives. ISBN 978-969-9437-02-1. ...and ř for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using ṣ̌ʳ to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler ṛ̌.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA}}
 {{Infobox IPA
 |ipa symbol=ʂ
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 |braille=256
 |braille2=234
-|imagefile=Voiceless retroflex fricative (vector).svg
+|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0282.svg
 |imagesize=150px
-}}
-{{Infobox IPA
-|above=Voiceless retroflex approximant
-|ipa symbol=ɻ̊
-|ipa number=152 402A
-|xsampa=r\`_0
 }}
-The '''voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʂ}}. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of {{angbr|s}} (the letter used for the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]]). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, [[Toda language|Toda]], appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
+The '''voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʂ}} which is a Latin letter [[s]] combined with a [[retroflex hook]]. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of {{angbr|s}} (the letter used for the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]]). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, [[Toda language|Toda]], appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
 Some scholars also posit the '''voiceless retroflex approximant''' distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as {{angbr IPA|ɻ̊}}.
@@ Line 41: / Line 36: @@
 ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|ам'''ш''']]}} || {{IPA|[amʂ]}} || 'day' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
+| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|ам'''ш'''/amš]]}} || {{IPA|[amʂ]}} || 'day' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|п'''шъ'''а'''шъ'''э]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pshahsa.ogg|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]}} || 'girl' || Laminal.
+| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|п'''шъ'''а'''шъ'''э/pšáša]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pshahsa.ogg|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]}} || 'girl' || Laminal.
 |-
 | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|石]]}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''sh'''í]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]}} || 'stone' || Apical. See [[Mandarin phonology]]
@@ Line 61: / Line 56: @@
 | Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
 |-
-| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|कष्ट]]}}||{{IPA|[ˈkəʂʈ]}} || 'trouble' ||
+| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|कष्ट/kašť]]}}||{{IPA|[ˈkəʂʈ]}} || 'trouble' || See [[Hindi phonology]]
 |-
 | colspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
-|[[Kannada script|ಕಷ್ಟ]]
+|[[Kannada script|ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa]]
-|{{IPA|[kaʂʈa]}}
+|{{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐ]}}
-|'dificult'
+|'difficult'
+|Only in loanwords. See [[Kannada phonology]].
-|
+|-
+| colspan="2" |[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
+|{{lang|kk|шағын, şağın}}
+|{{IPA|[ʂɑɣɯn]}}
+|'small, compact'
+|See [[Kazakh phonology]]
 |-
-| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]||Most northern dialects||{{lang|kca|'''ш'''а'''ш'''}}||{{IPA|[ʂɑʂ]}}||'knee'||Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
+| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]||Most northern dialects||{{lang|kca|'''ш'''а'''ш'''/šaš}}||{{IPA|[ʂɑʂ]}}||'knee'||Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
 |-
 | colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<ref name="Šewc">{{harvp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}} || {{lang|dsb|gla'''ž'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡläʂk]}} || 'glass' ||
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കഷ്ടി]]}} || {{IPA|[kəʂʈi]}} || 'scarce' ||
+| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കഷ്ടം/kaštam]]}} || {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} || 'difficult' ||  Only occurs in loanwords.
+See [[Malayalam phonology]]
 |-
 | colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|truku'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}} || 'fog' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|ऋ'''षी''']]}} || {{IPA|[ruʂiː]}} || 'sage' ||
+| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|ऋ'''षी'''/reši]]}} || {{IPA|[r̩ʂiː]}}|| 'sage' ||See [[Marathi phonology]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|षष्ठी]]}}||{{IPA|[sʌʂʈʰi]}}|| '[[Shashthi (day)]]' ||Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
+| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|षष्ठी/sóšthi]]}}||{{IPA|[sʌʂʈʰi]}}|| '[[Shashthi (day)]]' ||Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
+See [[Nepali phonology]]
 |-
 | colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|no'''rs'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[nɔʂk]}} || 'Norwegian' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including [[Urban East Norwegian]]. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
@@ Line 86: / Line 89: @@
 |
 |-
-| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || Southern dialect || [[Pashto alphabet|<span style="font-size:125%;">ښودل</span>]] || {{IPA|[ ʂodəl]}} || 'to show' ||
+| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || Southern dialect || [[Pashto alphabet|<span style="font-size:125%;">ښودل</span>/šodël]] || {{IPA|[ʂodəl]}} || 'to show' ||
 |-
-| rowspan="3" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref name="Hamann">{{harvp|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''sz'''um]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-szum.ogg|[ʂ̻um]}} || 'rustle' || After voiceless consonants it is also represented by {{angbr|rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the [[voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill]] by few speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)|first=Halina|last=Karaś|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6F54JFFro?url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|archive-date=2013-03-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is transcribed {{IPA|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
+| rowspan="3" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref name="Hamann">{{harvp|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''sz'''um]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-szum.ogg|[ʂ̻um]}} || 'rustle' || After voiceless consonants it is also represented by {{angbr|rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the [[voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill]] by few speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)|first=Halina|last=Karaś|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|archive-date=2013-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is transcribed {{IPA|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
 |-
 | [[Dialects of Polish|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu|first=Barbara|last=Taras}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''s'''chowali]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʂxɔˈväli]}} || rowspan="2" | 'they hid' || rowspan="2" | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA|/ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} into {{IPAblink|s̪|s}} (see [[szadzenie]]).
@@ Line 98: / Line 101: @@
 | Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}}
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Hamann"/> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''ш'''ут]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂut̪]}} || 'jester' || See [[Russian phonology]]
+| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Hamann"/> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''ш'''ут/šut]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂut̪]}} || 'jester' || See [[Russian phonology]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ш'''ал]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''š'''al]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂȃ̠l]}} || 'scarf' || Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See [[Serbo-Croatian_phonology]]
+| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ш'''ал]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''š'''al]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂȃ̠l]}} || 'scarf' || Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
 |-
 | colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''š'''atka]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʂätkä]}} || 'kerchief' ||
@@ Line 106: / Line 109: @@
 | colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|fo'''rs''']]}} || {{IPA|[fɔʂ]}} || 'rapids' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/rs/}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See [[Swedish phonology]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|கஷ்டம்]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kəʂʈəm]}} || rowspan="2" | 'difficult' ||
+| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
+| {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|கஷ்டம்/kaštham]]}}
+| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}}
+| rowspan="2" | 'difficult'
+| Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See [[Tamil phonology]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కష్టం]]}} ||
+| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
+| {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కష్టం/kaštam]]}}
+| Only occurs in loanwords. See [[Telugu phonology]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}} || || {{IPA|[pɔʂ]}} || '(clan name)' || [[Subapical consonant|Subapical]]
+| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}} || || {{IPA|[pɔʂ]}} || '(clan name)' || [[Subapical consonant|Subapical]], contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=66}}
 |-
-| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]{{sfnp|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}} || [[Arabic alphabet|ݜےݜ]] || {{IPA|[ʂeʂ]}} || 'thin rope' ||
+| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]{{sfnp|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}} || [[Arabic alphabet|šeš/ݜیݜ]] || {{IPA|[ʂeʂ]}} || 'thin rope' ||
 |-
 | colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || || {{IPA|[ʂ̺a]}}|| 'head'|| See [[Ubykh phonology]]
 |-
+| colspan="2" |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
-| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|p=180}} ||{{example needed|date=June 2015}} || — || — || Used in dialects spoken in villages north of [[Hoyerswerda]]; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in standard language.<ref name="Šewc"/> See [[Upper Sorbian phonology]]
+|{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|'''ш'''ахи/šahy]]}}
+|[ˈʂɑxɪ]
+|'chess'
+|See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
+|-
+| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|p=180}} ||{{example needed|date=June 2015}} || — || — || Used in dialects spoken in villages north of [[Hoyerswerda]]; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in standard language.<ref name="Šewc"/>
 |-
 | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]||Southern dialects{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''s'''ữa]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]}}|| 'milk'||See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
@@ Line 126: / Line 141: @@
 |-
 | [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{example needed|date=December 2018}}|| — || — || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before {{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}.
+|}
+== Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative ==
+{{Infobox IPA
+|above=Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
+|ipa symbol=ɻ̝̊
+|ipa symbol2=ɻ̊˔
+|ipa symbol3=ʈ˕
+|ipa number=152 402B 429
+|xsampa=r\`_0_r
+}}
+{{Infobox IPA
+|above=Voiceless retroflex approximant
+|ipa symbol=ɻ̊
+|ipa number=152 402A
+|xsampa=r\`_0
+}}
+=== Features ===
+Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:
+{{fricative}}
+{{retroflex}}
+{{voiceless}}
+{{oral}}
+{{central articulation}}
+{{pulmonic}}
+=== Occurrence ===
+{| class="wikitable"
+! colspan=2|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
+|-
+| colspan=2|[[Angami language|Angami]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Fall 1993 |title=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami |last1=Blankenship |first1=Barbara |last2=Ladefoged |first2=Peter |last3=Bhaskararao |first3=Peri |last4=Chase |first4=Nichumeno |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=87 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/blankenship1992phonetic.pdf}}</ref>
+| {{lang|njm|ɻ̥ə³}}
+| {{IPA|[ɻ̥ə˨]}}
+| {{gloss|to plan}}
+| Contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
+|-
+| colspan=2|[[Chokri language|Chokri]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bielenberg |first1=Brian |last2=Zhalie |first2=Nienu |title=Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |date=Fall 2001 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=85–122 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bielenberg2001chokri.pdf |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
+| colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[təɻ̥ɨ˥˧]}}
+| {{gloss|sew}}
+| In free variation with {{IPAslink|χ}}; contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
+|-
+| [[Ormuri language|Ormuri]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Novák |first=Ľubomír |date=2013 |title=Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages |type=PhD dissertation |chapter=Other Eastern Iranian Languages |publisher=Charles University |location=Prague |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/4896441 |page=59 |quote=This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Efimov |first=V. A. |year=2011 |editor-last=Baart |editor-first=Joan L. G. |translator-last=Baart |translator-first=Joan L. G. |title=The Ormuri Language in Past and Present |location=Islamabad |publisher=Forum for Language Initiatives |url=https://www.academia.edu/2019868 |isbn=978-969-9437-02-1 |quote=...and '''ř''' for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using '''ṣ̌ʳ''' to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler '''ṛ̌'''.}}</ref>
+| Kaniguram dialect
+| {{lang|oru|suř}}
+|{{IPA|[suɻ̝̊]}}
+| {{gloss|red}}
+| Usually corresponds to {{IPAslink|ʃ}} in the Logar dialect
 |}
@@ Line 165: / Line 230: @@
  |pages        = 53–67
  |doi          = 10.1017/S0025100304001604
+ |s2cid        = 2224095
  |url          = http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
  |access-date  = 2015-04-09
  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
  |archive-date = 2015-04-14
- |url-status     = dead
+ |url-status   = dead
 }}
 * {{citation
@@ Line 238: / Line 304: @@
 |issue=1
 |pages=87–96
-|url=https://www.academia.edu/3234126
 |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369
 |doi-access=free
@@ Line 271: / Line 336: @@
 |pages=175–213
 |doi=10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
-|url=http://www.zas.gwz-berlin.de/fileadmin/material/ZASPiL_Volltexte/zp32/zaspil32-zygis.pdf
 |doi-access=free
 }}
@@ Line 315: / Line 379: @@
 [[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
 [[Category:Central consonants]]
+[[Category:Voiceless approximants]]

Revision as of 13:31, 5 July 2024

Features

Occurrence

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links