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{{Short description|Consonantal sound}}
{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʂ
|ipa symbol=ʂ
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|braille=256
|braille=256
|braille2=234
|braille2=234
|imagefile=Voiceless retroflex fricative (vector).svg
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0282.svg
|imagesize=150px
|imagesize=150px
⚫
}}
⚫
{{Infobox IPA
⚫
|above=Voiceless retroflex approximant
⚫
|ipa symbol=ɻ̊
⚫
|ipa number=152 402A
⚫
|xsampa=r\`_0
}}
}}


The '''voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʂ}}. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of {{angbr|s}} (the letter used for the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]]). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, [[Toda language|Toda]], appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
The '''voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʂ}} which is a Latin letter [[s]] combined with a [[retroflex hook]]. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of {{angbr|s}} (the letter used for the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]]). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, [[Toda language|Toda]], appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.


Some scholars also posit the '''voiceless retroflex approximant''' distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as {{angbr IPA|ɻ̊}}.
Some scholars also posit the '''voiceless retroflex approximant''' distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as {{angbr IPA|ɻ̊}}.
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! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|ам'''ш''']]}} || {{IPA|[amʂ]}} || 'day' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|ам'''ш'''/amš]]}} || {{IPA|[amʂ]}} || 'day' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|п'''шъ'''а'''шъ'''э]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pshahsa.ogg|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]}} || 'girl' || Laminal.
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|п'''шъ'''а'''шъ'''э/pšáša]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pshahsa.ogg|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]}} || 'girl' || Laminal.
|-
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|石]]}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''sh'''í]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]}} || 'stone' || Apical. See [[Mandarin phonology]]
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|石]]}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''sh'''í]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]}} || 'stone' || Apical. See [[Mandarin phonology]]
Line 62: Line 56:
| Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
| Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|कष्ट]]}}||{{IPA|[ˈkəʂʈ]}} || 'trouble' ||
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|कष्ट/kašť]]}}||{{IPA|[ˈkəʂʈ]}} || 'trouble' || See [[Hindi phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
| colspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|[[Kannada script|ಕಷ್ಟ]]
|[[Kannada script|ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa]]
|{{IPA|[kaʂʈa]}}
|{{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐ]}}
|'dificult'
|'difficult'
|Only in loanwords. See [[Kannada phonology]].
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
|{{lang|kk|шағын, şağın}}
|{{IPA|[ʂɑɣɯn]}}
|'small, compact'
|See [[Kazakh phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]||Most northern dialects||{{lang|kca|'''ш'''а'''ш'''}}||{{IPA|[ʂɑʂ]}}||'knee'||Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]||Most northern dialects||{{lang|kca|'''ш'''а'''ш'''/šaš}}||{{IPA|[ʂɑʂ]}}||'knee'||Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<ref name="Šewc">{{harvp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}} || {{lang|dsb|gla'''ž'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡläʂk]}} || 'glass' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<ref name="Šewc">{{harvp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}} || {{lang|dsb|gla'''ž'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡläʂk]}} || 'glass' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കഷ്ടം]]}} || {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} || 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords.
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കഷ്ടം/kaštam]]}} || {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} || 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords.
See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|truku'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}} || 'fog' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|truku'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}} || 'fog' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|ऋ'''षी''']]}} || {{IPA|[ruʂiː]}} || 'sage' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|ऋ'''षी'''/reši]]}} || {{IPA|[r̩ʂiː]}}|| 'sage' ||See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|षष्ठी]]}}||{{IPA|[sʌʂʈʰi]}}|| '[[Shashthi (day)]]' ||Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|षष्ठी/sóšthi]]}}||{{IPA|[sʌʂʈʰi]}}|| '[[Shashthi (day)]]' ||Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|no'''rs'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[nɔʂk]}} || 'Norwegian' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including [[Urban East Norwegian]]. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|no'''rs'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[nɔʂk]}} || 'Norwegian' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including [[Urban East Norwegian]]. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
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|
|
|-
|-
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || Southern dialect || [[Pashto alphabet|<span style="font-size:125%;">ښودل</span>]] || {{IPA|[ ʂodəl]}} || 'to show' ||
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || Southern dialect || [[Pashto alphabet|<span style="font-size:125%;">ښودل</span>/šodël]] || {{IPA|[ʂodəl]}} || 'to show' ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref name="Hamann">{{harvp|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''sz'''um]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-szum.ogg|[ʂ̻um]}} || 'rustle' || After voiceless consonants it is also represented by {{angbr|rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the [[voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill]] by few speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)|first=Halina|last=Karaś|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|archive-date=2013-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is transcribed {{IPA|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref name="Hamann">{{harvp|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''sz'''um]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-szum.ogg|[ʂ̻um]}} || 'rustle' || After voiceless consonants it is also represented by {{angbr|rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the [[voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill]] by few speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)|first=Halina|last=Karaś|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|archive-date=2013-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is transcribed {{IPA|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
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| Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}}
| Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Hamann"/> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''ш'''ут]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂut̪]}} || 'jester' || See [[Russian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Hamann"/> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''ш'''ут/šut]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂut̪]}} || 'jester' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ш'''ал]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''š'''al]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂȃ̠l]}} || 'scarf' || Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See [[Serbo-Croatian_phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ш'''ал]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''š'''al]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂȃ̠l]}} || 'scarf' || Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''š'''atka]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʂätkä]}} || 'kerchief' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''š'''atka]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʂätkä]}} || 'kerchief' ||
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| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|fo'''rs''']]}} || {{IPA|[fɔʂ]}} || 'rapids' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/rs/}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See [[Swedish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|fo'''rs''']]}} || {{IPA|[fɔʂ]}} || 'rapids' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/rs/}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|கஷ்டம்]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} || rowspan="2" | 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/.
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|கஷ்டம்/kaštham]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'difficult'
| Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కష్టం]]}} || Only occurs in loanwords.
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కష్టం/kaštam]]}}
| Only occurs in loanwords. See [[Telugu phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}} || || {{IPA|[pɔʂ]}} || '(clan name)' || [[Subapical consonant|Subapical]], contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=66}}
| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}} || || {{IPA|[pɔʂ]}} || '(clan name)' || [[Subapical consonant|Subapical]], contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=66}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]{{sfnp|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}} || [[Arabic alphabet|ݜےݜ]] || {{IPA|[ʂeʂ]}} || 'thin rope' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]{{sfnp|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}} || [[Arabic alphabet|šeš/ݜیݜ]] || {{IPA|[ʂeʂ]}} || 'thin rope' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || || {{IPA|[ʂ̺a]}}|| 'head'|| See [[Ubykh phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || || {{IPA|[ʂ̺a]}}|| 'head'|| See [[Ubykh phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
⚫
| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|p=180}} ||{{example needed|date=June 2015}} || — || — || Used in dialects spoken in villages north of [[Hoyerswerda]]; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in standard language.<ref name="Šewc"/> See [[Upper Sorbian phonology]]
|{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|'''ш'''ахи/šahy]]}}
|[ˈʂɑxɪ]
|'chess'
|See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
⚫
| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|p=180}} ||{{example needed|date=June 2015}} || — || — || Used in dialects spoken in villages north of [[Hoyerswerda]]; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in standard language.<ref name="Šewc"/>
|-
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]||Southern dialects{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''s'''ữa]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]}}|| 'milk'||See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]||Southern dialects{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''s'''ữa]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]}}|| 'milk'||See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
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|-
|-
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{example needed|date=December 2018}}|| — || — || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before {{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}.
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{example needed|date=December 2018}}|| — || — || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before {{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}.
|}

== Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative ==
⚫
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
|ipa symbol=ɻ̝̊
|ipa symbol2=ɻ̊˔
|ipa symbol3=ʈ˕
|ipa number=152 402B 429
|xsampa=r\`_0_r
⚫
}}
{{Infobox IPA
⚫
|above=Voiceless retroflex approximant
⚫
|ipa symbol=ɻ̊
⚫
|ipa number=152 402A
⚫
|xsampa=r\`_0
}}

=== Features ===
Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

{{fricative}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

=== Occurrence ===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan=2|[[Angami language|Angami]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Fall 1993 |title=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami |last1=Blankenship |first1=Barbara |last2=Ladefoged |first2=Peter |last3=Bhaskararao |first3=Peri |last4=Chase |first4=Nichumeno |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=87 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/blankenship1992phonetic.pdf}}</ref>
| {{lang|njm|ɻ̥ə³}}
| {{IPA|[ɻ̥ə˨]}}
| {{gloss|to plan}}
| Contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
|-
| colspan=2|[[Chokri language|Chokri]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bielenberg |first1=Brian |last2=Zhalie |first2=Nienu |title=Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |date=Fall 2001 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=85–122 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bielenberg2001chokri.pdf |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
| colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[təɻ̥ɨ˥˧]}}
| {{gloss|sew}}
| In free variation with {{IPAslink|χ}}; contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
|-
| [[Ormuri language|Ormuri]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Novák |first=Ľubomír |date=2013 |title=Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages |type=PhD dissertation |chapter=Other Eastern Iranian Languages |publisher=Charles University |location=Prague |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/4896441 |page=59 |quote=This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Efimov |first=V. A. |year=2011 |editor-last=Baart |editor-first=Joan L. G. |translator-last=Baart |translator-first=Joan L. G. |title=The Ormuri Language in Past and Present |location=Islamabad |publisher=Forum for Language Initiatives |url=https://www.academia.edu/2019868 |isbn=978-969-9437-02-1 |quote=...and '''ř''' for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using '''ṣ̌ʳ''' to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler '''ṛ̌'''.}}</ref>
| Kaniguram dialect
| {{lang|oru|suř}}
|{{IPA|[suɻ̝̊]}}
| {{gloss|red}}
| Usually corresponds to {{IPAslink|ʃ}} in the Logar dialect
|}
|}


Line 166: Line 230:
|pages = 53–67
|pages = 53–67
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001604
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100304001604
|s2cid = 2224095
|url = http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|url = http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|access-date = 2015-04-09
|access-date = 2015-04-09
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
|archive-date = 2015-04-14
|archive-date = 2015-04-14
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
Line 239: Line 304:
|issue=1
|issue=1
|pages=87–96
|pages=87–96
|url=https://www.academia.edu/3234126
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369
|doi-access=free
|doi-access=free
Line 272: Line 336:
|pages=175–213
|pages=175–213
|doi=10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
|doi=10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
|url=http://www.zas.gwz-berlin.de/fileadmin/material/ZASPiL_Volltexte/zp32/zaspil32-zygis.pdf
|doi-access=free
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
Line 316: Line 379:
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless approximants]]

Revision as of 13:31, 5 July 2024

Voiceless retroflex fricative
ʂ
IPA number136
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#642;
Unicode (hex)U+0282
X-SAMPAs`
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)

The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of ⟨s⟩ (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɻ̊⟩.

Features

Schematic mid-sagittal section

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminal [ʂ̻].

The commonality of [ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.[1]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz амш/amš [amʂ] 'day' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe пшъашъэ/pšáša [pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]ⓘ 'girl' Laminal.
Chinese Mandarin 石/shí [ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥] 'stone' Apical. See Mandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol Romagnol sé [ˈʂĕ] 'yes' Apical; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʃ] instead.
Faroese fýrs [fʊʂ] 'eighty'
bert [pɛɻ̊ʈ] 'only' Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.[2] See Faroese phonology
Hindustani Hindi कष्ट/kašť [ˈkəʂʈ] 'trouble' See Hindi phonology
Kannada ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa [kɐʂʈɐ] 'difficult' Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology.
Kazakh шағын, şağın [ʂɑɣɯn] 'small, compact' See Kazakh phonology
Khanty Most northern dialects шаш/šaš [ʂɑʂ] 'knee' Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate /ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects.
Lower Sorbian[3][4] glažk [ˈɡläʂk] 'glass'
Malayalam കഷ്ടം/kaštam [kɐʂʈɐm] 'difficult' Only occurs in loanwords.

See Malayalam phonology

Mapudungun[5] trukur [ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ] 'fog' Possible allophone of /ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.[5]
Marathi ऋषी/reši [r̩ʂiː] 'sage' See Marathi phonology
Nepali षष्ठी/sóšthi [sʌʂʈʰi] 'Shashthi (day)' Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.

See Nepali phonology

Norwegian norsk [nɔʂk] 'Norwegian' Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
Oʼodham Cuk-Ṣon [tʃʊk ʂɔn] Tucson
Pashto Southern dialect ښودل/šodël [ʂodəl] 'to show'
Polish Standard[6] szum [ʂ̻um]ⓘ 'rustle' After voiceless consonants it is also represented by ⟨rz⟩. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.[7] It is transcribed /ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[8] schowali [ʂxɔˈväli] 'they hid' Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʂ/ and /s/ into [s] (see szadzenie).
Suwałki dialect[9]
Romanian Moldavian dialects[10] șură ['ʂurə] 'barn' Apical.[10] See Romanian phonology
Transylvanian dialects[10]
Russian[6] шут/šut [ʂut̪] 'jester' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[11][12] шал / šal [ʂȃ̠l] 'scarf' Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[13] šatka [ˈʂätkä] 'kerchief'
Swedish fors [fɔʂ] 'rapids' Allophone of the sequence /rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Tamil கஷ்டம்/kaštham [kɐʂʈɐm] 'difficult' Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology
Telugu కష్టం/kaštam Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology
Toda[14] [pɔʂ] '(clan name)' Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.[15]
Torwali[16] šeš/ݜیݜ [ʂeʂ] 'thin rope'
Ubykh [ʂ̺a] 'head' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian шахи/šahy [ˈʂɑxɪ] 'chess' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian Some dialects[17][18] [example needed] — — Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʃ] in standard language.[3]
Vietnamese Southern dialects[19] sữa [ʂɨə˧ˀ˥] 'milk' See Vietnamese phonology
Yi ꏂ/shy [ʂ̺ɹ̩˧] 'gold'
Yurok[20] segep [ʂɛɣep] 'coyote'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[21] [example needed] — — Allophone of /ʃ/ before [a] and [u].

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
ɻ̝̊
ɻ̊˔
ʈ˕
IPA number152 402B 429
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\`_0_r
Voiceless retroflex approximant
ɻ̊
IPA number152 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\`_0

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Angami[22] ɻ̥ə³ [ɻ̥ə˨] 'to plan' Contrasts with /ɻ/
Chokri[23] [təɻ̥ɨ˥˧] 'sew' In free variation with /χ/; contrasts with /ɻ/
Ormuri[24][25] Kaniguram dialect suř [suɻ̝̊] 'red' Usually corresponds to /ʃ/ in the Logar dialect

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.
  2. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.
  3. ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41
  4. ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
  5. ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
  6. ^ a b Hamann (2004), p. 65
  7. ^ Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  8. ^ Taras, Barbara. "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
  9. ^ Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.
  10. ^ a b c Pop (1938), p. 31.
  11. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  12. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  13. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  14. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.
  15. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
  16. ^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.
  17. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
  18. ^ Zygis (2003), p. 180.
  19. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  20. ^ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  21. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  22. ^ Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (Fall 1993). "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 16 (2): 87.
  23. ^ Bielenberg, Brian; Zhalie, Nienu (Fall 2001). "Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 24 (2): 85–122. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  24. ^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013). "Other Eastern Iranian Languages". Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation). Prague: Charles University. p. 59. This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages
  25. ^ Efimov, V. A. (2011). Baart, Joan L. G. (ed.). The Ormuri Language in Past and Present. Translated by Baart, Joan L. G. Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives. ISBN 978-969-9437-02-1. ...and ř for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using ṣ̌ʳ to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler ṛ̌.

References

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